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Radio resource management

January 01, 1970

Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level management of co-channel interference, radio resources, and other radio transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems, for example cellular networks, wireless local area networks, wireless sensor systems, and radio broadcasting networks.[1][2] RRM involves strategies and algorithms for controlling parameters such as transmit power, user allocation, beamforming, data rates, handover criteria, modulation scheme, error coding scheme, etc. The objective is to utilize the limited radio-frequency spectrum resources and radio network infrastructure as efficiently as possible.

RRM concerns multi-user and multi-cell network capacity issues, rather than the point-to-point channel capacity. Traditional telecommunications research and education often dwell on channel coding and source coding with a single user in mind, but when several users and adjacent base stations share the same frequency channel it may not be possible to achieve the maximum channel capacity. Efficient dynamic RRM schemes may increase the system spectral efficiency by an order of magnitude, which often is considerably more than what is possible by introducing advanced channel coding and source coding schemes. RRM is especially important in systems limited by co-channel interference rather than by noise, for example cellular systems and broadcast networks homogeneously covering large areas, and wireless networks consisting of many adjacent access points that may reuse the same channel frequencies.

The cost for deploying a wireless network is normally dominated by base station sites (real estate costs, planning, maintenance, distribution network, energy, etc.) and sometimes also by frequency license fees. So, the objective of radio resource management is typically to maximize the system spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz/area unit or Erlang/MHz/site, under some kind of user fairness constraint, for example, that the grade of service should be above a certain level. The latter involves covering a certain area and avoiding outage due to co-channel interference, noise, attenuation caused by path losses, fading caused by shadowing and multipath, Doppler shift and other forms of distortion. The grade of service is also affected by blocking due to admission control, scheduling starvation or inability to guarantee quality of service that is requested by the users.

While classical radio resource managements primarily considered the allocation of time and frequency resources (with fixed spatial reuse patterns), recent multi-user MIMO techniques enables adaptive resource management also in the spatial domain.[3] In cellular networks, this means that the fractional frequency reuse in the GSM standard has been replaced by a universal frequency reuse in LTE standard.

Static radio resource management edit

Static RRM involves manual as well as computer-aided fixed cell planning or radio network planning. Examples:

Static RRM schemes are used in many traditional wireless systems, for example 1G and 2G cellular systems, in today's wireless local area networks and in non-cellular systems, for example broadcasting systems. Examples of static RRM schemes are:

Dynamic radio resource management edit

Dynamic RRM schemes adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to the traffic load, user positions, user mobility, quality of service requirements, base station density, etc. Dynamic RRM schemes are considered in the design of wireless systems, in view to minimize expensive manual cell planning and achieve "tighter" frequency reuse patterns, resulting in improved system spectral efficiency.

Some schemes are centralized, where several base stations and access points are controlled by a Radio Network Controller (RNC). Others are distributed, either autonomous algorithms in mobile stations, base stations or wireless access points, or coordinated by exchanging information among these stations.[1]

Examples of dynamic RRM schemes are:

Inter-cell radio resource management edit

Future networks like the LTE standard (defined by 3GPP) are designed for a frequency reuse of one. In such networks, neighboring cells use the same frequency spectrum. Such standards exploit Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and can thus be highly efficient in terms of spectrum, but required close coordination between cells to avoid excessive inter-cell interference. Like in most cellular system deployments, the overall system spectral efficiency is not range limited or noise limited, but interference limited.[1] Inter-cell radio resource management coordinates resource allocation between different cell sites by using multi-user MIMO techniques. There are various means of inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) already defined in the standard.[4] Dynamic single-frequency networks, coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or joint multi-cell precoding are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management.[3][5]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Miao, Guowang; Zander, Jens; Sung, Ki Won; Slimane, Ben (2016). Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107143210.
  2. ^ Tripathi, N. D.; Reed, J. H.; Vanlandingham, H. F. (2001). Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems. Springer. ISBN 079237374X.
  3. ^ a b Björnson, E.; Jorswieck, E. (2013). "Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems". Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory. 9 (2–3): 113–381. doi:10.1561/0100000069.
  4. ^ Pauli, V.; Naranjo, J. D.; Seidel, E. (December 2010). "Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination". White Paper, Nomor Research.
  5. ^ Gesbert, D.; Hanly, S.; Huang, H.; Shamai, S.; Simeone, O.; Yu, W. (December 2010). "Multi-cell MIMO cooperative networks: A new look at interference". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 28 (9): 1380–1408. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.711.7850. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2010.101202. S2CID 706371.

