The Przeworsk culture (Polish pronunciation: [ˈpʂɛvɔrsk]) was an Iron Agematerial culture in the region of what is now Poland, that dates from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD.[1] It takes its name from the town Przeworsk, near the village where the first artifacts were identified.
Przeworsk culture marked in light 'olive' green.
Approximate locations of Przeworsk culture (green) and Zarubintsy culture (red) in proximity to the Roman Empire (purple)
Przeworsk culture from the period of Roman influence and artifacts found near Bielsko-Biała
Recreations of various bladed iron tools from around 250 BC, including a sickle
In its earliest form it was located in what is now central and southern Poland, in the upper Oder and Vistula basins. It later spread southwards, beyond the Carpathians, towards the headwaters of the Tisza river, and eastwards, past the Vistula, and towards the headwaters of the Dniester.
The earliest form of the culture was a northern extension of the CelticLa Tène material culture which influenced much of continental Europe in the Iron Age, but it was also influenced by other material cultures of the region, including the Jastorf culture to its west. To the east, the Przeworsk culture is associated with the Zarubintsy culture.
Scholars view the Przeworsk culture as an amalgam of a series of localized cultures. Although there is no evidence of an actual migration, the Przeworsk culture appears relatively suddenly, manifested as an adaptation of the Celtic La Tène culture technology from the southwest, and was quite distinct from the preceding Pomeranian culture and Cloche culture.[2]
The Przeworsk culture people lived in small, unprotected villages, populated each by a few dozen residents at most, made up of several houses, usually set partially below the ground level (semi-sunken), each covering an area of 8–22 square meters. They knew how to dig and build wells, so the settlements didn't have to be located near bodies of water. Thirteen 2nd century wells with variously constructed timber lined walls were found at a settlement in Stanisławice, Bochnia County.[4][5] Fields were being used for crop cultivation for a while and then as pastures, when animal excrement helped the soil regain fertility. Once iron share plows were introduced the fields were alternated between tillage and grazing.
Several or more settlements made up a micro-region, within which the residents cooperated economically and buried their dead in a common cemetery, but which was separated from other micro-regions by undeveloped areas. A number of such micro-regions possibly made up a tribe, with these separated by empty space. The tribes in turn, especially if they were culturally closely related, would at times form larger structures, such as temporary alliances for waging wars, or even early statehood forms.[6]
A Przeworsk culture turn of the millennium industrial complex for the extraction of salt from salt springs was discovered in Chabsk near Mogilno.[7]
Examinations of the burial grounds, of which even the largest used continuously over periods of up to several centuries, contains no more than several hundreds graves, shows that the overall population density was low.[8] The dead were cremated and the ashes sometimes placed in urns, which had the mid-part in the form of an engraved bulge. In the 1st century AD this was replaced with a sharp-profiled (with a horizontal ridge around the circumference) shape.
In Siemiechów a grave of a warrior who must have taken part in the Ariovistus expedition during the 70–50 BC period was found; it contains Celtic weapons and an Alpine region manufactured helmet used as an urn, together with local ceramics. The burial gifts were often, for unknown reasons, bent or broken, and then burned with the body. The burials range from "poor" to "rich", the latter ones supplied with fancy Celtic and then Roman imports, reflecting a considerably by this time developed social stratification.[6]
The main feature of the Przeworsk culture are burials. These were mostly cremations, with occasional inhumation. Warrior burials are notable, which often include horse-gear and spurs. Some burials are exceptionally rich, overshadowing the graves of Germanic groups further west, especially after 400 AD.[9] Pottery and metalwork are often rich and show a great variety [10]
Peoples
The Przeworsk culture was probably not exclusively connected with a single ancient ethnic or linguistic group. In classical ethnography, the culture was linked to a group of peoples known as the Lugii. Among specific Germanic peoples, the Przeworsk culture is often associated with the Vandals, although they were probably only one ethnic element within the culture. Also, the Przeworsk culture has been linked to the early Slavs,[11][12][13] with recent studies, which looked at the morphological features of skeletal remains, suggesting that that populations of the Przeworsk, Wielbark, and Cherniakhovo cultures from the Roman period bore closer similarities to the early medieval West Slavs than to the medieval Germanic-speaking populations.[14][15]
Decline
The culture's decline in the late 5th century coincides with the invasion of the Huns. Other factors may have included the social crisis that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman world and the trade contacts it maintained with peoples beyond its borders.[16] In the late 5/6th century, the early Slavic Prague-Korchak culture appears in the Vistula basin.
