fbpx
Wikipedia

Purity ring

January 01, 1970

This article is about the ring worn to signal chastity. For the band, see Purity Ring (band).

Purity rings (also known as promise rings, abstinence rings, or chastity rings) are rings worn as a sign of chastity.[1] Since the 1990s, Christian organizations in the United States used the purity ring as a symbol of commitment. In particular, Catholic and evangelical Christian groups which promoted virginity pledges and virginity before marriage, such as True Love Waits and Silver Ring Thing.[1][2][3][4] Wearing a purity ring is typically accompanied by a religious vow to practice abstinence until marriage.[5] Chastity rings are part of the abstinence-only sex education movement and are intended to act as a physical reminder of the wearer's chastity vow.[4]

A purity ring made from sterling silver.

Organizations edit

Silver Ring Thing edit

Unaltered, formerly and commonly known as Silver Ring Thing (SRT), is an American virginity pledge program founded in 1995 by Denny Pattyn. The program encourages teens and young adults to remain sexually abstinent until marriage. For a few years, it was partially funded by the U.S. federal government.[6] Drawing on Christian theology,[7] SRT uses rock/hip hop concert-style events in an attempt to appeal to 21st-century teenagers. During the gathering, participants commit to a vow of sexual abstinence until marriage by purchasing rings. The organization's theme verse is 1 Thessalonians 4:3–4.

In 2004, SRT began expanding operations into the United Kingdom, with mixed results. While some teenagers in the UK embraced the message of abstinence, some critics rejected and ridiculed SRT, saying it was anti-sex or unrealistic, and that it seemed unlikely that abstinence programs would attract widespread support in the UK because of the UK's differing attitude toward sexuality and sex education. The group's Assistant National Director for the UK, Denise Pfeiffer, said there was a real need for such a movement in the UK to curb what she sees as the ever-increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies, both of which she claims are the highest in Western Europe.[8][9]

In 2005, the ACLU of Massachusetts sued the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services because it believed SRT used tax dollars to promote Christianity.[10] SRT presented a two-part programme: the first part about abstinence, the second about Christianity's role in abstinence. The ACLU claimed federal funding given to this program violated the separation of church and state. On August 22, 2005, the Department suspended SRT's US$75,000 federal grant until it submitted a "corrective action plan".[11] In 2006, a corrective action plan was accepted by the department. The lawsuit was dismissed, and SRT received federal funding.

In the 2007 case R (Playfoot) v Millais School Governing Body, 16-year-old Lydia Playfoot from the United Kingdom alleged that her school had violated her rights by forbidding her from wearing a purity ring.[12] The case was funded by the group Christian Concern.[12] On July 16, 2007, the High Court ruled that Playfoot's human rights were not violated.[12] Her father, Phil Playfoot, was the British pastor for Silver Ring Thing at the time,[13] and was ordered to pay £12,000 towards the school's costs.[12]

In 2019, Silver Ring Thing changed its name to Unaltered.[14]

True Love Waits edit

True Love Waits (TLW) is an international Christian group that promotes sexual abstinence outside of marriage for teenagers and college students. TLW was created in April 1993 by the Southern Baptists, and is sponsored by LifeWay Christian Resources.[15] It is based on conservative Christian views of human sexuality.

Pledge edit

The True Love Waits pledge states: "Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, my friends, my future mate and my future children to be sexually abstinent from this day until the day I enter a biblical marriage relationship." In addition, they promote sexual purity, which encompasses not only abstaining from intercourse before marriage, but also abstaining from "sexual thoughts, sexual touching, pornography, and actions that are known to lead to sexual arousal."

