The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons, Protocol IV of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, was issued by the United Nations on 13 October 1995.[1] It came into force on 30 July 1998.[1] As of the end of April 2018, the protocol had been agreed to by 109 nations.[1]
The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and three annexed protocols were adopted on 10 October 1980 and opened for signature on 10 April 1981.[2] In 1986, Sweden and Switzerland pushed for the Blinding Laser Protocol.[3] During 1989–91, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) held four international meetings of experts on the topic and in 1993 published Blinding Weapons.[3]
Protocol textedit
Article 1edit
It is prohibited to employ laser weapons specifically designed, as their sole combat function or as one of their combat functions, to cause permanent blindness to unenhanced vision, that is to the naked eye or to the eye with corrective eyesight devices. The High Contracting Parties shall not transfer such weapons to any State or non-State entity.
Article 2edit
In the employment of laser systems, the High Contracting Parties shall take all feasible precautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision. Such precautions shall include training of their armed forces and other practical measures.
Article 3edit
Blinding as an incidental or collateral effect of the legitimate military employment of laser systems, including laser systems used against optical equipment, is not covered by the prohibition of this Protocol.
Article 4edit
For the purpose of this protocol "permanent blindness" means irreversible and uncorrectable loss of vision which is seriously disabling with no prospect of recovery. Serious disability is equivalent to visual acuity of less than 20/200 Snellen measured using both eyes.
Historical significanceedit
ICRC welcomed the ban on blinding lasers as "a significant breakthrough in international humanitarian law," adding:[3]
The prohibition, in advance, of the use of an abhorrent new weapon the production and proliferation of which appeared imminent is an historic step for humanity. It represents the first time since 1868, when the use of exploding bullets was banned, that a weapon of military interest has been banned before its use on the battlefield and before a stream of victims gave visible proof of its tragic effects.
This was also the first international agreement regulating use of lasers during war.[4] (Use of lasers during peace had been previously mentioned in Article IV of the US-Soviet Union Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities Agreement of 1989.)[4]
Limitationsedit
The Protocol does not prohibit attacks against binoculars, periscopes, telescopes, and other optical equipment because it was unknown whether laser attacks on such devices could cause permanent blindness.[4] Article 3 allows for attacks on electronic optical equipment, because damaging it would not cause human injury.[4]
Ophthalmologist John Marshall argues that despite the Protocol's ban, countries continue to develop and use "rangefinders, target illuminators, and anti-sensor systems" that "are still effectively antipersonnel laser weapons" because these technologies have the potential to be employed against people in addition to their intended uses. For example, "a laser system that will dazzle at 1 mile [1.5 km] away may permanently blind at closer range."[5] The only way to prevent all possible eye injuries by combat lasers would be to ban such lasers,[citation needed] but the countries negotiating the Protocol saw this as neither feasible militarily nor even desirable from a humanitarian standpoint because target-marking and rangefinding lasers are important for keeping munitions on target and away from civilians.[4]
Referencesedit
^ abc"2 .a Additional Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol IV, entitled Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons)". United Nations Treaty Collection. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
^"Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV to the 1980 Convention), 13 October 1995". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
^ abc"Vienna Diplomatic Conference Achieves New Prohibition on Blinding Laser Weapons and Deadlock on Landmines". International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 October 1995. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
^ abcdeCarnahan, Burrus M.; Robertson, Marjorie (July 1996). "The Protocol on "Blinding Laser Weapons": A New Direction for International Humanitarian Law". The American Journal of International Law. 90 (3): 484–490. doi:10.2307/2204074. JSTOR 2204074. S2CID 147660010.
^Marshall, John (29 November 1997). "Blinding Laser Weapons: Still Available on the Battlefield". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 315 (7120): 1392. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7120.1392. PMC2127879. PMID 9418079.
