The RFB X-114 was a ground-effect craft, designed chiefly to operate over water but capable of flight at higher altitudes where required, carrying five or six passengers or freight along coasts and capable of surveillance duties. One was evaluated by the German military in the late 1970s, but no orders followed.
The RFB X-114 Aerofoil Craft was an experimental ground-effect vehicle intended to work over water, with the ability to fly out of ground effect when required. It was the last of three such aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch in the 1960s and early 1970s. The low powered, two-seat proof of concept Collins X-112[1] was followed by the RFB X-113, structurally and aerodynamically refined, but still low- powered.[2] The much larger X-114 seated six or seven and had a 149 kW (200 hp) engine.[3]
All three were inverse delta aircraft, that is, they had a wing that was triangular in plan, but with a straight, unswept leading edge.[1] Combined with strong anhedral, this layout produces stable flight in ground effect.[4] Specifically, it is claimed that it is stable in pitch and also that it can fly in ground effect at altitudes up to about 50% of its span, allowing it to operate over rough water. This contrasts with the lower aspect ratio square wing of the Ekranoplans, which leaves ground effect at only 10% of span, limiting them to the calmer waters of lakes and rivers.[5]
The weight of the X-114 was more than twice that of the X-112, the next heaviest of the series, but all three shared the same control systems. At each wing tip there was a long, flat bottomed float reaching forward about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) beyond the wing's leading edge,[6] with short, outward leaning winglets in line with that edge and fitted with ailerons. At the rear the fuselage swept upwards to a conventional fin and T-tail, the latter carrying elevators. On the water's surface, the floats stabilised the X-114 and, in combination with the strong anhedral, held the fuselage well clear of the water. The X-114 had a pod type fuselage, projecting forward as far as the floats. Seating, in rows of two, accommodated six or seven under multi-section glazing. The pod extended rearwards to about one quarter root chord, its rearmost part unglazed and forming a streamlined pylon for the separately podded, 149 kW (200 hp) Lycoming O-360flat-four engine. A drive shaft ran rearwards from the engine within a conical fairing to a shrouded, five bladed pusher configurationpropeller mounted near mid-chord.[3][6]
Though primarily intended for over-water flight in ground effect, the X-114 could also be flown out of ground effect over obstructions like trees, peninsulas, or waterfalls. It was also equipped with conventional landing gear, with small wheels retracting into the floats and a tailwheel on the fuselage at the wing's trailing edge, which could be lifted up to lie along the fuselage bottom where it began the upward slope to the tail. It is not clear if this lightweight gear allowed land based take-offs and landings,[3] or if it simply acted as beaching gear, allowing the X-114 easy access from water to land-based facilities.[6]
The X-114 began its trials with the German Ministry of Defence in April 1977. At some stage it was fitted with downward angled hydrofoils mounted to its floats with the aim of decreasing take-off speed, but they proved to have the opposite effect by decreasing the ram air pressure. They also called for care on landing, pulling the craft rapidly into the water if their angle of attack was negative. Despite completing its test programme satisfactorily, no production order was received and the sole prototype was the only X-114 built.[6] It was finally lost in an accident. Though Lippisch died just before the X-114 test programme began, his concept was further developed in the Airfish series of ground effect vehicles,[6] which continued in operation until at least 2012.[7]
Specifications
Data fromJane's All the World's Aircraft 1978-79.[3]
Cruise speed: 150 km/h (93 mph, 81 kn) in ground effect. Out of ground effect, estimated: 200 km/h (124 mph; 108 kn)
Range: 2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi) approximately, in ground effect
Endurance: 20 hr, in ground effect
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhein-Flugzeugbau X-114.
^ abTaylor, John W R (1964). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1964-65. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. p. 207.
^Taylor, John W R (1974). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-75. London: Jane's Yearbooks. p. 98. ISBN0-354-00502-2.
^ abcdTaylor, John W R (1978). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1978-79. London: Jane's Yearbooks. pp. 70–1. ISBN0-35-400572-3.
^Lee Qihui (2006). "Stability and Control of an Inverted Delta Wing In Ground Effect Aircraft" (PDF). Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^ abcdeYung, Liang; Bliault, Alain (2012). High Performance Marine Vessels. Springer. pp. 96–7. ISBN978146140869-7.