^"The Przeworsk culture is known largely from cemeteries, mainly of cremation burials."in: The Cambridge Ancient History t.13 p. 482, 1998; "the help of criteria organised on the basis of analysis of finds from Przeworsk culture territory in a comparison against material from the Rhine. (...)" in: Kultura przeworska a reńsko-wezerska strefa kulturowa. s. 199, by Artur Błażejewski, 2007
^Vandals, Romans and Berbers. New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa. A H Merrills. 2004, Ashgate. Page 35
^"In the light of current studies the meander line on pottery of the Przeworsk culture developed from motives taken from Antiquity ornaments." in: Polish Archaeological Abstracts. Ossolineum, 1979
^J. P. Mallory: Przeworsk culture. W: J. P. Mallory, D. Adams: Encyclopedia Of Indo-European Culture. Routledge, 1997, s. 470. ISBN1-884964-98-2.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
^Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia. New York 2013. The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic. "The Przeworsk Culture has most often been considered to be Germanic or of mixed Slavic and Germanic nature." Page 64.
^Mielnik-Sikorska, Marta; Daca, Patrycja; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Perkova, Maria; Dobosz, Tadeusz; Grzybowski, Tomasz (14 January 2013). "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences". PLOS ONE. 8: e54360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054360. PMID 23342138. Based on the newest anthropological data it has been suggested that the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers witnessed continuity of human settlement between the Roman period and the early Middle Ages. Indeed, based on morphological features of skeletal materials it has been established that populations of the Przeworsk, Wielbark and Cherniakhovo cultures from the Roman period bear close similarities to the early medieval Western Slavs and not to the medieval Germanic-speaking populations. Furthermore, paleodemographic studies also point to the biological continuity of the populations inhabiting the Oder and Vistula basin in the Roman period and the early medieval Slavic populations of this region.
^Piontek, Janusz (2020), "Etnogeneza Słowian jako problem badawczy w antropologii fizycznej", Journals.pan.pl: 173
^The Archaeology of early medieval Poland. A Buzko. Brill 2008. Page 62
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Przeworsk culture.
Andrzejowski, Jacek (2010), "The Przeworsk Culture. A Brief Story (for the Foreigners)", in Lund Hansen; Bitner-Wróblewska (eds.), Worlds Apart? Contacts across the Baltic Sea in the Iron Age
Todd, Malcolm (1996-02-12), The Early Germans, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN0-631-19904-7
Heather, Peter (2006), The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-515954-3
Cunliffe, Barry; Todd, Malcolm (2001), The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe, Oxford, ISBN0-19-285441-0
June 14, 2023
przeworsk, culture, polish, pronunciation, ˈpʂɛvɔrsk, iron, material, culture, region, what, poland, that, dates, from, century, century, takes, name, from, town, przeworsk, near, village, where, first, artifacts, were, identified, marked, light, olive, green,. The Przeworsk culture Polish pronunciation ˈpʂɛvɔrsk was an Iron Age material culture in the region of what is now Poland that dates from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD 1 It takes its name from the town Przeworsk near the village where the first artifacts were identified Przeworsk culture marked in light olive green Approximate locations of Przeworsk culture green and Zarubintsy culture red in proximity to the Roman Empire purple Przeworsk culture from the period of Roman influence and artifacts found near Bielsko BialaPrzeworsk burials pottery 2nd century architecture in area now Poland timber framing Przeworsk culture burials Przeworsk culture potteryRecreations of various bladed iron tools from around 250 BC including a sickle In its earliest form it was located in what is now central and southern Poland in the upper Oder and Vistula basins It later spread southwards beyond the Carpathians towards the headwaters of the Tisza river and eastwards past the Vistula and towards the headwaters of the Dniester The earliest form of the culture was a northern extension of the Celtic La Tene