By the late 1990s, Christian music groups were promoting the program, and events similar to youth rallies were held at Christian music concerts, providing an opportunity for adolescents to sign pledge cards.[16]

Effect edit

In the first year of the campaign, over 102,000 young people signed the pledge, which was also taken up by other church groups including the Roman Catholic Church and Assemblies of God. The campaign spread across the US, making the use of occasions such as Valentine's Day to gain attention.[17]

By 2004, groups supporting abstinence numbered in the hundreds. During the preceding decade, approximately 2.5 million American youth took the pledge of abstinence.[18]

Supporters edit

Various individuals advocate for purity rings, or have previously advocated for them.[19]

Criticism edit

Some studies of the efficacy of virginity pledges have found they may be effective in delaying vaginal intercourse but ineffective in reducing the rate of sexually transmitted infection. They also reduce the likelihood of contraceptive use.[22] Additionally, it has been reported that pledgers replace vaginal intercourse with other sexual activities, such as oral or anal sex, thinking they "don't count".[22][23] At least one study has found no difference in the sexual behavior of pledgers and non-pledgers after controlling for pre-existing differences between the groups.[24]

David Bario of the Columbia News Service wrote:

Under the Bush administration, organizations that promote abstinence and encourage teens to sign virginity pledges or wear purity rings have received federal grants. The Silver Ring Thing, a subsidiary of a Pennsylvania evangelical church, has received more than $1 million from the government to promote abstinence and to sell its rings in the United States and abroad.[25]

According to a study published in 2005 in the Journal of Adolescent Health, 21% of young adults who had taken the pledge had vaginal intercourse, 13% reported having practiced oral sex and 4% anal sex.[26] In the 2011 book Making Chastity Sexy: The Rhetoric of Evangelical Abstinence Campaigns, Christine Gardner criticizes True Love Waits[27] for "using sex to sell abstinence" by promising more satisfying sexual activity within marriage for those who abstain from premarital sex; she argues that this rhetoric reinforces selfish desires for gratification, sets people up for divorce and dissatisfaction with marriage, and simply adapts "secular forms for religious ends".[28] In 2014, Jimmy Hester, one of the main founders of the program, said that although some studies have shown that many young Christians have broken their commitments, it has served as a benchmark for some who have returned to the faith.[29]

The Jonas Brothers made an abstinence pledge through True Love Waits as teens.[30] The band and pledge are satirized in the 2009 South Park episode "The Ring".[31] In 2013, Morgan Lee, a journalist of The Christian Post, conducted an interview with Joe Jonas and wrote:[30]

In an exceptionally raw and frank interview, Jonas also mentioned that although he had made a good-faith, preteen, commitment with Christian abstinence organization True Love Waits to keep his virginity until marriage and donned a "purity ring" as an 11-year-old, he was overwhelmed when this became the focus of media attention when the band started to blow up.[30]

In 2019, the Lutheran minister Nadia Bolz-Weber called for people to send her their unwanted purity rings so that she could cast them into a sculpture of a vagina.[32] Apologetic minister Alisa Childers criticized Bolz-Weber for her project, but acknowledged that purity ring campaigns needed to improve.[33]