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The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons Protocol IV of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons was issued by the United Nations on 13 October 1995 1 It came into force on 30 July 1998 1 As of the end of April 2018 the protocol had been agreed to by 109 nations 1 Contents 1 History 2 Protocol text 2 1 Article 1 2 2 Article 2 2 3 Article 3 2 4 Article 4 3 Historical significance 4 Limitations 5 References 6 External linksHistory editThe Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and three annexed protocols were adopted on 10 October 1980 and opened for signature on 10 April 1981 2 In 1986 Sweden and Switzerland pushed for the Blinding Laser Protocol 3 During 1989 91 the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC held four international meetings of experts on the topic and in 1993 published Blinding Weapons 3 Protocol text editArticle 1 edit It is prohibited to employ laser weapons specifically designed as their sole combat function or as one of their combat functions to cause permanent blindness to unenhanced vision that is to the naked eye or to the eye with corrective eyesight devices The High Contracting Parties shall not transfer such weapons to any State or non State entity Article 2 edit In the employment of laser systems the High Contracting Parties shall take all feasible precautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision Such precautions shall include training of their armed forces and other practical measures Article 3 edit Blinding as an incidental or collateral effect of the legitimate military employment of laser systems including laser systems used against optical equipment is not covered by the prohibition of this Protocol Article 4 edit For the purpose of this protocol permanent blindness means irreversible and uncorrectable loss of vision which is seriously disabling with no prospect of recovery Serious disability is equivalent to visual acuity of less than 20 200 Snellen measured using both eyes Historical significance editICRC welcomed the ban on blinding lasers as a significant breakthrough in international humanitarian law adding 3 The prohibition in advance of the use of an abhorrent new weapon the production and proliferation of which appeared imminent is an historic step for humanity It represents the first time since 1868 when the use of exploding bullets was banned that a weapon of military interest has been banned before its use on the battlefield and before a stream of victims gave visible proof of its tragic effects This was also the first international agreement regulating use of lasers during war 4 Use of lasers during peace had been previously mentioned in Article IV of the US Soviet Union Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities Agreement of 1989 4 Limitations editThe Protocol does not prohibit attacks against binoculars periscopes telescopes and other optical equipment because it was unknown whether laser attacks on such devices could cause permanent blindness 4 Article 3 allows for attacks on electronic optical equipment because damaging it would not cause human injury 4 Ophthalmologist John Marshall argues that despite the Protocol s ban countries continue to develop and use rangefinders target illuminators and anti sensor systems that are still effectively antipersonnel laser weapons because these technologies have the potential to be employed against people in addition to their intended uses For example a laser system that will dazzle at 1 mile 1 5 km away may permanently blind at closer range 5 The only way to prevent all possible eye injuries by combat lasers would be to ban such lasers citation needed but the countries negotiating the Protocol saw this as neither feasible militarily nor even desirable from a humanitarian standpoint because target marking and rangefinding lasers are important for keeping munitions on target and away from civilians 4 References edit a b c 2 a Additional Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects Protocol IV entitled Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons United Nations Treaty Collection 12 November 2021 Retrieved 4 July 2014 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons Protocol IV to the 1980 Convention 13 October 1995 International Committee of the Red Cross Retrieved 4 July 2014 a b c Vienna Diplomatic Conference Achieves New Prohibition on Blinding Laser Weapons and Deadlock on Landmines International Committee of the Red Cross 13 October 1995 Retrieved 4 July 2014 a b c d e Carnahan Burrus M Robertson Marjorie July 1996 The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons A New Direction for International Humanitarian Law The American Journal of International Law 90 3 484 490 doi 10 2307 2204074 JSTOR 2204074 S2CID 147660010 Marshall John 29 November 1997 Blinding Laser Weapons Still Available on the Battlefield BMJ British Medical Journal 315 7120 1392 doi 10 1136 bmj 315 7120 1392 PMC 2127879 PMID 9418079 External links editText Ratifications Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons amp oldid 1218439515, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
