fbpx
Wikipedia

Sedoreoviridae

January 01, 1970

Sedoreoviridae (formerly Reoviridae) is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi.[1] They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses (diameter ~60–100 nm) to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage.[2] There are currently 97 species in this family, divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies.[3] Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as rotaviruses) and respiratory tract.[4] The name "reo-" is an acronym for "respiratory enteric orphan" viruses.[5] The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the family Reoviridae have more recently been identified with various diseases, the original name is still used.

Sedoreoviridae
Cryo-EM reconstruction of a rotavirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Duplornaviricota
Class: Resentoviricetes
Order: Reovirales
Family: Sedoreoviridae
Subfamilies and genera

see text

Reovirus infections occur often in humans, but most cases are mild or subclinical. Rotaviruses, however, can cause severe diarrhea and intestinal distress in children, and lab studies in mice have implicated orthoreoviruses in the expression of coeliac disease in pre-disposed individuals.[6] The virus can be readily detected in feces, and may also be recovered from pharyngeal or nasal secretions, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. Despite the ease of finding reoviruses in clinical specimens, their role in human disease or treatment is still uncertain.

Some viruses of this family, such as phytoreoviruses and oryzaviruses, infect plants. Most of the plant-infecting reoviruses are transmitted between plants by insect vectors. The viruses replicate in both the plant and the insect, generally causing disease in the plant, but little or no harm to the infected insect.[7]: 148 

Structure edit

 
Structure of a reovirus

Reoviruses are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral capsid composed of an outer (T=13) and inner (T=2) protein shell.[1][8] Ultrastructure studies show that virion capsids are composed of two or three separate layers which depends on species type. The innermost layer (core) has T=1 icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 60 different types of structural proteins. The core contains the genome segments, each of them encode a variety enzyme structure which is required for transcription. The core is covered by capsid layer T=13 icosahedral symmetry. Reoviruses have a unique structure which is contains a glycolisated spike protein on the surface.[9]

Genome edit

The genomes of viruses in family Reoviridae contain 9–12 segments which are grouped into three categories corresponding to their size: L (large), M (medium) and S (small). Segments range from about 0.2 to 3 kbp and each segment encodes 1–3 proteins (10–14 proteins in total[1]). Proteins of viruses in the family Reoviridae are denoted by the Greek character corresponding to the segment it was translated from (the L segment encodes for λ proteins, the M segment encodes for μ proteins and the S segment encodes for σ proteins).[8]

Life cycle edit

 
Life cycle of a reovirus

Viruses in the family Reoviridae have genomes consisting of segmented, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).[4] Because of this, replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, and the virus encodes several proteins which are needed for replication and conversion of the dsRNA genome into positive-sense RNAs.[10]

The virus can enter the host cell via a receptor on the cell surface. The receptor is not known but is thought to include sialic acid and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs).[10] The virus is partially uncoated by proteases in the endolysosome, where the capsid is partially digested to allow further cell entry. The core particle then enters the cytoplasm by a yet unknown process where the genome is transcribed conservatively causing an excess of positive-sense strands, which are used as messenger RNA templates to synthesize negative-sense strands.[10]

The genome of the rotavirus is divided into 11 segments. These segments are associated with the VP1 molecule which is responsible for RNA synthesis. In early events, the selection process occurs so that the entry of the 11 different RNA segments go in the cell. This procedure is performed by newly synthesized RNAs. This event ensures that one each of the 11 different RNA segments is received. In late events, the transcription process occurs again but this time is not capped unlike the early events. For virus different amounts of RNAs are required therefore during the translation step there is a control machinery. There are the same quantities of RNA segments but different quantities of proteins. The reason for this is that the RNA segments are not translated at the same rate.[7]

Viral particles begin to assemble in the cytoplasm 6–7 hours after infection. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, suppression of termination, and ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement, cell to cell movement, and existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host.[1]

Multiplicity reactivation edit

Multiplicity reactivation (MR) is the process by which two or more virus genomes, each containing inactivating genome damage, can interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. McClain and Spendlove[11] demonstrated MR for three types of reovirus after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. In their experiments, reovirus particles were exposed to doses of UV-light that would be lethal in single infections. However, when two or more inactivated viruses were allowed to infect individual host cells MR occurred and viable progeny were produced. As they stated, multiplicity reactivation by definition involves some type of repair. Michod et al.[12] reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses, and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the benefit of recombinational repair of genome damages.[citation needed]