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Virgin Nation: Sexual Purity and American Adolescence by Sara Moslener, Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Alisha, Hipwell (2003-12-10). "Federal grant to fund message of abstinence". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. John Robinson Block. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  • "'Purity' ring case in High Court". BBC World News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  • Cole, Sean (2004). "With This Ring - Pledging Abstinence". Inside Out Documentaries. WBUR. Retrieved 2008-08-26.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Bario, David (20 March 2005). "Virginity pledge comes with a ring--and tarnish". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  2. ^ Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, Kandice L. Grossman, Sociology of Sexualities, SAGE Publications, USA, 2017, p. 166
  3. ^ "Teen Pledges Barely Cut STD Rates, Study Says". washingtonpost.com. 2005-03-19. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  4. ^ a b Stephanie Rosenbloom (2005-12-08). "A Ring That Says No, Not Yet". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  5. ^ "Vernacular Abstinence". Practical Matters Journal. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  6. ^ Connolly, Ceci (2005-08-23). "Federal Funds For Abstinence Group Withheld". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
  8. ^ Zoepf, Katherine (2004-07-07). "A Plea for Chastity, but Will It Play in Randy Britain?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  9. ^ Rice-Oxley, Mark (2004-06-23). "US charity crusade gets cool response in secular Britain". The Christian Science Monitor. Christian Science Publishing Society. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  10. ^ American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU of Massachusetts v. Secretary of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  11. ^ Sostek, Anya (2006-02-24). "Abstinence group loses federal grant over 1st Amendment". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. John Robinson Block. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  12. ^ a b c d "'Chastity ring' girl loses case". BBC News. July 16, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  13. ^ "Teen Girl Banned From School for Chastity Ring Heads to Court". London Times. Fox News. June 23, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  14. ^ The Silver Ring Thing presents something new... THE UNALTERED TOUR
  15. ^ Guilty Pleasures: Religion and Sex Among American University Students, Huffington Post, July 20, 2010
  16. ^ Price, Deborah Evans (5 July 1997). "Crosse walks many miles to support new reunion set". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 27. pp. 9–12. ISSN 0006-2510.
  17. ^ True Love Waits achieves Valentine's Day presence, The Washington Times, February 15, 1997
  18. ^ "How effective are abstinence pledges?". BBC News. 29 June 2004. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  19. ^ "9 Celebrities Who've Worn Purity Rings". The Huffington Post. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2014. Believe it or not, wearing a purity ring was once a thing Miley Cyrus strongly believed in. Of course, the former Disney star wasn't alone in her conviction in waiting until marriage to have sex. In the past decade, scores of teen stars have talked about their pledge to abstinence by wearing it on their finger, from Jessica Simpson to the Jonas Brothers.
  20. ^ Barlow Guidi, Rebecca (September 26, 2020). "Photo". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved September 29, 2020. Trust in the Lord and He will give you the desires of your heart. Be still and know He is working for you behind the scenes and in a moment…
  21. ^ Mueller, Jim (June 12, 2011). "Rebecca St. James on Marriage". Growthtrac Ministries. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  22. ^ a b "Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates". WebMD.com.
  23. ^ Brückner, H.; Bearman, P. (2005). "After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges". Journal of Adolescent Health. 36 (4): 271–278. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.01.005. PMID 15780782. S2CID 10150529.
  24. ^ Rosenbaum, J. E. (2009). "Patient Teenagers? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers". Pediatrics. 123 (1): e110–e120. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0407. PMC 2768056. PMID 19117832.
  25. ^ . Rutlandherald.com. 2005-03-29. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  26. ^ Hannah Brückner, Peter Bearman, After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges, jahonline.org, USA, April 1, 2005
  27. ^ Hennie Weiss (March 27, 2012). "Review - Making Chastity Sexy". Metapsychology Online Reviews. 16 (13). Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  28. ^ Sarah Pulliam Bailey (November 18, 2011). "The Rhetoric of Chastity: Making Abstinence Sexy". Christianity Today. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  29. ^ Morgan Lee, Did the Abstinence Movement Actually Help Christians Save Sex for Marriage?, christianpost.com, USA, February 21, 2014
  30. ^ a b c Lee, Morgan (December 2, 2013). "Joe Jonas Talks About Relationship With God, Frustration With Purity Rings in Raw, Revealing Interview". Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  31. ^ Oshmyansky, Rosalyn (April 28, 2015). "Nick Jonas Reveals One Regret About Losing His Virginity". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  32. ^ Falsani, Cathleen (6 January 2019). "Authors want to kiss 1990s-era purity rings goodbye". The Oakland Press. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  33. ^ "The Flaw at the Center of Purity Culture". The Atlantic. 28 March 2021.

