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RTL (German TV channel)

January 31, 2023

"RTL (Germany)" redirects here. For other uses, see RTL.

RTL (from Radio Télévision Luxembourg), formerly RTL plus and RTL Television, is a German-language free-to-air television channel owned by the RTL Group, headquartered in Cologne. Founded as an offshoot of the German-language radio programme Radio Luxemburg, RTL is considered a full-service broadcaster under the Medienstaatsvertrag [de] (Interstate Media Treaty) and is the largest private television network in Germany. As of August 2010, RTL employs some 500 permanent staff, having outsourced its news and technical departments.

RTL
CountryGermany
Broadcast areaNational
Also distributed in:
Austria
Switzerland
France
Italy
Belgium
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Netherlands
Turkey
Poland
Romania
Hungary
Israel
Denmark (southern parts)
HeadquartersCologne, Germany
Programming
Language(s)German
Picture format2160p 4K UHD
(downscaled to 1080i and 576i for the HDTV and SDTV feeds respectively)
Ownership
OwnerRTL Group
ParentRTL Deutschland
Sister channelsRTL Zwei
VOX
Super RTL
n-tv
RTL Crime
RTL Living
RTL Passion
Nitro
RTL Up
History
Launched2 January 1984; 39 years ago (1984-01-02)
Former namesRTL plus (1984–1992)
RTL Television (1992–2004)
Links
Websitewww.rtl.de
Availability
Terrestrial
Digital terrestrial televisionChannel numbers vary
Streaming media
Ziggo GO (Netherlands)ZiggoGO.tv
RTL LIVERTL
RTL Up
RTL Crime
RTL Passion
RTL Living

In September 2021, Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland (RTL Germany Media Group) was renamed RTL Deutschland. As part of the rebrand, both the group and the channel received new logos and branding.

History

RTL plus was famous in its early years for showing low-budget films and American programmes. In 1988, it was the second most-viewed channel.[1]

After reunification in 1990, broadcasting was extended to the entire country. RTL moved to Cologne and received the right to broadcast on free-to-air frequencies. That same year, RTL acquired the first-run rights to the German Football First Division. Deals with Cannon and Universal Studios finally provided more high-profile films for the channel. In 2012, RTL made a deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to air films from its media library until 2016, when it switched to Universal, as Disney Channel was relaunched as a free-to-air channel competing with RTL.[2]

In July 2015, the channel introduced the slogan Wilkommen zuhause (Welcome home) to complement Mein RTL, and launched its biggest advertising campaign in 20 years. This tagline (as Wilkommen zu Hause, with a space between zu and Hause) was earlier used in the early 2000s.

On 1 September 2017, RTL flattened its logo, with brighter shades of the three colours. The slogan continues to be Wilkommen Zuhause, through Mein RTL would be used in rare cases. Another sister channel, n-tv was rebranded on the same day.

As part of a comprehensive restructuring within Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland, RTL unveiled a new identity, a new, multi-colourful logo and a new graphics package. The rebrand rolled out on 15 September 2021, as well as RTL Crime, RTL Living and RTL Passion.

Station logos

  •  

    Logo of RTL plus (1984–1987)

  •  

    Logo of RTL plus (1987–1992)

  •  

    Logo of RTL Television (30 October 1992 – 1999)

  •  

    Logo of RTL (31 August 2008 – 28 August 2014)

  •  

    Logo of RTL (28 August 2014 – 31 August 2017)

  •  

    Logo of RTL (1 September 2017 – 14 September 2021)

  •  

    Logo of RTL (since 15 September 2021)

  •  

    Logo of RTL HD (since 15 September 2021)