^"Wind, waves damage Airfish 8". New Straits Times. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
April 11, 2023
ground, effect, craft, designed, chiefly, operate, over, water, capable, flight, higher, altitudes, where, required, carrying, five, passengers, freight, along, coasts, capable, surveillance, duties, evaluated, german, military, late, 1970s, orders, followed, . The RFB X 114 was a ground effect craft designed chiefly to operate over water but capable of flight at higher altitudes where required carrying five or six passengers or freight along coasts and capable of surveillance duties One was evaluated by the German military in the late 1970s but no orders followed X 114The X 114 in flightRole Ground effect vehicleNational origin GermanyManufacturer Rhein FlugzeugbauDesigner Alexander LippischFirst flight April 1977Number built 1Design and development EditThe RFB X 114 Aerofoil Craft was an experimental ground effect vehicle intended to work over water with the ability to fly out of ground effect when required It was the last of three such aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch in the 1960s and early 1970s The low powered two seat proof of concept Collins X 112 1 was followed by the RFB X 113 structurally and aerodynamically refined but still low powered 2 The much larger X 114 seated six or seven and had a 149 kW 200 hp engine 3 All three were inverse delta aircraft that is they had a wing that was triangular in plan but with a straight unswept leading edge 1 Combined with strong anhedral this layout produces stable flight in ground effect 4 Specifically it is claimed that it is stable in pitch and also that it can fly in ground effect at altitudes up to about 50 of its span allowing it to operate over rough water This contrasts with the lower aspect ratio square wing of the Ekranoplans which leaves ground effect at only 10 of span limiting them to the calmer waters of lakes and rivers 5 The weight of the X 114 was more than twice that of the X 112 the next heaviest of the series but all three shared the same control systems At each wing tip there was a long flat bottomed float reaching forward about 2 5 m 8 ft 2 in beyond the wing s leading edge 6 with short outward leaning winglets in line with that edge and fitted with ailerons At the rear the fuselage swept upwards to a conventional fin and T tail the latter carrying elevators On the water s surface the floats stabilised the X 114 and in combination with the strong anhedral held the fuselage well clear of the water The X 114 had a pod type fuselage projecting forward as far as the floats Seating in rows of two accommodated six or seven under multi section glazing The pod extended rearwards to about one quarter root chord its rearmost part unglazed and forming a streamlined pylon for the separately podded 149 kW 200 hp Lycoming O 360 flat four engine A drive shaft ran rearwards from the engine within a conical fairing to a shrouded five bladed pusher configuration propeller mounted near mid chord 3 6 Though primarily intended for over water flight in ground effect the X 114 could also be flown out of ground effect over obstructions like trees peninsulas or waterfalls It was also equipped with conventional landing gear with small wheels retracting into the floats and a tailwheel on the fuselage at the wing s trailing edge which could be lifted up to lie along the fuselage bottom where it began the upward slope to the tail It is not clear if this lightweight gear allowed land based take offs and landings 3 or if it simply acted as beaching gear allowing the X 114 easy access from water to land based facilities 6 The X 114 began its trials with the German Ministry of Defence in April 1977 At some stage it was fitted with downward angled hydrofoils mounted to its floats with the aim of decreasing take off speed but they proved to have the opposite effect by decreasing the ram air pressure They also called for care on landing pulling the craft rapidly into the water if their angle of attack was negative Despite completing its test programme satisfactorily no production order was received and the sole prototype was the only X 114 built 6 It was finally lost in an accident Though Lippisch died just before the X 114 test programme began his concept was further developed in the Airfish series of ground effect vehicles 6 which continued in operation until at least 2012 7 Specifications EditData from Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1978 79 3 General characteristicsCrew One Capacity Five or six passengers Length 12 80 m 42 ft 0 in Wingspan 7 00 m 23 ft 0 in Height 2 90 m 9 ft 6 in Empty weight 1 000 kg 2 205 lb Max takeoff weight 1 500 kg 3 307 lb Powerplant 1 Lycoming IO 360 flat four 150 kW 200 hp Propellers 5 bladed ducted pusher configurationPerformance Cruise speed 150 km h 93 mph 81 kn in ground effect Out of ground effect estimated 200 km h 124 mph 108 kn Range 2 000 km 1 200 mi 1 100 nmi approximately in ground effect Endurance 20 hr in ground effectReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhein Flugzeugbau X 114 a b Taylor John W R 1964 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1964 65 London Sampson Low Marston amp Co Ltd p 207 Taylor John W R 1974 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1974 75 London Jane s Yearbooks p 98 ISBN 0 354 00502 2 a b c d Taylor John W R 1978 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1978 79 London Jane s Yearbooks pp 70 1 ISBN 0 35 400572 3 Lee Qihui 2006 Stability and Control of an Inverted Delta Wing In Ground Effect Aircraft PDF Retrieved 25 September 2013 Ekratoplan vs Lippisch Archived from the original on 4 September 2013 Retrieved 25 September 2013 a b c d e Yung Liang Bliault Alain 2012 High Performance Marine Vessels Springer pp 96 7 ISBN 978146140869 7 Wind waves damage Airfish 8 New Straits Times 29 August 2012 Retrieved 17 November 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title RFB X 114 amp oldid 1106349210, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