material culture which influenced much of continental Europe in the Iron Age but it was also influenced by other material cultures of the region including the Jastorf culture to its west To the east the Przeworsk culture is associated with the Zarubintsy culture Contents 1 Influences 2 Characteristics 3 Peoples 4 Decline 5 See also 6 References 7 BibliographyInfluences EditScholars view the Przeworsk culture as an amalgam of a series of localized cultures Although there is no evidence of an actual migration the Przeworsk culture appears relatively suddenly manifested as an adaptation of the Celtic La Tene culture technology from the southwest and was quite distinct from the preceding Pomeranian culture and Cloche culture 2 To its northwest the Przeworsk culture also shows significant contact with the Jastorf Culture associated with the spread of early Germanic tribes and the early Suevian peoples To the east the Przeworsk culture is associated with the Zarubintsy culture in what is now northern Ukraine and southern Belarus and the early Slavic peoples Later in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD much of this eastern area was subsequently absorbed by the Wielbark culture and Chernyakhov culture 3 Characteristics EditThe Przeworsk culture people lived in small unprotected villages populated each by a few dozen residents at most made up of several houses usually set partially below the ground level semi sunken each covering an area of 8 22 square meters They knew how to dig and build wells so the settlements didn t have to be located near bodies of water Thirteen 2nd century wells with variously constructed timber lined walls were found at a settlement in Stanislawice Bochnia County 4 5 Fields were being used for crop cultivation for a while and then as pastures when animal excrement helped the soil regain fertility Once iron share plows were introduced the fields were alternated between tillage and grazing Several or more settlements made up a micro region within which the residents cooperated economically and buried their dead in a common cemetery but which was separated from other micro regions by undeveloped areas A number of such micro regions possibly made up a tribe with these separated by empty space The tribes in turn especially if they were culturally closely related would at times form larger structures such as temporary alliances for waging wars or even early statehood forms 6 A Przeworsk culture turn of the millennium industrial complex for the extraction of salt from salt springs was discovered in Chabsk near Mogilno 7 Examinations of the burial grounds of which even the largest used continuously over periods of up to several centuries contains no more than several hundreds graves shows that the overall population density was low 8 The dead were cremated and the ashes sometimes placed in urns which had the mid part in the form of an engraved bulge In the 1st century AD this was replaced with a sharp profiled with a horizontal ridge around the circumference shape In Siemiechow a grave of a warrior who must have taken part in the Ariovistus expedition during the 70 50 BC period was found it contains Celtic weapons and an Alpine region manufactured helmet used as an urn together with local ceramics The burial gifts were often for unknown reasons bent or broken and then burned with the body The burials range from poor to rich the latter ones supplied with fancy Celtic and then Roman imports reflecting a considerably by this time developed social stratification 6 The main feature of the Przeworsk culture are burials These were mostly cremations with occasional inhumation Warrior burials are notable which often include horse gear and spurs Some burials are exceptionally rich overshadowing the graves of Germanic groups further west especially after 400 AD 9 Pottery and metalwork are often rich and show a great variety 10 Peoples EditThe Przeworsk culture was probably not exclusively connected with a single ancient ethnic or linguistic group In classical ethnography the culture was linked to a group of peoples known as the Lugii Among specific Germanic peoples the Przeworsk culture is often associated with the Vandals although they were probably only one ethnic element within the culture Also the Przeworsk culture has been linked to the early Slavs 11 12 13 with recent studies which looked