In anatomy the term "reticuloendothelial system" (abbreviated RES), often associated nowadays with the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), was originally launched by the beginning of the 20th century to denote a system of specialised cells that effectively clear colloidal vital stains (so called because they stain living cells) from the blood circulation. The term is still used today, but its meaning has changed over the years, and is used inconsistently in present-day literature. Although RES is commonly associated exclusively with macrophages, recent research has revealed that the cells that accumulate intravenously administered vital stain belong to a highly specialised group of cells called scavenger endothelial cells (SECs), that are not macrophages.[1][2][3]
In the 1920s, the founder of the term RES, Ludwig Aschoff, reviewed the field of vital staining, and concluded that the cells lining the hepatic sinusoids are by far the most numerous and important cells accumulating intravenously administered vital stains in mammals and other vertebrates. Cells lining the lymph sinuses, and the capillaries of the adrenals, pituitary and bone marrow also accumulated vital stains, yet to a lower extent. Based on these observations Aschoff in his review concluded that these were the organs housing the cells of the RES, in the narrow sense of the term.[4] At the time when the notion of RES was launched, the understanding of concepts like endothelium, macrophages and phagocytosis were immature compared to what we know today, and during the centennium that followed there has been a considerable change in the way we understand these terms today.
The RES – MPS confusionedit
During the years that followed after Aschoff had launched the concept of RES, research on macrophages and their feature as professional phagocytes steadily increased, and in 1960 the concept of the mononuclear phagocyte system was proposed to denote all cells identified as macrophages. The cells of MPS, by way of their common functional signature as professional phagocytes, clear particulate matter such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and dying cells from the circulation. Since blood clearance is also a characteristic function of cells of RES, it was suggested in the late 1960s that RES is identical to MPS, and it was proposed that the term RES be replaced with MPS.[5]
During the 1980s and 1990s some laboratories noted that specialized endothelial cells (called scavenger endothelial cells), but not macrophages, were responsible for the avid clearance of macromolecules and nanoparticles from the blood circulation. This triggered a re-evaluation of the well-established notion that RES = MPS. In 1998 experiments were carried out to repeat the studies of Aschoff, following exactly the original methods description, and using modern ways of identifying the cells that were responsible for clearance of intravascularly injected colloidal lithium carmine, the most commonly used vital stain. The studies showed that the cell system that Aschoff described as RES in the liver were liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), but not liver macrophages (Kupffer cells).[6]
In most present-day text books and articles the term RES is used synonymously with MPS.[7][8] This is especially unfortunate when discussing e.g. blood clearance of nano formulations. Refraining from including the highly active LSEC when discussing blood clearance may lead to failure to understand the mechanisms of clearance of several substances from the circulation.[9][10][11]
^Smedsrød, B (14 January 2004). "Clearance function of scavenger endothelial cells". Comparative Hepatology. 3 (Suppl 1): S22. doi:10.1186/1476-5926-2-S1-S22. PMC2409441. PMID 14960174.
^Wake, K; Kawai, Y; Smedsrød, B (2001). "Re-evaluation of the reticulo-endothelial system". Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology. 106 (2 Suppl 1): 261–9. PMID 11729964.
^Campbell, Frederick; Bos, Frank L.; Sieber, Sandro; Arias-Alpizar, Gabriela; Koch, Bjørn E.; Huwyler, Jörg; Kros, Alexander; Bussmann, Jeroen (10 January 2018). "Directing Nanoparticle Biodistribution through Evasion and Exploitation of Stab2-Dependent Nanoparticle Uptake". ACS Nano. 12 (3): 2138–2150. doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b06995. PMC5876619. PMID 29320626.
^Aschoff, L. (1924). "Das reticulo-endotheliale System". Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde (in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–118. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-90639-8_1. ISBN978-3-642-88784-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^van Furth, R; Cohn, ZA; Hirsch, JG; Humphrey, JH; Spector, WG; Langevoort, HL (1972). "The mononuclear phagocyte system: a new classification of macrophages, monocytes, and their precursor cells". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 46 (6): 845–52. PMC2480884. PMID 4538544.
^Kawai, Y; Smedsrød, B; Elvevold, K; Wake, K (May 1998). "Uptake of lithium carmine by sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of the rat liver: new insights into the classical vital staining and the reticulo-endothelial system". Cell and Tissue Research. 292 (2): 395–410. doi:10.1007/s004410051069. PMID 9560481. S2CID 13183775.
^Tartaro, K; VanVolkenburg, M; Wilkie, D; Coskran, TM; Kreeger, JM; Kawabata, TT; Casinghino, S (2015). "Development of a fluorescence-based in vivo phagocytosis assay to measure mononuclear phagocyte system function in the rat". Journal of Immunotoxicology. 12 (3): 239–46. doi:10.3109/1547691X.2014.934976. PMID 25027674.
^Dictionary of medical terms (6th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. 2012-11-01. ISBN9780764147586.
^Praaning-van Dalen, DP; Brouwer, A; Knook, DL (December 1981). "Clearance capacity of rat liver Kupffer, Endothelial, and parenchymal cells". Gastroenterology. 81 (6): 1036–44. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(81)80009-1. PMID 7286581.
^Anderson, CL (December 2015). "The liver sinusoidal endothelium reappears after being eclipsed by the Kupffer cell: a 20th century biological delusion corrected". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 98 (6): 875–6. doi:10.1189/jlb.4VMLT0215-054R. PMID 26628636.
^Ganesan, LP; Mohanty, S; Kim, J; Clark, KR; Robinson, JM; Anderson, CL (September 2011). "Rapid and efficient clearance of blood-borne virus by liver sinusoidal endothelium". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (9): e1002281. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002281. PMC3182912. PMID 21980295.
