Pyrometric cone

Pyrometric cones are pyrometric devices that are used to gauge heatwork during the firing of ceramic materials. The cones, often used in sets of three, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and provide a visual indication of when the wares have reached a required state of maturity, a combination of time and temperature. Thus, pyrometric cones give a temperature equivalent; they are not simple temperature-measuring devices.

Seger cones after use

Definition

The pyrometric cone is "A pyramid with a triangular base and of a defined shape and size; the "cone" is shaped from a carefully proportioned and uniformly mixed batch of ceramic materials so that when it is heated under stated conditions, it will bend due to softening, the tip of the cone becoming level with the base at a definitive temperature. Pyrometric cones are made in series, the temperature interval between the successive cones usually being 20 degrees Celsius. The best known series are Seger Cones (Germany), Orton Cones (USA) and Staffordshire Cones (UK)."^[1][2]

Usage

For some products, such as porcelain and lead-free glazes, it can be advantageous to fire within a two-cone range. The three-cone system can be used to determine temperature uniformity and to check the performance of an electronic controller. The three-cone system consists of three consecutively numbered cones:

• Guide cone – one cone number cooler than firing cone.
• Firing cone – the cone recommended by manufacturer of glaze, slip, etc.
• Guard cone – one cone number hotter than firing cone.

Additionally, most kilns have temperature differences from top to bottom. The amount of difference depends on the design of the kiln, the age of the heating elements, the load distribution in the kiln, and the cone number to which the kiln is fired. Usually, kilns have a greater temperature difference at cooler cone numbers. Cones should be used on the lower, middle and top shelves to determine how much difference exists during firing. This will aid in the way the kiln is loaded and fired to reduce the difference. Downdraft venting will also even out temperatures variance.

Both temperature and time and sometimes atmosphere affect the final bending position of a cone. Temperature is the predominant variable. The temperature is referred to as an equivalent temperature, since actual firing conditions may vary somewhat from those in which the cones were originally standardized. Observation of cone bending is used to determine when a kiln has reached a desired state. Additionally, small cones or bars can be arranged to mechanically trigger kiln controls when the temperature rises enough for them to deform. Precise, consistent placement of large and small cones must be followed to ensure the proper temperature equivalent is being reached. Every effort needs to be made to always have the cone inclined at 8° from the vertical. Large cones must be mounted 2 inches above the plaque and small cones mounted 15/16 inches. With the cones having their own base, "self-supporting cones" eliminate errors with their mounting.

Temperature ranges

The following temperature equivalents for pyrometric cones were retrieved from references in the External Links section.

