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Hawadax Island

May 03, 2024

Hawadax Island (Aleut: Hawadax;[1]) is an island in the Rat Islands archipelago of the western Aleutian Islands in the U.S. state of Alaska. The island was formerly known as Rat Island until May 2012 when it was renamed Hawadax Island, which is an Aleut name meaning "entry" and "welcome".[2][3] The island has a land area of 10.3126 sq mi (26.7095 km²) and no permanent population. It is within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. It is 9.3 miles (15 km) in length and 3.1 miles (5 km) in width.

Hawadax Island (no 13).

The former name is the English translation of the name given to the islands by Captain Fyodor Petrovich Litke in 1827 when he visited the Aleutian Islands on a voyage around the world.

The Rat Islands are very earthquake-prone as they are on the boundary of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. In 1965, there was a major earthquake with the magnitude 8.7 in the Rat Islands.

Conservation and restoration edit

 
Hawadax Island

The island was heavily infested with brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), which are considered a nuisance invasive species due to their negative impact on the population of ground-nesting wild birds.[4]

The rats arrived on the island before 1780 due to a Japanese shipwreck.[5] Since then, the rats had a devastating effect on local seabirds that have no natural defenses against the rats.[6] Invasive rats are also present on 16 other islands in the Aleutian chain.[5]

In 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), which manages the refuge, was formulating plans to eradicate the rats.[6] The eradication plan is modelled on a successful one to eliminate the Arctic fox from various Aleutian islands, where they were deliberately introduced for breeding.[5] In September 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), in partnership with Island Conservation and The Nature Conservancy eradicated Norway rats with the first aerial application of bait in the State of Alaska.[7] Some nontarget mortality was expected, but the actual quantity exceeded what was predicted.[7] The Ornithological Council reported that more than 420 birds were killed as a result of the rat eradication program.[7] Forty-six bald eagles died (exceeding the known population of 22 bald eagles on the island); toxicological analysis revealed lethal levels of brodifacoum in 12 of the 16 carcasses tested. Of the 320 glaucous-winged gull carcasses collected, toxicology tests implicated brodifacoum in 24 of the 34 tested. Fifty-four carcasses of another 25 bird species were found.[8][9] With the exception of bald eagles, most bird populations surveyed increased in abundance so the impacts on non-target species are likely to be temporary. [10]

In June 2009, the island was declared rat-free for the first time in 229 years,[11] although the site was continually monitored for another two years for confirmation. The report found that the lead contractor which the FWS used, Island Conservation, had dropped more poisonous bait than they had proposed, including bait which was intended to be saved as a backup.[7] The FWS asked the Ornithological Council to determine if Island Conservation had exceeded the limit of their poison quantities, but the council decided not to resolve any "legal questions".[7] As of 2011, the State of Alaska issued a Notice of Violation and FWS law enforcement [12] is still investigating.[7] Steve Delehanty, the manager of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (which includes the island) said that, "It was a learning experience, and we made mistakes together."[7] However, he also stated, "...if you do the math this was a rip-roaring conservation success."[7] Post eradication monitoring results have shown a strong positive response in terms of bird populations and the intertidal zone.[13][14][15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Bergsland, K. (1994). Aleut Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
  2. ^ "Feature Detail Report for: Hawadax Island". US Geological Survey Board on Geographic Names. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  3. ^ "It's Official!". Island Conservation. May 31, 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  4. ^ Rats wipe out seabirds on Alaska island
  5. ^ a b c Ebbert, S.E.; Byrd, G.V. (2002). "Eradications of invasive species to restore natural biological diversity on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge". In Veitch, C.R. (ed.). Turning the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species : Proceedings of the International Conference on the Eradication of Island Invasives. The World Conservation Union. ISBN 978-2-8317-0682-5. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  6. ^ a b "Biologists aim to wipe out Rat Island". Reuters. October 2, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Borrell, Brendan (18 January 2011). "Where eagles die". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.24.
  8. ^ Steve Ebbert and Kathy Burek-Huntington. 2010. Anticoagulant Residual Concentration and Poisoning in Birds Following a Large-Scale Aerial Application of 25 ppm Brodifacoum Bait for Rat Eradication on Rat Island, Alaska. Proceedings of the 24th Vertebrate Pest Conference (R. M. Timm and K. A. Fagerstone,Eds.). Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis.
  9. ^ The Rat Island Rat Eradication Project: A Critical Evaluation of Nontarget Mortality. Prepared for Island Conservation, the Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Prepared by the Ornithological Council. Final report issued December [http://alaska.fws.gov/ratislandreview-final.pdf 2010 2013-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Preliminary ecosystem response following invasive Norway rat eradication on Rat Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska" (PDF). ISSG. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  11. ^ Alaska's Rat Island rat-free after 229 years
  12. ^ "US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement, Report of Investigation #2009703127R001". Google Docs. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  13. ^ "New Seabird Life at Hawadax Island Alaska". The Nature Conservancy. April 1, 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Hawadax Island". Island Conservation. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  15. ^ Kurle, Carolyn M.; Zilliacus, Kelly M.; Sparks, Jenna; Curl, Jen; Bock, Mila; Buckelew, Stacey; Williams, Jeffrey C.; Wolf, Coral A.; Holmes, Nick D.; Plissner, Jonathan; Howald, Gregg R.; Tershy, Bernie R.; Croll, Donald A. (2021). "Indirect effects of invasive rat removal result in recovery of island rocky intertidal community structure" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84342-2. ISSN 2045-2322.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawadax Island.
  • Island Conservation
  • Rat Island: Block 1140, Census Tract 1, Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska United States Census Bureau
  • The Rat Island Rat Eradication Project: A Critical Evaluation of Nontarget Mortality. Prepared for Island Conservation, the Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Prepared by the Ornithological Council. Final report issued December 2010.
  • US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement, Report of Investigation #2009703127R001