Taxonomy edit

The family Reoviridae is divided into two subfamilies[13] based on the presence of a "turret" protein on the inner capsid.[14][15] From ICTV communications: "The name Spinareovirinae will be used to identify the subfamily containing the spiked or turreted viruses and is derived from 'reovirus' and the Latin word 'spina' as a prefix, which means spike, denoting the presence of spikes or turrets on the surface of the core particles. The term 'spiked' is an alternative to 'turreted', that was used in early research to describe the structure of the particle, particularly with the cypoviruses. The name Sedoreovirinae will be used to identify the subfamily containing the non-turreted virus genera and is derived from 'reovirus' and the Latin word 'sedo', which means smooth, denoting the absence of spikes or turrets from the core particles of these viruses, which have a relatively smooth morphology."[16]

 
Phylogenetic tree of family Reoviridae, dashed line divides subfamily Sedoreovirinae and Spinareovirinae

The family Reoviridae is divided into the following subfamilies and genera:

Therapeutic applications edit

Although reoviruses are mostly nonpathogenic in humans, these viruses have served as very productive experimental models for studies of viral pathogenesis.[17] Newborn mice are extremely sensitive to reovirus infections and have been used as the preferred experimental system for studies of reovirus pathogenesis.[2]

Reoviruses have been demonstrated to have oncolytic (cancer-killing) properties, encouraging the development of reovirus-based therapies for cancer treatment.[18][19][20]

Reolysin is a formulation of reovirus (Mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3-dearing strain[21]) that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers,[22] including studies currently developed to investigate the role of Reolysin combined with other immunotherapies.[21]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b Guglielmi, KM; Johnson, EM; Stehle, T; Dermody, TS (2006). "Attachment and Cell Entry of Mammalian Orthoreovirus". Reoviruses: Entry, Assembly and Morphogenesis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 309. pp. 1–38. doi:10.1007/3-540-30773-7_1. ISBN 978-3-540-30772-3. PMID 16909895. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b Patton JT, ed. (2008). Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.
  5. ^ Fenner, F (June 1976). "The classification and nomenclature of viruses. Summary of results of meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in Madrid, September 1975". Virology. 71 (2): 371–8. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(76)90364-0. PMC 7131526. PMID 820065.
  6. ^ Bouziat, R; et al. (April 7, 2017). "Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease". Science. 356 (6333): 44–50. Bibcode:2017Sci...356...44B. doi:10.1126/science.aah5298. PMC 5506690. PMID 28386004.
  7. ^ a b Carter, John; Saunders, Venetia (2007). Virology: Principles and Applications. West Sussex: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-02386-0.
  8. ^ a b . MicrobiologyBytes. Archived from the original on 2015-05-21.
  9. ^ Payne S (2017). "Family Reoviridae". Viruses: 219–226. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00026-X. ISBN 9780128031094.
  10. ^ a b c Barton, ES; Forrest, JC; Connolly, JL; Chappell, JD; Liu, Y; Schnell, FJ; Nusrat, A; Parkos, CA; Dermody, TS (February 9, 2001). "Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus". Cell. 104 (3): 441–51. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00231-8. PMID 11239401.
  11. ^ McClain ME, Spendlove RS (November 1966). "Multiplicity reactivation of reovirus particles after exposure to ultraviolet light". J. Bacteriol. 92 (5): 1422–9. doi:10.1128/JB.92.5.1422-1429.1966. PMC 276440. PMID 5924273.
  12. ^ Michod, R. E.; Bernstein, H.; Nedelcu, A. M. (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 8 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.
  13. ^ Carstens, E. B. (January 2010). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009)". Archives of Virology. 155 (1): 133–146. doi:10.1007/s00705-009-0547-x. PMC 7086975. PMID 19960211.
  14. ^ Hill C, Booth T, et al. (1999). "The structure of a cypovirus and the functional organization of dsRNA viruses". Nature Structural Biology. 6 (6): 565–9. doi:10.1038/9347. PMID 10360362. S2CID 28217302.
  15. ^ Knipe D, Howley P, et al. (2006). Fields Virology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1855. ISBN 978-0-7817-6060-7.
  16. ^ Attoui, Houssam; Mertens, Peter. . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2007.127-129V.v2.Spina-Sedoreovirinae. pp. 1–9. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010.
  17. ^ Acheson, Nicholas H. Fundamentals of Molecular Virology. John Wiley and Sons (2011). p.234
  18. ^ Kanai, Yuta; Kobayashi, Takeshi (29 September 2021). "FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses". Annual Review of Virology. 8 (1): 515–536. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-070225. ISSN 2327-056X. PMID 34586868.
  19. ^ Lal R, Harris D, Postel-Vinay S, de Bono J (October 2009). "Reovirus: Rationale and clinical trial update". Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 11 (5): 532–9. PMID 19806501.
  20. ^ Kelland, K. (13 June 2012). "Cold virus hitches a ride to kill cancer: study". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  21. ^ a b Babiker, H.M.; Riaz, I.B.; Husnain, M.; Borad, M.J. (February 2017). "Oncolytic virotherapy including Rigvir and standard therapies in malignant melanoma". Oncolytic Virotherapy. 6. Dovepress, New Zealand NLM: 11–18. doi:10.2147/OV.S100072. ISSN 2253-1572. PMC 5308590. PMID 28224120. 101629828.
  22. ^ Thirukkumaran C, Morris DG (2009). "Oncolytic Viral Therapy Using Reovirus". Gene Therapy of Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 542. pp. 607–34. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_31. ISBN 978-1-934115-85-5. PMID 19565924.