Further reading edit

  • Virgin Nation: Sexual Purity and American Adolescence by Sara Moslener, Oxford University Press, 2015.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
purity, ring, this, article, about, ring, worn, signal, chastity, band, purity, ring, band, also, known, promise, rings, abstinence, rings, chastity, rings, rings, worn, sign, chastity, since, 1990s, christian, organizations, united, states, used, purity, ring. This article is about the ring worn to signal chastity For the band see Purity Ring band Purity rings also known as promise rings abstinence rings or chastity rings are rings worn as a sign of chastity 1 Since the 1990s Christian organizations in the United States used the purity ring as a symbol of commitment In particular Catholic and evangelical Christian groups which promoted virginity pledges and virginity before marriage such as True Love Waits and Silver Ring Thing 1 2 3 4 Wearing a purity ring is typically accompanied by a religious vow to practice abstinence until marriage 5 Chastity rings are part of the abstinence only sex education movement and are intended to act as a physical reminder of the wearer s chastity vow 4 A purity ring made from sterling silver Contents 1 Organizations 1 1 Silver Ring Thing 1 2 True Love Waits 1 2 1 Pledge 1 2 2 Effect 2 Supporters 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksOrganizations editSilver Ring Thing edit Unaltered formerly and commonly known as Silver Ring Thing SRT is an American virginity pledge program founded in 1995 by Denny Pattyn The program encourages teens and young adults to remain sexually abstinent until marriage For a few years it was partially funded by the U S federal government 6 Drawing on Christian theology 7 SRT uses rock hip hop concert style events in an attempt to appeal to 21st century teenagers During the gathering participants commit to a vow of sexual abstinence until marriage by purchasing rings The organization s theme verse is 1 Thessalonians 4 3 4 In 2004 SRT began expanding operations into the United Kingdom with mixed results While some teenagers in the UK embraced the message of abstinence some critics rejected and ridiculed SRT saying it was anti sex or unrealistic and that it seemed unlikely that abstinence programs would attract widespread support in the UK because of the UK s differing attitude toward sexuality and sex education The group s Assistant National Director for the UK Denise Pfeiffer said there was a real need for such a movement in the UK to curb what she sees as the ever increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies both of which she claims are the highest in Western Europe 8 9 In 2005 the ACLU of Massachusetts sued the U S Department of Health and Human Services because it believed SRT used tax dollars to promote Christianity 10 SRT presented a two part programme the first part about abstinence the second about Christianity s role in abstinence The ACLU claimed federal funding given to this program violated the separation of church and state On August 22 2005 the Department suspended SRT s US 75 000 federal grant until it submitted a corrective action plan 11 In 2006 a corrective action plan was accepted by the department The lawsuit was dismissed and SRT received federal funding In the 2007 case R Playfoot v Millais School Governing Body 16 year old Lydia Playfoot from the United Kingdom alleged that her school had violated her rights by forbidding her from wearing a purity ring 12 The case was funded by the group Christian Concern 12 On July 16 2007 the High Court ruled that Playfoot s human rights were not violated 12 Her father Phil Playfoot was the British pastor for Silver Ring Thing at the time 13 and was ordered to pay 12 000 towards the school s costs 12 In 2019 Silver Ring Thing changed its name to Unaltered 14 True Love Waits edit True Love Waits TLW is an international Christian group that promotes sexual abstinence outside of marriage for teenagers and college students TLW was created in April 1993 by the Southern Baptists and is sponsored by LifeWay Christian Resources 15 It is based on conservative Christian views of human sexuality Pledge edit The True Love Waits pledge states Believing that true love waits I make a commitment to God myself my family my friends my future mate and my future children to be sexually abstinent from this day until the day I enter a biblical marriage relationship In addition they promote sexual purity which encompasses not only abstaining from intercourse before marriage but also abstaining from sexual thoughts sexual touching pornography and actions that are known