51°48′09″N 178°17′51″E / 51.80250°N 178.29750°E / 51.80250; 178.29750

May 03, 2024
hawadax, island, aleut, hawadax, island, islands, archipelago, western, aleutian, islands, state, alaska, island, formerly, known, island, until, 2012, when, renamed, which, aleut, name, meaning, entry, welcome, island, land, area, 3126, 7095, permanent, popul. Hawadax Island Aleut Hawadax 1 is an island in the Rat Islands archipelago of the western Aleutian Islands in the U S state of Alaska The island was formerly known as Rat Island until May 2012 when it was renamed Hawadax Island which is an Aleut name meaning entry and welcome 2 3 The island has a land area of 10 3126 sq mi 26 7095 km and no permanent population It is within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge It is 9 3 miles 15 km in length and 3 1 miles 5 km in width Hawadax Island no 13 The former name is the English translation of the name given to the islands by Captain Fyodor Petrovich Litke in 1827 when he visited the Aleutian Islands on a voyage around the world The Rat Islands are very earthquake prone as they are on the boundary of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates In 1965 there was a major earthquake with the magnitude 8 7 in the Rat Islands Contents 1 Conservation and restoration 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksConservation and restoration edit nbsp Hawadax Island The island was heavily infested with brown rats Rattus norvegicus which are considered a nuisance invasive species due to their negative impact on the population of ground nesting wild birds 4 The rats arrived on the island before 1780 due to a Japanese shipwreck 5 Since then the rats had a devastating effect on local seabirds that have no natural defenses against the rats 6 Invasive rats are also present on 16 other islands in the Aleutian chain 5 In 2007 the U S Fish and Wildlife Service FWS which manages the refuge was formulating plans to eradicate the rats 6 The eradication plan is modelled on a successful one to eliminate the Arctic fox from various Aleutian islands where they were deliberately introduced for breeding 5 In September 2008 the U S Fish and Wildlife Service FWS in partnership with Island Conservation and The Nature Conservancy eradicated Norway rats with the first aerial application of bait in the State of Alaska 7 Some nontarget mortality was expected but the actual quantity exceeded what was predicted 7 The Ornithological Council reported that more than 420 birds were killed as a result of the rat eradication program 7 Forty six bald eagles died exceeding the known population of 22 bald eagles on the island toxicological analysis revealed lethal levels of brodifacoum in 12 of the 16 carcasses tested Of the 320 glaucous winged gull carcasses collected toxicology tests implicated brodifacoum in 24 of the 34 tested Fifty four carcasses of another 25 bird species were found 8 9 With the exception of bald eagles most bird populations surveyed increased in abundance so the impacts on non target species are likely to be temporary 10 In June 2009 the island was declared rat free for the first time in 229 years 11 although the site was continually monitored for another two years for confirmation The report found that the lead contractor which the FWS used Island Conservation had dropped more poisonous bait than they had proposed including bait which was intended to be saved as a backup 7 The FWS asked the Ornithological Council to determine if Island Conservation had exceeded the limit of their poison quantities but the council decided not to resolve any legal questions 7 As of 2011 update the State of Alaska issued a Notice of Violation and FWS law enforcement 12 is still investigating 7 Steve Delehanty the