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sedoreoviridae.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sedoreoviridae.
  • ICTV: Reoviridae
  • Description of plant viruses: Reoviridae
  • ViPR: Reoviridae
  • "Reoviridae". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 10880.

January 01, 1970
sedoreoviridae, formerly, reoviridae, family, double, stranded, viruses, member, viruses, have, wide, host, range, including, vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists, fungi, they, lack, lipid, envelopes, package, their, segmented, genome, within, multi, l. Sedoreoviridae formerly Reoviridae is a family of double stranded RNA viruses Member viruses have a wide host range including vertebrates invertebrates plants protists and fungi 1 They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi layered capsids Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three dimensional structures of these large complex viruses diameter 60 100 nm to be obtained revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage 2 There are currently 97 species in this family divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies 3 Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system such as rotaviruses and respiratory tract 4 The name reo is an acronym for respiratory enteric orphan viruses 5 The term orphan virus refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease Even though viruses in the family Reoviridae have more recently been identified with various diseases the original name is still used Sedoreoviridae Cryo EM reconstruction of a rotavirus Virus classification unranked Virus Realm Riboviria Kingdom Orthornavirae Phylum Duplornaviricota Class Resentoviricetes Order Reovirales Family Sedoreoviridae Subfamilies and genera see text Reovirus infections occur often in humans but most cases are mild or subclinical Rotaviruses however can cause severe diarrhea and intestinal distress in children and lab studies in mice have implicated orthoreoviruses in the expression of coeliac disease in pre disposed individuals 6 The virus can be readily detected in feces and may also be recovered from pharyngeal or nasal secretions urine cerebrospinal fluid and blood Despite the ease of finding reoviruses in clinical specimens their role in human disease or treatment is still uncertain Some viruses of this family such as phytoreoviruses and oryzaviruses infect plants Most of the plant infecting reoviruses are transmitted between plants by insect vectors The viruses replicate in both the plant and the insect generally causing disease in the plant but little or no harm to the infected insect 7 148 Contents 1 Structure 2 Genome 3 Life cycle 4 Multiplicity reactivation 5 Taxonomy 6 Therapeutic applications 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksStructure edit nbsp Structure of a reovirus Reoviruses are non enveloped and have an icosahedral capsid composed of an outer T 13 and inner T 2 protein shell 1 8 Ultrastructure studies show that virion capsids are composed of two or three separate layers which depends on species type The innermost layer core has T 1 icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 60 different types of structural proteins The core contains the genome segments each of them encode a variety enzyme structure which is required for transcription The core is covered by capsid layer T 13 icosahedral symmetry Reoviruses have a unique structure which is contains a glycolisated spike protein on the surface 9 Genome editThe genomes of viruses in family Reoviridae contain 9 12 segments which are grouped into three categories corresponding to their size L large M medium and S small Segments range from about 0 2 to 3 kbp and each segment encodes 1 3 proteins 10 14 proteins in total 1 Proteins of viruses in the family Reoviridae are denoted by the Greek character corresponding to the segment it was translated from the L segment encodes for l proteins the M segment encodes for m proteins and the S segment encodes for s proteins 8 Life cycle edit nbsp Life cycle of a reovirus Viruses in the family Reoviridae have genomes consisting of segmented double stranded RNA dsRNA 4 Because of this replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm and the virus encodes several proteins which are needed for replication and conversion of the dsRNA genome into positive sense RNAs 10 The virus can enter the host cell via a receptor on the cell surface The receptor is not known but is thought to include sialic acid and junctional adhesion molecules JAMs 10 The virus is partially uncoated by proteases in the endolysosome where the capsid is partially digested to allow further cell entry The core particle then enters the cytoplasm by a yet unknown process where the genome is transcribed conservatively causing an excess of positive sense strands which are used as messenger RNA templates to synthesize negative sense strands 10 The genome of the rotavirus is divided into 11 segments These segments are associated with the VP1 molecule which is responsible for RNA synthesis In early events the selection process occurs so that the entry of the 11 different RNA segments go in the cell This