Eastern Mediterranean Squadron
The Eastern Mediterranean Squadron later known as the British Aegean Squadron[1] was a naval formation of the Mediterranean Fleet based at Mudros from 1914 to 1916.[2] It then alternated between Mudros on the island of Lemnos and Salonika[3] from 1917 to 1919.[4]
| Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1914–1919 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Navy |
| Part of | Mediterranean Fleet (1914-1919) |
| Garrison/HQ | Mudros 1914-1919 Salonika 1917-1919 |
History edit
The Eastern Mediterranean Squadron was established in September 1914 as a sub-command of the Mediterranean Fleet.[5]
It was heavily involved in the Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign, 1915. Vice Admiral Carden directed operations from 19 February 1915 until early March. That day the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Mediterranean had under his orders the Chief of Staff, East Mediterranean; the Second in Command, Eastern Mediterranean; and the Senior Naval Officer, Mudros.[6] On 19 February, two destroyers were sent in to probe the straits and the first shot was fired from Kumkale by the 240 mm (9.4 in) Krupp guns of the Orhaniye Tepe battery at 07:58. The battleships HMS Cornwallis and Vengeance moved in to engage the forts and Cornwallis opened fire at 09:51.[7] The effect of the long-range bombardment was considered disappointing and that it would take direct hits on guns to knock them out. With limited ammunition, indirect fire was insufficient and direct fire would need the ships to be anchored to make stable gun platforms. Ottoman casualties were reported as several men killed on the European shore and three men at Orkanie.[8][9]
On 25 February the Allies attacked again, the Ottomans evacuated the outer defences, and the fleet entered the straits to engage the intermediate defences. Demolition parties of Royal Marines raided the Sedd el Bahr and Kum Kale forts, meeting little opposition. On 1 March, four battleships bombarded the intermediate defences but little progress was made clearing the minefields. The minesweepers, commanded by the chief of staff, Roger Keyes, were un-armoured trawlers manned by their civilian crews, who were unwilling to work while under fire. The strong current in the straits further hampered minesweeping and strengthened Ottoman resolve which had wavered at the start of the offensive; on 4 March, twenty-three marines were killed raiding the outer defences.[10]
Queen Elizabeth was called on to engage the inner defences, at first from the Aegean coast near Gaba Tepe, firing across the peninsula and later in the straits. On the night of 13 March, the cruiser HMS Amethyst led six minesweepers in an attempt to clear the mines. Four of the trawlers were hit and Amethyst was badly damaged with nineteen stokers killed from one hit. On 15 March, the Admiralty accepted a plan by Carden for another attack by daylight, with the minesweepers protected by the fleet. Carden was taken ill the same day and was replaced by Rear Admiral John de Robeck. A gunnery officer noted in his diary that de Robeck had already expressed misgivings about silencing the Ottoman guns by naval bombardment and that this view was widely held on board the ship.[11][12]
The post was also styled as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron.[13]
On 31 August 1915 Commodore Maurice S. FitzMaurice became Principal Naval Transport Officer, Mudros.[14] From 20 January 1916 to June 1916 Fitzmaurice carried out the same duties from Salonika.