to lead to sexual arousal By the late 1990s Christian music groups were promoting the program and events similar to youth rallies were held at Christian music concerts providing an opportunity for adolescents to sign pledge cards 16 Effect edit In the first year of the campaign over 102 000 young people signed the pledge which was also taken up by other church groups including the Roman Catholic Church and Assemblies of God The campaign spread across the US making the use of occasions such as Valentine s Day to gain attention 17 By 2004 groups supporting abstinence numbered in the hundreds During the preceding decade approximately 2 5 million American youth took the pledge of abstinence 18 Supporters editVarious individuals advocate for purity rings or have previously advocated for them 19 BarlowGirl 20 Miley Cyrus Selena Gomez Group 1 Crew Blanca Jonas Brothers Demi Lovato Stacie Orrico Rebecca St James 21 Jessica Simpson Jordin SparksCriticism editSome studies of the efficacy of virginity pledges have found they may be effective in delaying vaginal intercourse but ineffective in reducing the rate of sexually transmitted infection They also reduce the likelihood of contraceptive use 22 Additionally it has been reported that pledgers replace vaginal intercourse with other sexual activities such as oral or anal sex thinking they don t count 22 23 At least one study has found no difference in the sexual behavior of pledgers and non pledgers after controlling for pre existing differences between the groups 24 David Bario of the Columbia News Service wrote Under the Bush administration organizations that promote abstinence and encourage teens to sign virginity pledges or wear purity rings have received federal grants The Silver Ring Thing a subsidiary of a Pennsylvania evangelical church has received more than 1 million from the government to promote abstinence and to sell its rings in the United States and abroad 25 According to a study published in 2005 in the Journal of Adolescent Health 21 of young adults who had taken the pledge had vaginal intercourse 13 reported having practiced oral sex and 4 anal sex 26 In the 2011 book Making Chastity Sexy The Rhetoric of Evangelical Abstinence Campaigns Christine Gardner criticizes True Love Waits 27 for using sex to sell abstinence by promising more satisfying sexual activity within marriage for those who abstain from premarital sex she argues that this rhetoric reinforces selfish desires for gratification sets people up for divorce and dissatisfaction with marriage and simply adapts secular forms for religious ends 28 In 2014 Jimmy Hester one of the main founders of the program said that although some studies have shown that many young Christians have broken their commitments it has served as a benchmark for some who have returned to the faith 29 The Jonas Brothers made an abstinence pledge through True Love Waits as teens 30 The band and pledge are satirized in the 2009 South Park episode The Ring 31 In 2013 Morgan Lee a journalist of The Christian Post conducted an interview with Joe Jonas and wrote 30 In an exceptionally raw and frank interview Jonas also mentioned that although he had made a good faith preteen commitment with Christian abstinence organization True Love Waits to keep his virginity until marriage and donned a purity ring as an 11 year old he was overwhelmed when this became the focus of media attention when the band started to blow up 30 In 2019 the Lutheran minister Nadia Bolz Weber called for people to send her their unwanted purity rings so that she could cast them into a sculpture of a vagina 32 Apologetic minister Alisa Childers criticized Bolz Weber for her project but acknowledged that purity ring campaigns needed to improve 33 See also edit nbsp Evangelical Christianity portal Celibacy CTR ring Fornication Purity ball Virginity pledgeFurther reading editVirgin Nation Sexual Purity and American Adolescence by Sara Moslener Oxford University Press 2015 Alisha Hipwell 2003 12 10 Federal grant to fund message of abstinence Pittsburgh Post Gazette John Robinson Block Retrieved 2008 08 26 Purity ring case in High Court BBC World News British Broadcasting Corporation 2007 06 22 Retrieved 2008 08 26 Cole Sean 2004 With This Ring Pledging Abstinence Inside Out Documentaries WBUR Retrieved 2008 08 26 References edit a b Bario David 20 March 2005 Virginity pledge comes with a ring and tarnish Chicago Tribune Retrieved 28 February 2021 Kathleen J Fitzgerald Kandice L Grossman Sociology of Sexualities SAGE Publications USA 2017 p 166 Teen Pledges Barely Cut STD Rates Study Says washingtonpost com 2005 03 19 Retrieved 