procedure is performed by newly synthesized RNAs This event ensures that one each of the 11 different RNA segments is received In late events the transcription process occurs again but this time is not capped unlike the early events For virus different amounts of RNAs are required therefore during the translation step there is a control machinery There are the same quantities of RNA segments but different quantities of proteins The reason for this is that the RNA segments are not translated at the same rate 7 Viral particles begin to assemble in the cytoplasm 6 7 hours after infection Translation takes place by leaky scanning suppression of termination and ribosomal skipping The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non tubule guided viral movement cell to cell movement and existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host 1 Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission Aquareovirus Aquatic vertebrates fish aquatic invertebrates shellfish aquatic invertebrates crustaceans None Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Passive diffusion Cardoreovirus Crustaceans crabs None Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Arthropod bite Coltivirus Humans rodents ticks mosquitoes Erythrocytes Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Arthropod bite Cypovirus Insects Midgut goblet fat Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Polyhedra oral fecal vertical eggs Dinovernavirus Insects Mosquitoes None Unknown Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Unknown Fijivirus Plants gramineae plants liliacea planthoppers Phloem Viral movement mechanical inoculation Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Delphacid plant hoppers Idnoreovirus Hymenoptera Gut Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Unknown Mimoreovirus Algae None Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Arthropod bite Mycoreovirus Fungi Mycelium Cell death cytoplasmic exchange sporogenesis hyphal anastomosis Cell death cytoplasmic exchange sporogenesis hyphal anastomosis Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic exchange sporogenesis hyphal anastomosis Orbivirus Vertebrates mosquitoes midges gnats sandflies ticks None Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Arthropod bite Orthoreovirus Vertebrates Epithelium intestinal epithelium bile duct epithelium lung leukocytes endothelium CNS Clathrin mediated endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Aerosol oral fecal Oryzavirus Plants graminae Oryza sativa planthoppers None Viral movement mechanical Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Delphacid planthoppers Phytoreovirus Oryza sativa leafhoppers Phloem Viral movement mechanical inoculation Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Leafhoppers Rotavirus Humans vertebrates Intestinal mucosa Clathrin mediated endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Oral fecal Seadornavirus Humans cattle pigs mosquitoes None Cell receptor endocytosis Cell death Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Zoonosis arthropod biteMultiplicity reactivation editMultiplicity reactivation MR is the process by which two or more virus genomes each containing inactivating genome damage can interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome McClain and Spendlove 11 demonstrated MR for three types of reovirus after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation In their experiments reovirus particles were exposed to doses of UV light that would be lethal in single infections However when two or more inactivated viruses were allowed to infect individual host cells MR occurred and viable progeny were produced As they stated multiplicity reactivation by definition involves some type of repair Michod et al 12 reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the benefit of recombinational repair of genome damages citation needed Taxonomy editThe family Reoviridae is divided into two subfamilies 13 based on the presence of a turret protein on the inner capsid 14 15 From ICTV communications The name Spinareovirinae will be used to identify the subfamily containing the spiked or turreted viruses and is derived from reovirus and the Latin word spina as a prefix which means spike denoting the presence of spikes or turrets on the surface of the core particles The term spiked is an alternative to turreted that was used in early research to describe the structure of the particle particularly with the cypoviruses The name Sedoreovirinae will be used to identify the subfamily containing the non turreted virus genera and is derived from reovirus and the Latin word sedo which means smooth denoting the absence of spikes or turrets from the core particles of these viruses which have a relatively smooth morphology 16 nbsp Phylogenetic tree of family Reoviridae dashed line divides subfamily Sedoreovirinae and Spinareovirinae The family Reoviridae is divided into the following subfamilies and genera Sedoreovirinae Cardoreovirus Mimoreovirus Orbivirus Phytoreovirus Rotavirus Seadornavirus Spinareovirinae Aquareovirus Coltivirus Cypovirus Dinovernavirus Fijivirus Idnoreovirus Mycoreovirus Orthoreovirus