	Orton^[3]											Börkey Keratech^[4]				Nimra Glass^[5]	Min	Max
	Self-Supporting Cones						Large Cones				Small
	Regular — SSB			Iron Free — SSK			Regular — LRB		Iron Free — IFB		Regular
Heating Rate:	15°C/hr	60°C/hr	150°C/hr	15°C/hr	60°C/hr	150°C/hr	60°C/hr	150°C/hr	60°C/hr	150°C/hr	300°C/hr	150°C/hr	150°C/hr	20°C/hr	20°C/hr
Type:	Slow	Medium	Fast	Slow	Medium	Fast	Medium	Fast	Medium	Fast	Fast	Normal	Laboratory	Normal	Laboratory
Cone #
022		586°C	590°C								630°C	595°C	605°C	580°C	585°C	590°C	580°C	630°C
021		600°C	617°C								643°C	640°C	650°C	620°C	625°C	610°C	600°C	650°C
020		626°C	638°C								666°C	660°C	675°C	635°C	640°C	635°C	626°C	675°C
019	656°C	678°C	695°C				676°C	693°C			723°C	685°C	695°C	655°C	665°C	685°C	655°C	723°C
018	686°C	715°C	734°C				712°C	732°C			752°C	705°C	715°C	675°C	680°C	725°C	675°C	752°C
017	705°C	738°C	763°C				736°C	761°C			784°C	730°C	735°C	695°C	695°C	750°C	695°C	784°C
016	742°C	772°C	796°C				769°C	794°C			825°C	755°C	760°C	720°C	720°C	786°C	720°C	825°C
015a												780°C	785°C	740°C	750°C		740°C	785°C
015	750°C	791°C	818°C				788°C	816°C			843°C					810°C	750°C	843°C
014a												805°C	815°C	780°C	790°C		780°C	815°C
014	757°C	807°C	838°C				807°C	836°C			870°C					830°C	757°C	870°C
013a												835°C	845°C	840°C	860°C		835°C	860°C
013	807°C	837°C	861°C				837°C	859°C			880°C					860°C	807°C	880°C
012a												860°C	890°C	860°C	880°C		860°C	890°C
012	843°C	861°C	882°C				858°C	880°C			900°C					865°C	843°C	900°C
011a												900°C	900°C	880°C	890°C		880°C	900°C
011	857°C	875°C	894°C				873°C	892°C			915°C					885°C	857°C	915°C
010a												920°C	925°C	900°C	910°C		900°C	925°C
010	891°C	903°C	915°C	871°C	886°C	893°C	898°C	913°C	884°C	891°C	919°C					895°C	871°C	919°C
09a												935°C	940°C	920°C	930°C		920°C	940°C
09	907°C	920°C	930°C	899°C	919°C	928°C	917°C	928°C	917°C	926°C	955°C					925°C	899°C	955°C
08a												955°C	965°C	930°C	940°C		930°C	965°C
08	922°C	942°C	956°C	924°C	946°C	957°C	942°C	954°C	945°C	955°C	983°C					955°C	922°C	983°C
07a												970°C	975°C	950°C	955°C		950°C	975°C
07	962°C	976°C	987°C	953°C	971°C	982°C	973°C	985°C	970°C	980°C	1008°C					980°C	953°C	1008°C
06a												990°C	995°C	970°C	980°C		970°C	995°C
06	981°C	998°C	1013°C	969°C	991°C	998°C	995°C	1011°C	991°C	996°C	1023°C					1000°C	969°C	1023°C
05½	1004°C	1015°C	1025°C	990°C	1012°C	1021°C	1012°C	1023°C	1011°C	1020°C	1043°C						990°C	1043°C
05a												1000°C	1010°C	990°C	1010°C		990°C	1010°C
05	1021°C	1031°C	1044°C	1013°C	1037°C	1046°C	1030°C	1046°C	1032°C	1044°C	1062°C					1045°C	1013°C	1062°C
04a												1025°C	1055°C	1015°C	1035°C		1015°C	1055°C
04	1046°C	1063°C	1077°C	1043°C	1061°C	1069°C	1060°C	1070°C	1060°C	1067°C	1098°C					1060°C	1043°C	1098°C
03a												1055°C	1070°C	1040°C	1055°C		1040°C	1070°C
03	1071°C	1086°C	1104°C	1066°C	1088°C	1093°C	1086°C	1101°C	1087°C	1091°C	1131°C					1100°C	1066°C	1131°C
02a												1085°C	1100°C	1070°C	1090°C		1070°C	1100°C
02	1078°C	1102°C	1122°C	1084°C	1105°C	1115°C	1101°C	1120°C	1102°C	1113°C	1148°C					1120°C	1078°C	1148°C
01a												1105°C	1125°C	1090°C	1105°C		1090°C	1125°C
01	1093°C	1119°C	1138°C	1101°C	1123°C	1134°C	1117°C	1137°C	1122°C	1132°C	1178°C					1138°C	1093°C	1178°C
1	1109°C	1137°C	1154°C	1119°C	1139°C	1148°C	1136°C	1154°C	1137°C	1146°C	1184°C					1155°C	1109°C	1184°C
1a												1125°C	1145°C	1105°C	1120°C		1105°C	1145°C
2	1112°C	1142°C	1164°C				1142°C	1162°C			1190°C					1160°C	1112°C	1190°C
2a												1150°C	1165°C	1125°C	1135°C		1125°C	1165°C
3	1115°C	1152°C	1170°C	1130°C	1154°C	1162°C	1152°C	1168°C	1151°C	1160°C	1196°C					1170°C	1115°C	1196°C
3a												1170°C	1185°C	1140°C	1150°C		1140°C	1185°C
4	1141°C	1162°C	1183°C				1160°C	1181°C			1209°C					1185°C	1141°C	1209°C
4a												1195°C	1220°C	1160°C	1170°C		1160°C	1220°C
5	1159°C	1186°C	1207°C				1184°C	1205°C			1221°C					1200°C	1159°C	1221°C
5½	1167°C	1203°C	1225°C														1167°C	1225°C
5a												1215°C	1230°C	1175°C	1185°C		1175°C	1230°C
6	1185°C	1222°C	1243°C				1220°C	1241°C			1255°C					1225°C	1185°C	1255°C
6a												1240°C	1260°C	1195°C	1210°C		1195°C	1260°C
7	1201°C	1239°C	1257°C				1237°C	1255°C			1264°C	1260°C	1270°C	1215°C	1230°C	1240°C	1201°C	1270°C
8	1211°C	1249°C	1271°C				1247°C	1269°C			1300°C	1280°C	1295°C	1240°C	1255°C	1260°C	1211°C	1300°C
9	1224°C	1260°C	1280°C				1257°C	1278°C			1317°C	1300°C	1315°C	1255°C	1270°C	1280°C	1224°C	1317°C
10	1251°C	1285°C	1305°C				1282°C	1303°C			1330°C	1320°C	1330°C	1280°C	1290°C	1300°C	1251°C	1330°C
11	1272°C	1294°C	1315°C				1293°C	1312°C			1336°C	1340°C	1350°C	1300°C	1315°C	1315°C	1272°C	1350°C
12	1285°C	1306°C	1326°C				1304°C	1324°C			1355°C	1360°C	1375°C	1330°C	1340°C	1330°C	1285°C	1375°C
13	1310°C	1331°C	1348°C				1321°C	1346°C				1380°C	1395°C	1360°C	1375°C	1345°C	1310°C	1395°C
14	1351°C	1365°C	1384°C				1388°C	1366°C				1400°C	1410°C	1370°C	1395°C	1365°C	1351°C	1410°C
15												1425°C	1440°C	1400°C	1420°C	1430°C	1400°C	1440°C
16												1445°C	1470°C	1425°C	1445°C	1475°C	1425°C	1475°C
17												1480°C	1500°C	1445°C	1465°C	1485°C	1445°C	1500°C
18												1500°C	1520°C	1470°C	1480°C	1505°C	1470°C	1520°C
19												1515°C	1540°C	1495°C	1505°C	1530°C	1495°C	1540°C
20												1530°C	1560°C	1515°C	1530°C	1550°C	1515°C	1560°C
21																1570°C	1570°C	1570°C
23												1540°C	---	---	---	1591°C	1540°C	1591°C
26												1560°C	1580°C	---	---	1607°C	1560°C	1607°C
27												1595°C	1600°C	---	---		1595°C	1600°C
27½												---	1620°C	---	---		1620°C	1620°C
28												1605°C	1640°C	---	---		1605°C	1640°C
29												1635°C	1660°C	---	---		1635°C	1660°C
30												1655°C	1680°C	---	---		1655°C	1680°C
31												1680°C	1700°C	---	---		1680°C	1700°C
32												1695°C	1710°C	---	---		1695°C	1710°C
32½												---	1720°C	---	---		1720°C	1720°C
33												1710°C	1730°C	---	---		1710°C	1730°C
33½												---	1740°C	---	---		1740°C	1740°C
34												1725°C	1760°C	---	---		1725°C	1760°C
35												1765°C	1780°C	---	---		1765°C	1780°C
36												1790°C	1800°C	---	---		1790°C	1800°C
37												1815°C	1830°C	---	---		1815°C	1830°C
38												1840°C	1860°C	---	---		1840°C	1860°C
39												1860°C	1880°C	---	---		1860°C	1880°C
40												1880°C	1900°C	---	---		1880°C	1900°C
41												1915°C	1940°C	---	---		1915°C	1940°C
42												1955°C	1980°C	---	---		1955°C	1980°C