April 09, 2024
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Reticuloendothelial system news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message In anatomy the term reticuloendothelial system abbreviated RES often associated nowadays with the mononuclear phagocyte system MPS was originally launched by the beginning of the 20th century to denote a system of specialised cells that effectively clear colloidal vital stains so called because they stain living cells from the blood circulation The term is still used today but its meaning has changed over the years and is used inconsistently in present day literature Although RES is commonly associated exclusively with macrophages recent research has revealed that the cells that accumulate intravenously administered vital stain belong to a highly specialised group of cells called scavenger endothelial cells SECs that are not macrophages 1 2 3 Contents 1 History 2 The RES MPS confusion 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editIn the 1920s the founder of the term RES Ludwig Aschoff reviewed the field of vital staining and concluded that the cells lining the hepatic sinusoids are by far the most numerous and important cells accumulating intravenously administered vital stains in mammals and other vertebrates Cells lining the lymph sinuses and the capillaries of the adrenals pituitary and bone marrow also accumulated vital stains yet to a lower extent Based on these observations Aschoff in his review concluded that these were the organs housing the cells of the RES in the narrow sense of the term 4 At the time when the notion of RES was launched the understanding of concepts like endothelium macrophages and phagocytosis were immature compared to what we know today and during the centennium that followed there has been a considerable change in the way we understand these terms today The RES MPS confusion editDuring the years that followed after Aschoff had launched the concept of RES research on macrophages and their feature as professional phagocytes steadily increased and in 1960 the concept of the mononuclear phagocyte system was proposed to denote all cells identified as macrophages The cells of MPS by way of their common functional signature as professional phagocytes clear particulate matter such as bacteria fungi viruses and dying cells from the circulation Since blood clearance is also a characteristic function of cells of RES it was suggested in the late 1960s that RES is identical to MPS and it was proposed that the term RES be replaced with MPS 5 During the 1980s and 1990s some laboratories noted that specialized endothelial cells called scavenger endothelial cells but not macrophages were responsible for the avid clearance of macromolecules and nanoparticles from the blood circulation This triggered a re evaluation of the well established notion that RES MPS In 1998 experiments were carried out to repeat the studies of Aschoff following exactly the original methods description and using modern ways of identifying the cells that were responsible for clearance of intravascularly injected colloidal lithium carmine the most commonly used vital stain The studies showed that the cell system that Aschoff described as RES in the liver were liver sinusoidal endothelial cells LSECs but not liver macrophages Kupffer cells 6 In most present day text books and articles the term RES is used synonymously with MPS 7 8 This is especially unfortunate when discussing e g blood clearance of nano formulations Refraining from including the highly active LSEC when discussing blood clearance may lead to failure to understand the mechanisms of clearance of several substances from the circulation 9 10 11 See also editMononuclear phagocyte systemReferences edit Smedsrod B 14 January 2004 Clearance function of scavenger endothelial cells Comparative Hepatology 3 Suppl 1 S22 doi 10 1186 1476 5926 2 S1 S22 PMC 2409441 PMID 14960174 Wake K Kawai Y Smedsrod B 2001 Re evaluation of the reticulo endothelial system Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 106 2 Suppl 1 261 9 PMID 11729964 Campbell Frederick Bos Frank L Sieber Sandro Arias Alpizar Gabriela Koch Bjorn E Huwyler Jorg Kros Alexander Bussmann Jeroen 10 January 2018 Directing Nanoparticle Biodistribution through Evasion and Exploitation of Stab2 Dependent Nanoparticle Uptake ACS Nano 12 3 2138 2150 doi 10 1021 acsnano 7b06995 PMC 5876619 PMID 29320626 Aschoff L 1924 Das reticulo endotheliale System Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde in German Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp 1 118 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 90639 8 1 ISBN 978 3 642 88784 0 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help van Furth R Cohn ZA Hirsch JG Humphrey JH Spector WG Langevoort HL 1972 The mononuclear phagocyte system a new classification of macrophages monocytes and their precursor cells Bulletin of the World Health Organization 46 6 845 52 PMC 2480884 PMID 4538544 Kawai Y Smedsrod B Elvevold K Wake K May 1998 Uptake of lithium carmine by sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of the rat liver new insights into the classical vital staining and the reticulo endothelial system Cell and Tissue Research 292 2 395 410 doi 10 1007 s004410051069 PMID 9560481 S2CID 13183775 Tartaro K VanVolkenburg M Wilkie D Coskran TM Kreeger JM Kawabata TT Casinghino S 2015 Development of a fluorescence based in vivo phagocytosis assay to measure mononuclear phagocyte system function in the rat Journal of Immunotoxicology 12 3 239 46 doi 10 3109 1547691X 2014 934976 PMID 25027674 Dictionary of medical terms 6th ed Barron s Educational Series 2012 11 01 ISBN 9780764147586 Praaning van Dalen DP Brouwer A Knook DL December 1981 Clearance capacity of rat liver Kupffer Endothelial and parenchymal cells Gastroenterology 81 6 1036 44 doi 10 1016 s0016 5085 81 80009 1 PMID 7286581 Anderson CL December 2015 The liver sinusoidal endothelium reappears after being eclipsed by the Kupffer cell a 20th century biological delusion corrected Journal of Leukocyte Biology 98 6 875 6 doi 10 1189 jlb 4VMLT0215 054R PMID 26628636 Ganesan LP Mohanty S Kim J Clark KR Robinson JM Anderson CL September 2011 Rapid and efficient clearance of blood borne virus by liver sinusoidal endothelium PLOS Pathogens 7 9 e1002281 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1002281 PMC 3182912 PMID 21980295 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reticuloendothelial system amp oldid 1188177127, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