OryzavirusTherapeutic applications editAlthough reoviruses are mostly nonpathogenic in humans these viruses have served as very productive experimental models for studies of viral pathogenesis 17 Newborn mice are extremely sensitive to reovirus infections and have been used as the preferred experimental system for studies of reovirus pathogenesis 2 Reoviruses have been demonstrated to have oncolytic cancer killing properties encouraging the development of reovirus based therapies for cancer treatment 18 19 20 Reolysin is a formulation of reovirus Mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3 dearing strain 21 that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers 22 including studies currently developed to investigate the role of Reolysin combined with other immunotherapies 21 See also editDouble stranded RNA viruses Oncolytic virus Orphan virusReferences edit a b c d Viral Zone ExPASy Retrieved 15 June 2015 a b Guglielmi KM Johnson EM Stehle T Dermody TS 2006 Attachment and Cell Entry of Mammalian Orthoreovirus Reoviruses Entry Assembly and Morphogenesis Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Vol 309 pp 1 38 doi 10 1007 3 540 30773 7 1 ISBN 978 3 540 30772 3 PMID 16909895 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Virus Taxonomy 2019 Release talk ictvonline org International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Retrieved 11 May 2020 a b Patton JT ed 2008 Segmented Double stranded RNA Viruses Structure and Molecular Biology Caister Academic Press ISBN 978 1 904455 21 9 Fenner F June 1976 The classification and nomenclature of viruses Summary of results of meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in Madrid September 1975 Virology 71 2 371 8 doi 10 1016 0042 6822 76 90364 0 PMC 7131526 PMID 820065 Bouziat R et al April 7 2017 Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease Science 356 6333 44 50 Bibcode 2017Sci 356 44B doi 10 1126 science aah5298 PMC 5506690 PMID 28386004 a b Carter John Saunders Venetia 2007 Virology Principles and Applications West Sussex Wiley ISBN 978 0 470 02386 0 a b Reoviruses MicrobiologyBytes Archived from the original on 2015 05 21 Payne S 2017 Family Reoviridae Viruses 219 226 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 803109 4 00026 X ISBN 9780128031094 a b c Barton ES Forrest JC Connolly JL Chappell JD Liu Y Schnell FJ Nusrat A Parkos CA Dermody TS February 9 2001 Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus Cell 104 3 441 51 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 01 00231 8 PMID 11239401 McClain ME Spendlove RS November 1966 Multiplicity reactivation of reovirus particles after exposure to ultraviolet light J Bacteriol 92 5 1422 9 doi 10 1128 JB 92 5 1422 1429 1966 PMC 276440 PMID 5924273 Michod R E Bernstein H Nedelcu A M 2008 Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens Infection Genetics and Evolution 8 3 267 285 doi 10 1016 j meegid 2008 01 002 PMID 18295550 Carstens E B January 2010 Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2009 Archives of Virology 155 1 133 146 doi 10 1007 s00705 009 0547 x PMC 7086975 PMID 19960211 Hill C Booth T et al 1999 The structure of a cypovirus and the functional organization of dsRNA viruses Nature Structural Biology 6 6 565 9 doi 10 1038 9347 PMID 10360362 S2CID 28217302 Knipe D Howley P et al 2006 Fields Virology Philadelphia Pa Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 1855 ISBN 978 0 7817 6060 7 Attoui Houssam Mertens Peter Template for Taxonomic Proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee To create a new SubFamily in an existing Family International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2007 127 129V v2 Spina Sedoreovirinae pp 1 9 Archived from the original on March 5 2010 Acheson Nicholas H Fundamentals of Molecular Virology John Wiley and Sons 2011 p 234 Kanai Yuta Kobayashi Takeshi 29 September 2021 FAST Proteins Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses Annual Review of Virology 8 1 515 536 doi 10 1146 annurev virology 091919 070225 ISSN 2327 056X PMID 34586868 Lal R Harris D Postel Vinay S de Bono J October 2009 Reovirus Rationale and clinical trial update Curr Opin Mol Ther 11 5 532 9 PMID 19806501 Kelland K 13 June 2012 Cold virus hitches a ride to kill cancer study Reuters Retrieved 17 June 2012 a b Babiker H M Riaz I B Husnain M Borad M J February 2017 Oncolytic virotherapy including Rigvir and standard therapies in malignant melanoma Oncolytic Virotherapy 6 Dovepress New Zealand NLM 11 18 doi 10 2147 OV S100072 ISSN 2253 1572 PMC 5308590 PMID 28224120 101629828 Thirukkumaran C Morris DG 2009 Oncolytic Viral Therapy Using Reovirus Gene Therapy of Cancer Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 542 pp 607 34 doi 10 1007 978 1 59745 561 9 31 ISBN 978 1 934115 85 5 PMID 19565924 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Sedoreoviridae nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sedoreoviridae ICTV Reoviridae Description of plant viruses Reoviridae ViPR Reoviridae Reoviridae NCBI Taxonomy Browser 10880 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sedoreoviridae amp oldid 1213455936, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.