January 01, 1970
radio, resource, management, system, level, management, channel, interference, radio, resources, other, radio, transmission, characteristics, wireless, communication, systems, example, cellular, networks, wireless, local, area, networks, wireless, sensor, syst. Radio resource management RRM is the system level management of co channel interference radio resources and other radio transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems for example cellular networks wireless local area networks wireless sensor systems and radio broadcasting networks 1 2 RRM involves strategies and algorithms for controlling parameters such as transmit power user allocation beamforming data rates handover criteria modulation scheme error coding scheme etc The objective is to utilize the limited radio frequency spectrum resources and radio network infrastructure as efficiently as possible RRM concerns multi user and multi cell network capacity issues rather than the point to point channel capacity Traditional telecommunications research and education often dwell on channel coding and source coding with a single user in mind but when several users and adjacent base stations share the same frequency channel it may not be possible to achieve the maximum channel capacity Efficient dynamic RRM schemes may increase the system spectral efficiency by an order of magnitude which often is considerably more than what is possible by introducing advanced channel coding and source coding schemes RRM is especially important in systems limited by co channel interference rather than by noise for example cellular systems and broadcast networks homogeneously covering large areas and wireless networks consisting of many adjacent access points that may reuse the same channel frequencies The cost for deploying a wireless network is normally dominated by base station sites real estate costs planning maintenance distribution network energy etc and sometimes also by frequency license fees So the objective of radio resource management is typically to maximize the system spectral efficiency in bit s Hz area unit or Erlang MHz site under some kind of user fairness constraint for example that the grade of service should be above a certain level The latter involves covering a certain area and avoiding outage due to co channel interference noise attenuation caused by path losses fading caused by shadowing and multipath Doppler shift and other forms of distortion The grade of service is also affected by blocking due to admission control scheduling starvation or inability to guarantee quality of service that is requested by the users While classical radio resource managements primarily considered the allocation of time and frequency resources with fixed spatial reuse patterns recent multi user MIMO techniques enables adaptive resource management also in the spatial domain 3 In cellular networks this means that the fractional frequency reuse in the GSM standard has been replaced by a universal frequency reuse in LTE standard Contents 1 Static radio resource management 2 Dynamic radio resource management 3 Inter cell radio resource management 4 See also 5 ReferencesStatic radio resource management editStatic RRM involves manual as well as computer aided fixed cell planning or radio network planning Examples Frequency allocation band plans decided by standardization bodies by national frequency authorities and in frequency resource auctions Deployment of base station sites or broadcasting transmitter site Antenna heights Channel frequency plans Sector antenna directions Selection of modulation and channel coding parameters Base station antenna space diversity for example Receiver micro diversity using antenna combining Transmitter macro diversity such as OFDM single frequency networks SFN Static RRM schemes are used in many traditional wireless systems for example 1G and 2G cellular systems in today s wireless local area networks and in non cellular systems for example broadcasting systems Examples of static RRM schemes are Circuit mode communication using FDMA and TDMA Fixed channel allocation FCA Static handover criteriaDynamic radio resource management editDynamic RRM schemes adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to the traffic load user positions user mobility quality of service requirements base station density etc Dynamic RRM schemes are considered in the design of wireless systems in view to minimize expensive manual cell planning and achieve tighter frequency reuse patterns resulting in improved system spectral efficiency Some schemes are centralized where several base stations and access points are controlled by a Radio Network Controller RNC Others are distributed either autonomous algorithms in mobile stations base stations or wireless access points or coordinated by exchanging information among these stations 1 Examples of dynamic RRM schemes are Power control algorithms Precoding algorithms Link adaptation algorithms Dynamic Channel Allocation DCA or Dynamic Frequency Selection DFS algorithms allowing cell breathing Traffic adaptive handover criteria allowing cell breathing Re use partitioning Adaptive filtering Single Antenna Interference Cancellation SAIC Dynamic diversity schemes for example Soft handover Dynamic single frequency networks DSFN Phased array antenna with beamforming Multiple input multiple output communications MIMO Space time coding Admission control Dynamic bandwidth allocation using resource reservation multiple access schemes or statistical multiplexing for example Spread spectrum and or packet radio Channel dependent scheduling for instance Max min fair scheduling using for example fair queuing Proportionally fair scheduling using for example weighted fair queuing Maximum throughput scheduling gives low grade of service due to starvation Dynamic packet assignment DPA Packet and Resource Plan Scheduling PARPS schemes Mobile ad hoc networks using multihop communication Cognitive radio Green communication QoS aware RRM FemtocellsInter cell radio resource management editFuture networks like the LTE standard defined by 3GPP are designed for a frequency reuse of one In such networks neighboring cells use the same frequency spectrum Such standards exploit Space Division Multiple Access SDMA and can thus be highly efficient in terms of spectrum but required close coordination between cells to avoid excessive inter cell interference Like in most cellular system deployments the overall system spectral efficiency is not range limited or noise limited but interference limited 1 Inter cell radio resource management coordinates resource allocation between different cell sites by using multi user MIMO techniques There are various means of inter cell interference coordination ICIC already defined in the standard 4 Dynamic single frequency networks coordinated scheduling multi site MIMO or joint multi cell precoding are other examples for inter cell radio resource management 3 5 See also editCDMA spectral efficiency Cellular traffic Electromagnetic interference control IEEE 802 11h Transmit power control and dynamic frequency selection DFS for wireless local area networks IEEE 802 11k RRM for wireless local area networks Mobility management Mobility model Multiple access methods Radio frequency propagation modelReferences edit a b c Miao Guowang Zander Jens Sung Ki Won Slimane Ben 2016 Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1107143210 Tripathi N D Reed J H Vanlandingham H F 2001 Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems Springer ISBN 079237374X a b Bjornson E Jorswieck E 2013 Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi Cell Systems Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory 9 2 3 113 381 doi 10 1561 0100000069 Pauli V Naranjo J D Seidel E December 2010 Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter Cell Interference Coordination White Paper Nomor Research Gesbert D Hanly S Huang H Shamai S Simeone O Yu W December 2010 Multi cell MIMO cooperative networks A new look at interference IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 28 9 1380 1408 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 711 7850 doi 10 1109 JSAC 2010 101202 S2CID 706371 Retrieved from https en 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