Audience share

Germany

January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual average
1985 – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.4%
1986 – – – – – – – – – – – –   0.7%
1987 – – – – – – – – – – – –   1.2%
1988 – – – – – – – – – – – –   4.1%
1989 – – – – – – – – – – – –   10.0%
1990[3] – – – – – – – – – – – –   11.5%
1991[4] – – – – – – – – – – – –   14.4%
1992[5] – – – – – – – – – – – –   16.7%
1993[6] – – – – – – – – – – – –   18.9%
1994[7] – – – – – – – – – – – –   17.5%
1995[8] – – – – – – – – – – – –   17.6%
1996[9] 16.6% 16.6% 18.2% 18.6% 18.1% 15.5% 15.6% 16.7% 17.2% 16.7% 17.4% 16.5%   17.0%
1997[10] 15.9% 16.0% 16.4% 17.8% 17.0% 15.9% 14.8% 14.7% 16.9% 16.9% 15.7% 14.9%  16.1%
1998[11] 14.2% 14.2% 16.2% 16.2% 15.6% 13.8% 14.4% 15.7% 16.3% 15.1% 15.2% 14.6%   15.1%
1999[12] 13.6% 13.9% 15.0% 15.8% 15.9% 15.3% 14.9% 15.3% 15.5% 15.4% 14.3% 13.6%   14.8%
2000[13] 14.0% 14.0% 13.8% 14.3% 14.4% 13.7% 14.0% 14.2% 14.0% 14.6% 15.1% 14.7%   14.3%
2001[14] 14.3% 13.4% 15.3% 15.9% 16.9% 13.6% 14.3% 13.4% 15.5% 15.4% 14.6% 14.5%   14.8%
2002[15] 15.0% 13.2% 14.9% 16.1% 15.2% 12.6% 14.5% 13.2% 15.4% 15.5% 15.2% 14.4%   14.6%
2003[16] 15.8% 15.7% 16.0% 15.3% 15.5% 14.3% 13.7% 13.5% 15.5% 14.9% 13.9% 13.8%   14.9%
2004[17] 15.2% 13.8% 13.9% 14.1% 14.5% 12.2% 13.1% 12.3% 14.5% 14.4% 14.0% 12.8%   13.8%
2005[18] 13.1% 12.5% 12.9% 13.6% 14.1% 13.1% 12.7% 12.3% 14.0% 13.5% 13.5% 12.9%   13.2%
2006[19] 13.0% 12.3% 13.4% 12.8% 13.7% 12.8% 12.1% 12.7% 13.0% 13.1% 12.6% 11.9%   12.8%
2007[20] 12.6% 12.0% 12.6% 12.8% 12.9% 12.8% 12.4% 11.8% 13.1% 12.9% 12.1% 11.1%   12.4%
2008[21] 11.8% 11.5% 11.7% 12.5% 12.4% 9.8% 11.6% 10.5% 12.5% 12.1% 12.9% 11.5%   11.7%
2009[22] 12.6% 11.8% 12.4% 12.8% 12.4% 11.6% 11.4% 10.9% 13.3% 13.5% 14.0% 12.9%   12.5%
2010[23] 12.7% 12.7% 13.7% 14.0% 13.6% 12.7% 12.5% 12.8% 14.5% 14.8% 15.3% 13.6%   13.6%
2011[24] 15.2% 14.1% 13.7% 14.6% 14.9% 12.5% 13.3% 13.2% 14.8% 14.6% 14.3% 13.3%   14.1%
2012[25] 14.1% 13.1% 13.4% 12.7% 11.9% 10.6% 11.5% 10.5% 12.7% 12.3% 12.7% 10.8%   12.3%
2013[26] 13.1% 11.3% 11.2% 12.1% 11.4% 10.8% 10.9% 10.4% 10.7% 11.7% 11.5% 10.3%   11.3%
2014[27] 12.8% 10.4% 10.6% 10.6% 10.6% 8.4% 9.0% 9.0% 10.0% 11.5% 10.7% 9.5%   10.3%
2015[28] 11.3% 9.6% 9.8% 9.9% 9.9% 9.7% 9.2% 9.0% 10.6% 10.6% 10.1% 9.1%   9.9%
2016[29] 11.7% 10.0% 9.6% 10.0% 9.8% 8.3% 9.0% 8.3% 10.1% 10.4% 10.0% 9.2%   9.7%
2017[30] 11.0% 8.8% 9.3% 9.4% 9.5% 9.0% 8.5% 8.5% 9.0% 9.4% 9.0% 8.1%   9.2%
2018[31] 9.7% 8.4% 8.5% 8.6% 8.3% 7.5% 7.8%

The average age of the viewers is 48.9 years (as of 2016).[32]

References

  1. ^ Audience shares 1988: RTL 4.1% and SAT.1 5.6%, see Marktanteile der Fernsehsender at Fernsehen in Deutschland (de)
  2. ^ Roxborough, Scott (1 February 2012). "Disney Signs Multi-Year Package Deal With Germany's RTL". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  3. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  4. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  5. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  6. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  7. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  8. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  9. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  10. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  11. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  12. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  13. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  14. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  15. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  16. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  17. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  18. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  19. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  20. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  21. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  22. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  23. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  24. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  25. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  26. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  27. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  28. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  29. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  30. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  31. ^ (PDF). kek-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  32. ^ Mantel, Uwe (14 March 2017). "Langzeit-Entwicklung des TV-Markts: Wie die Sender gealtert sind – und wer sich dagegen stemmt". dwdl.de. Retrieved 3 November 2017.