at the morphological features of skeletal remains suggesting that that populations of the Przeworsk Wielbark and Cherniakhovo cultures from the Roman period bore closer similarities to the early medieval West Slavs than to the medieval Germanic speaking populations 14 15 Decline EditThe culture s decline in the late 5th century coincides with the invasion of the Huns Other factors may have included the social crisis that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman world and the trade contacts it maintained with peoples beyond its borders 16 In the late 5 6th century the early Slavic Prague Korchak culture appears in the Vistula basin See also EditPrzeworsk culture settlements and burial sites Early Slavs Vandals Amber RoadReferences Edit The Przeworsk culture is known largely from cemeteries mainly of cremation burials in The Cambridge Ancient History t 13 p 482 1998 the help of criteria organised on the basis of analysis of finds from Przeworsk culture territory in a comparison against material from the Rhine in Kultura przeworska a rensko wezerska strefa kulturowa s 199 by Artur Blazejewski 2007 Andrzejowski 2010 Heather 1998 p 38 harvtxt error no target CITEREFHeather1998 help Archaeological Motorway by Ryszard Naglik Archeologia Zywa Living Archeology special English issue 2005 Archeological Museum in Krakow web site a b U zrodel Polski p 100 105 Tadeusz Makiewicz The Archaeology of the Transit Gas Pipeline by Kazimierz Adamczyk and Marek Gierlach Archeologia Zywa Living Archeology special English issue 2005 U zrodel Polski p 101 103 Tadeusz Makiewicz Vandals Romans and Berbers New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa A H Merrills 2004 Ashgate Page 35 In the light of current studies the meander line on pottery of the Przeworsk culture developed from motives taken from Antiquity ornaments in Polish Archaeological Abstracts Ossolineum 1979 J P Mallory Przeworsk culture W J P Mallory D Adams Encyclopedia Of Indo European Culture Routledge 1997 s 470 ISBN 1 884964 98 2 Land and People p 25 PDF Archived from the original PDF on September 26 2007 Retrieved July 30 2005 Pronk Tiethoff Saskia New York 2013 The Germanic loanwords in Proto Slavic The Przeworsk Culture has most often been considered to be Germanic or of mixed Slavic and Germanic nature Page 64 Mielnik Sikorska Marta Daca Patrycja Malyarchuk Boris Derenko Miroslava Skonieczna Katarzyna Perkova Maria Dobosz Tadeusz Grzybowski Tomasz 14 January 2013 The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences PLOS ONE 8 e54360 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0054360 PMID 23342138 Based on the newest anthropological data it has been suggested that the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers witnessed continuity of human settlement between the Roman period and the early Middle Ages Indeed based on morphological features of skeletal materials it has been established that populations of the Przeworsk Wielbark and Cherniakhovo cultures from the Roman period bear close similarities to the early medieval Western Slavs and not to the medieval Germanic speaking populations Furthermore paleodemographic studies also point to the biological continuity of the populations inhabiting the Oder and Vistula basin in the Roman period and the early medieval Slavic populations of this region Piontek Janusz 2020 Etnogeneza Slowian jako problem badawczy w antropologii fizycznej Journals pan pl 173 The Archaeology of early medieval Poland A Buzko Brill 2008 Page 62Bibliography Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Przeworsk culture Andrzejowski Jacek 2010 The Przeworsk Culture A Brief Story for the Foreigners in Lund Hansen Bitner Wroblewska eds Worlds Apart Contacts across the Baltic Sea in the Iron Age Mallory James P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis ISBN 1 884964 98 2 Todd Malcolm 1996 02 12 The Early Germans Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 19904 7 Heather Peter 2006 The Fall of the Roman Empire A New History of Rome and the Barbarians Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 515954 3 Cunliffe Barry Todd Malcolm 2001 The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe Oxford ISBN 0 19 285441 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Przeworsk culture amp oldid 1157311827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