Control of variability

Pyrometric cones are sensitive measuring devices and it is important to users that they should remain consistent in the way that they react to heating. Cone manufacturers follow procedures to control variability (within batches and between batches) to ensure that cones of a given grade remain consistent in their properties over long periods. A number of national standards^[6][7][8] and an ISO standard ^[9] have been published regarding pyrometric cones.

Even though cones from different manufacturers can have relatively similar numbering systems, they are not identical in their characteristics. If a change is made from one manufacturer to another, then allowances for the differences can sometimes be necessary.

History

In 1782, Josiah Wedgwood created accurately scaled pyrometric beads, which led him to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society. The modern form of the pyrometric cone was developed by Hermann Seger and first used to control the firing of porcelain wares at the Royal Porcelain Factory, Berlin (Königliche Porzellanmanufaktur, in 1886, where Seger was director.^[10] Seger cones are to this day made by a small number of companies and the term is often used as a synonym for pyrometric cones.^[11][12] The Standard Pyrometric Cone Company was founded in Columbus, Ohio, by Edward J. Orton, Jr. in 1896 to manufacture pyrometric cones, and following his death a charitable trust established to operate the company, which is known Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation, or Orton Ceramic Foundation.^[13]

Ceramic art

A biennial ceramic art exhibition for small work, the Orton Cone Box Show,^[14] takes the Orton Cone company's pyrometric cone box as the size constraint for submissions.

Notes

1. Dodd and Murfin, A. and D. (1994). Dictionary Of Ceramics. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Institute of Materials. Woodhead Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-901716-56-1.
2. Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation
3. "Temperature Equivalents for Orton Pyrometric Cones (°C)" (PDF). Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
4. . Börkey Keratech. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
5. "Nimra Glass Temperature Conversion Chart". Nimra Cerglass Technics (P) Ltd. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
6. "Japan Pyrometric reference cones".
7. "China's Refractories".
8. "ASTM C24 Standard Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalency(PCE) of Fireclay and High Alumina Refractory Materials".
9. "ISO 1146:1988-02".
10. Lange, P. (1991). "Role of August Hermann Seger in the development of silicate technology". Ceram. Forum Int./Ber. DKG 68, No.1/2.
11. "The Seger Cone: 100 years old". Osterr. Keram. Rundsch. 23, (9/10), 9.
12. Joger, A. (1985). "100 years 'Seger Cone'". Silikattechnik 36, (12), 400.
13. "Orton Company History".
14. "Cone Box Show".

References

• Hamer, Frank and Hamer, Janet (1991). The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques. Third edition. A & C Black Publishers, Limited, London, England. ISBN 0-8122-3112-0.

External links

• Temperature equivalents table Nimra & description of Nimra Cerglass pyrometric cones
• Temperature equivalents table Orton Celsius
• ^{[dead link]}