External links

  • Official website (in German)

January 31, 2023
german, channel, germany, redirects, here, other, uses, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, german, chan. RTL Germany redirects here For other uses see RTL This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources RTL German TV channel news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German January 2021 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 658 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de RTL Television see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated de RTL Television to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation RTL from Radio Television Luxembourg formerly RTL plus and RTL Television is a German language free to air television channel owned by the RTL Group headquartered in Cologne Founded as an offshoot of the German language radio programme Radio Luxemburg RTL is considered a full service broadcaster under the Medienstaatsvertrag de Interstate Media Treaty and is the largest private television network in Germany As of August 2010 RTL employs some 500 permanent staff having outsourced its news and technical departments RTLCountryGermanyBroadcast areaNationalAlso distributed in AustriaSwitzerlandFranceItalyBelgiumLuxembourgLiechtensteinNetherlandsTurkeyPolandRomaniaHungary Israel Denmark southern parts HeadquartersCologne GermanyProgrammingLanguage s GermanPicture format2160p 4K UHD downscaled to 1080i and 576i for the HDTV and SDTV feeds respectively OwnershipOwnerRTL GroupParentRTL DeutschlandSister channelsRTL ZweiVOXSuper RTLn tvRTL CrimeRTL LivingRTL PassionNitroRTL UpHistoryLaunched2 January 1984 39 years ago 1984 01 02 Former namesRTL plus 1984 1992 RTL Television 1992 2004 LinksWebsitewww wbr rtl wbr deAvailabilityTerrestrialDigital terrestrial televisionChannel numbers varyStreaming mediaZiggo GO Netherlands ZiggoGO tvRTL LIVERTLRTL UpRTL CrimeRTL PassionRTL LivingIn September 2021 Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland RTL Germany Media Group was renamed RTL Deutschland As part of the rebrand both the group and the channel received new logos and branding Contents 1 History 2 Station logos 3 Audience share 3 1 Germany 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it February 2021 RTL plus was famous in its early years for showing low budget films and American programmes In 1988 it was the second most viewed channel 1 After reunification in 1990 broadcasting was extended to the entire country RTL moved to Cologne and received the right to broadcast on free to air frequencies That same year RTL acquired the first run rights to the German Football First Division Deals with Cannon and Universal Studios finally provided more high profile films for the channel In 2012 RTL made a deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to air films from its media library until 2016 when it switched to Universal as Disney Channel was relaunched as a free to air channel competing with RTL 2 In July 2015 the channel introduced the slogan Wilkommen zuhause Welcome home to complement Mein RTL and launched its biggest advertising campaign in 20 years This tagline as Wilkommen zu Hause with a space between zu and Hause was earlier used in the early 2000s On 1 September 2017 RTL flattened its logo with brighter shades of the three colours The slogan continues to be Wilkommen Zuhause through Mein RTL would be used in rare cases Another sister channel n tv was rebranded on the same day As part of a comprehensive restructuring within Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland RTL unveiled a new identity a new multi colourful logo and a new graphics package The rebrand rolled out on 15 September 2021 as well as RTL Crime RTL Living and RTL Passion Station logos Edit Logo of RTL plus 1984 1987 Logo of RTL plus 1987 1992 Logo of RTL Television 30 October 1992 1999 Logo of RTL 31 August 2008 28 August 2014 Logo of RTL 28 August 2014 31 August 2017 Logo of RTL 1 September 2017 14 September 2021 Logo of RTL since 15 September 2021 Logo of RTL HD since 15 September 2021 Audience share EditGermany Edit January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual average1985 0 4 1986 0 7 1987 1 2 1988 4 1 1989 10 0 1990 3 11 5 1991 4 14 4 1992 5 16 7 1993 6 18 9 1994 7 17 5 1995 8 17 6 1996 9 16 6 16 6 18 2 18 6 18 1 15 5 15 6 16 7 17 2 16 7 17 4 16 5 17 0 1997 10 15 9 16 0 16 4 17 8 17 0 15 9 14 8 14 7 16 9 16 9 15 7 14 9 16 1 1998 11 14 2 14 2 16 2 16 2 15 6 13 8 14 4 15 