manager of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge which includes the island said that It was a learning experience and we made mistakes together 7 However he also stated if you do the math this was a rip roaring conservation success 7 Post eradication monitoring results have shown a strong positive response in terms of bird populations and the intertidal zone 13 14 15 See also editCampbell Island New Zealand the largest successful rat eradication References edit Bergsland K 1994 Aleut Dictionary Fairbanks Alaska Native Language Center Feature Detail Report for Hawadax Island US Geological Survey Board on Geographic Names Retrieved 31 May 2012 It s Official Island Conservation May 31 2012 Retrieved 1 May 2020 Rats wipe out seabirds on Alaska island a b c Ebbert S E Byrd G V 2002 Eradications of invasive species to restore natural biological diversity on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge In Veitch C R ed Turning the Tide The Eradication of Invasive Species Proceedings of the International Conference on the Eradication of Island Invasives The World Conservation Union ISBN 978 2 8317 0682 5 Retrieved 2007 10 03 a b Biologists aim to wipe out Rat Island Reuters October 2 2007 Retrieved 2007 10 02 a b c d e f g h Borrell Brendan 18 January 2011 Where eagles die Nature doi 10 1038 news 2011 24 Steve Ebbert and Kathy Burek Huntington 2010 Anticoagulant Residual Concentration and Poisoning in Birds Following a Large Scale Aerial Application of 25 ppm Brodifacoum Bait for Rat Eradication on Rat Island Alaska Proceedings of the 24th Vertebrate Pest Conference R M Timm and K A Fagerstone Eds Published at Univ of Calif Davis The Rat Island Rat Eradication Project A Critical Evaluation of Nontarget Mortality Prepared for Island Conservation the Nature Conservancy and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Prepared by the Ornithological Council Final report issued December http alaska fws gov ratislandreview final pdf 2010 Archived 2013 02 19 at the Wayback Machine Preliminary ecosystem response following invasive Norway rat eradication on Rat Island Aleutian Islands Alaska PDF ISSG Retrieved 1 May 2020 Alaska s Rat Island rat free after 229 years US Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement Report of Investigation 2009703127R001 Google Docs Retrieved 2017 11 12 New Seabird Life at Hawadax Island Alaska The Nature Conservancy April 1 2020 Retrieved 1 May 2020 Hawadax Island Island Conservation Retrieved 1 May 2020 Kurle Carolyn M Zilliacus Kelly M Sparks Jenna Curl Jen Bock Mila Buckelew Stacey Williams Jeffrey C Wolf Coral A Holmes Nick D Plissner Jonathan Howald Gregg R Tershy Bernie R Croll Donald A 2021 Indirect effects of invasive rat removal result in recovery of island rocky intertidal community structure PDF Scientific Reports 11 1 doi 10 1038 s41598 021 84342 2 ISSN 2045 2322 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawadax Island Island ConservationRat Island Invasive Rat Eradication Project Environmental Assessment Rat Island Block 1140 Census Tract 1 Aleutians West Census Area Alaska United States Census Bureau The Rat Island Rat Eradication Project A Critical Evaluation of Nontarget Mortality Prepared for Island Conservation the Nature Conservancy and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Prepared by the Ornithological Council Final report issued December 2010 US Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement Report of Investigation 2009703127R001 51 48 09 N 178 17 51 E 51 80250 N 178 29750 E 51 80250 178 29750 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hawadax Island amp oldid 1210400545, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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