2011 12 11 a b Stephanie Rosenbloom 2005 12 08 A Ring That Says No Not Yet The New York Times Retrieved 2014 05 01 Vernacular Abstinence Practical Matters Journal 2001 09 11 Retrieved 2011 12 11 Connolly Ceci 2005 08 23 Federal Funds For Abstinence Group Withheld The Washington Post Retrieved 2010 07 11 Silver Ring Thing Archived from the original on 2009 03 16 Retrieved 2009 03 29 Zoepf Katherine 2004 07 07 A Plea for Chastity but Will It Play in Randy Britain The New York Times Archived from the original on May 1 2021 Retrieved May 1 2021 Rice Oxley Mark 2004 06 23 US charity crusade gets cool response in secular Britain The Christian Science Monitor Christian Science Publishing Society Archived from the original on 2013 01 02 Retrieved 2008 08 26 American Civil Liberties Union ACLU of Massachusetts v Secretary of U S Department of Health and Human Services Sostek Anya 2006 02 24 Abstinence group loses federal grant over 1st Amendment Pittsburgh Post Gazette John Robinson Block Retrieved 2008 08 26 a b c d Chastity ring girl loses case BBC News July 16 2007 Retrieved November 11 2011 Teen Girl Banned From School for Chastity Ring Heads to Court London Times Fox News June 23 2007 Retrieved November 11 2011 The Silver Ring Thing presents something new THE UNALTERED TOUR Guilty Pleasures Religion and Sex Among American University Students Huffington Post July 20 2010 Price Deborah Evans 5 July 1997 Crosse walks many miles to support new reunion set Billboard Vol 109 no 27 pp 9 12 ISSN 0006 2510 True Love Waits achieves Valentine s Day presence The Washington Times February 15 1997 How effective are abstinence pledges BBC News 29 June 2004 Retrieved 10 May 2012 9 Celebrities Who ve Worn Purity Rings The Huffington Post 2 July 2013 Retrieved 19 June 2014 Believe it or not wearing a purity ring was once a thing Miley Cyrus strongly believed in Of course the former Disney star wasn t alone in her conviction in waiting until marriage to have sex In the past decade scores of teen stars have talked about their pledge to abstinence by wearing it on their finger from Jessica Simpson to the Jonas Brothers Barlow Guidi Rebecca September 26 2020 Photo Instagram Archived from the original on 2021 12 24 Retrieved September 29 2020 Trust in the Lord and He will give you the desires of your heart Be still and know He is working for you behind the scenes and in a moment Mueller Jim June 12 2011 Rebecca St James on Marriage Growthtrac Ministries Retrieved June 18 2023 a b Virginity Pledges Don t Cut STD Rates WebMD com Bruckner H Bearman P 2005 After the promise The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges Journal of Adolescent Health 36 4 271 278 doi 10 1016 j jadohealth 2005 01 005 PMID 15780782 S2CID 10150529 Rosenbaum J E 2009 Patient Teenagers A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers Pediatrics 123 1 e110 e120 doi 10 1542 peds 2008 0407 PMC 2768056 PMID 19117832 Power to the pure Rutland Herald Online Rutlandherald com 2005 03 29 Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2011 12 11 Hannah Bruckner Peter Bearman After the promise The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges jahonline org USA April 1 2005 Hennie Weiss March 27 2012 Review Making Chastity Sexy Metapsychology Online Reviews 16 13 Retrieved March 21 2013 Sarah Pulliam Bailey November 18 2011 The Rhetoric of Chastity Making Abstinence Sexy Christianity Today Retrieved March 21 2013 Morgan Lee Did the Abstinence Movement Actually Help Christians Save Sex for Marriage christianpost com USA February 21 2014 a b c Lee Morgan December 2 2013 Joe Jonas Talks About Relationship With God Frustration With Purity Rings in Raw Revealing Interview Retrieved January 16 2015 Oshmyansky Rosalyn April 28 2015 Nick Jonas Reveals One Regret About Losing His Virginity Entertainment Tonight Retrieved February 3 2017 Falsani Cathleen 6 January 2019 Authors want to kiss 1990s era purity rings goodbye The Oakland Press Retrieved 5 July 2020 The Flaw at the Center of Purity Culture The Atlantic 28 March 2021 Further reading editVirgin Nation Sexual Purity and American Adolescence by Sara Moslener Oxford University Press 2015 External links editUnaltered official website Chastity Ring Ban Edward Baker Archived by WebCite at webcitation org 5aLToXu2m Honesty about abstinence only The Christian Science Monitor Christian Science Publishing Society 2007 04 24 Retrieved 2008 08 26 Official Website ArticleWorld s page on True Love Waits and Yale Columbia study Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Purity ring amp oldid 1219842388, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.