7 16 3 15 1 15 2 14 6 15 1 1999 12 13 6 13 9 15 0 15 8 15 9 15 3 14 9 15 3 15 5 15 4 14 3 13 6 14 8 2000 13 14 0 14 0 13 8 14 3 14 4 13 7 14 0 14 2 14 0 14 6 15 1 14 7 14 3 2001 14 14 3 13 4 15 3 15 9 16 9 13 6 14 3 13 4 15 5 15 4 14 6 14 5 14 8 2002 15 15 0 13 2 14 9 16 1 15 2 12 6 14 5 13 2 15 4 15 5 15 2 14 4 14 6 2003 16 15 8 15 7 16 0 15 3 15 5 14 3 13 7 13 5 15 5 14 9 13 9 13 8 14 9 2004 17 15 2 13 8 13 9 14 1 14 5 12 2 13 1 12 3 14 5 14 4 14 0 12 8 13 8 2005 18 13 1 12 5 12 9 13 6 14 1 13 1 12 7 12 3 14 0 13 5 13 5 12 9 13 2 2006 19 13 0 12 3 13 4 12 8 13 7 12 8 12 1 12 7 13 0 13 1 12 6 11 9 12 8 2007 20 12 6 12 0 12 6 12 8 12 9 12 8 12 4 11 8 13 1 12 9 12 1 11 1 12 4 2008 21 11 8 11 5 11 7 12 5 12 4 9 8 11 6 10 5 12 5 12 1 12 9 11 5 11 7 2009 22 12 6 11 8 12 4 12 8 12 4 11 6 11 4 10 9 13 3 13 5 14 0 12 9 12 5 2010 23 12 7 12 7 13 7 14 0 13 6 12 7 12 5 12 8 14 5 14 8 15 3 13 6 13 6 2011 24 15 2 14 1 13 7 14 6 14 9 12 5 13 3 13 2 14 8 14 6 14 3 13 3 14 1 2012 25 14 1 13 1 13 4 12 7 11 9 10 6 11 5 10 5 12 7 12 3 12 7 10 8 12 3 2013 26 13 1 11 3 11 2 12 1 11 4 10 8 10 9 10 4 10 7 11 7 11 5 10 3 11 3 2014 27 12 8 10 4 10 6 10 6 10 6 8 4 9 0 9 0 10 0 11 5 10 7 9 5 10 3 2015 28 11 3 9 6 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 7 9 2 9 0 10 6 10 6 10 1 9 1 9 9 2016 29 11 7 10 0 9 6 10 0 9 8 8 3 9 0 8 3 10 1 10 4 10 0 9 2 9 7 2017 30 11 0 8 8 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 5 9 0 9 4 9 0 8 1 9 2 2018 31 9 7 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 3 7 5 7 8 The average age of the viewers is 48 9 years as of 2016 32 References Edit Audience shares 1988 RTL 4 1 and SAT 1 5 6 see Marktanteile der Fernsehsender at Fernsehen in Deutschland de Roxborough Scott 1 February 2012 Disney Signs Multi Year Package Deal With Germany s RTL The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 10 February 2013 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1990 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1991 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1992 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1993 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1994 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1995 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1996 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1997 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1998 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 1999 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2000 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2001 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2002 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2003 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 11 August 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2004 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 11 August 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2005 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2006 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2007 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2008 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2009 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2010 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2011 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2012 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 11 August 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2013 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2014 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 7 February 2016 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2015 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 17 May 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2016 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 28 February 2016 Retrieved 30 May 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2017 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 17 November 2017 Retrieved 5 December 2017 KEK Zuschaueranteile 2018 PDF kek online de Archived from the original PDF on 25 August 2018 Retrieved 28 August 2018 Mantel Uwe 14 March 2017 Langzeit Entwicklung des TV Markts Wie die Sender gealtert sind und wer sich dagegen stemmt dwdl de Retrieved 3 November 2017 External links EditOfficial website in German Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title RTL German TV channel amp oldid 1133607649, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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