In August 1917 the squadron was redesignated the British Aegean Squadron. It was gradually disbanded from May to September 1919.[15]
Vice-Admirals Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron edit
Post holders included:[5]
| Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | ||||
| 1 | Vice-Admiral | Sackville Carden | 20 September 1914 - 17 March 1915 | |
| 2 | Acting Vice-Admiral | John de Robeck | 17 March 1915 – 19 June 1916 | |
| 3 | Vice-Admiral | Sir Cecil Thursby | 19 June 1916 – 25 Aug, 1917 | |
Chief of Staff edit
Post holders included:[6]
| Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chief of Staff, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | ||||
| 1 | Commodore | Roger J. B. Keys | February, 1915 - 19 June 1916 | |
Rear-Admirals, Second-in-Command edit
Post holders included:[5]
| Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron | ||||
| 1 | Rear-Admiral | Cecil Thursby | March - June 1915 | |
| 2 | Rear-Admiral | Stuart Nicholson | June 1915 – July, 1915 | |
| 3 | Rear-Admiral | Arthur Christian | July, 1915 – February, 1916 | |
| 4 | Rear-Admiral | Sydney Fremantle | February, 1916 – 27 July 1916 | |
| 5 | Rear-Admiral | Arthur Hayes-Sadler | 27 July 1916 – 25 August 1917 | |
edit
Post holders included:[6]
| Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senior Naval Officer, Mudros | ||||
| 1 | Rear-Admiral | Rosslyn Wemyss | March - November 1915 | |
| 2 | Rear-Admiral | Arthur Christian | November 1915 – August 1917 | |
Rear-Admirals, Commanding British Aegean Squadron edit
Post holders included:[5]
| Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Aegean Squadron | ||||
| 1 | Rear-Admiral | Sydney Fremantle | 25 August 1917 – 2 January 1918 | |
| 2 | Rear-Admiral | Arthur Hayes-Sadler | 2 January - 2 February 1918 | |
| 3 | Rear-Admiral | Cecil Lambert | 2 February 1918 - May 1919[16] | |
| 4 | Rear-Admiral | Michael Culme-Seymour | May - September 1919[16] | |
Captain of Base, Mudros edit
Included:[14]
| Rank | Insig | Name | Term | Notes/Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Captain of Base, Mudros | |||||
| 1 | Captain | Claude A. Rombulow-Pearse | 12 November 1918 – 13 January 1919 | ||
| 1 | Captain | Bertram S. Evans | 13 January 1919 | died in post | |
| 2 | Captain | Michael H. Wilding | 1 March 1919 – 4 October 1920 | ||
Divisional Transport Officer, Salonika edit
Included:[17]
| Rank | Insig | Name | Term | Notes/Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Divisional Transport Officer, Salonika | |||||
| 1 | Captain | Francis E. Travers | 26 January 1917 – 16 January 1918 | retired | |
| 2 | Commander | William Mellor | 4 August 1917 – 29 January 1918 | ||
| 3 | Commander | Michael H. Wilding | 9 January 1918 – 16 April 1919 | retired | |
Notes edit
- ^ Marder, Arthur J. (2014). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume V Victory and Aftermath January 1918-June 1919. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 9781848322035.
- ^ Woodward, David R. (2009). World War I Almanac. New York, NY, USA: Infobase Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781438118963.
- ^ Burt 2013, p. 331.
- ^ "Private Papers of Captain H W Williams RN". Imperial War Museums. London, Great Britain: Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^ a b c d Harley & Lovell 2017.
- ^ a b c Corbett, Sir Julian (1920–1938). "Royal Navy - Naval Operations, Volume 2". www.naval-history.net. London, England: Longmans Green. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^ Corbett 2009a, pp. 144–146.
- ^ Corbett 2009a, pp. 149–150.
- ^ Marder 1965, pp. 233–234.
- ^ Corbett 2009a, pp. 157–183.
- ^ Carlyon 2001, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Corbett 2009a, pp. 206–210.
- ^ Marder, Arthur (2014). "Index:List of Maps". From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume II: To The Eve of Jutland 1914-1916. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781473826571.
- ^ a b Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (19 August 2018). "Mudros - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^ Burt 2013, p. 332.
- ^ a b Watson, Graham (27 October 2015). "Organisation of the Royal Navy 1914-1918". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (23 August 2018). "Mudros - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
References edit
- Archives, The National (1917). "Weekly Reports of the Rear Admiral British Aegean Squadron, 19 August - 29 December 1917". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives, ADM 137/400. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</ref>
- Burt, R. A. (2013). British Battleships 1889-1904: New Revised Edition. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848322745. ISBN 9781848321731.
- Carlyon, Les (2001). Gallipoli. Sydney: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7329-1089-1.
- Corbett, J. S. (2009a) [1929]. Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (2nd, Imperial War Museum and Naval & military Press repr. ed.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. ISBN 978-1-84342-490-1. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
- Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (18 July 2017). "Eastern Mediterranean Squadron (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
- Marder, Arthur Jacob (1965). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The war years: to the eve of Jutland, 1914-1916. Vol. II. Oxford University Press. OCLC 865180297.
- Marder, Arthur J. (2014). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume V Victory and Aftermath January 1918-June 1919. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848322035.
- Watson, Dr Graham (2015). "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1914-1918". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
- Woodward, David R. (2009). World War I Almanac. New York, NY, USA: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438118963.