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The Bird Lover

October 22, 2023

The Bird Lover, also known as The Prince as Bird,[1] is a type of narrative structure in folklore, no. 432 in the Aarne–Thompson classification system. In the typical version of story, a woman acquires a bird lover—a nobleman in the shape of a bird—who is wounded by means of a trap set by the woman's husband, such as a set of sharp points set up outside the woman's window. She follows the wounded bird's trail, cures him, and then marries him.[2]

In French scholarship, this type is often referred to as "l'oiseau bleu" or "the blue bird", so named for a story by Madame d'Aulnoy.[2]

Origins Edit

Folklorist Jack Haney traced the origins of the tale type to France and Germany in the Middle Ages.[3]

An example of the motif is found in one of Marie de France's Lais, "Yonec", though the lai develops somewhat differently: instead of a happy ending, the lai ends in tragedy.[2][4] A "sophisticated rationalization" of the type is found in Chrétien de Troyes's Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, where Lancelot appears at Guinevere's heavily barred window and cuts his fingers bending the bars back.[1]

Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungmann [sv] also pointed Yonec as a predecessor to the tale type. However, he also noted that in tales of "later tradition", especially from India and Persia, the lover comes to the heroine in the shape of a bird, and in that regard cited the tale of "King Parrot", from a 15th century Turkish version of The Seven Wise Masters.[5]

Overview Edit

Some variants may begin akin to type ATU 425C, "Beauty and the Beast": the third daughter asks her father for a present, a memento that belongs to the Bird Prince that she will use to contact him.[6] In other tales, the heroine is trapped in a high tower, which is only accessible by the prince in his bird form. Whatever its beginning, the heroine's lover is eventually hurt in his bird form by blades, pieces of glass or thorns left by the heroine's sisters. The Bird Prince vanishes back to his kingdom and the heroine goes after him intending to heal his wounds.[7]

A line of scholarship (e.g., Jan-Öjvind Swahn [sv], Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa Sr., Georgios A. Megas [el]) recognizes the independence of the narrative, but argues that it could fit as a subtype of the more general tale type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband", due to their proximity, e.g., in its motifs and in the heroine's quest for her lost supernatural husband.[8][9][10]

Motifs Edit

According to Samia Al Azharia Jahn, "in all Arabic variants", the Bird Prince is put in mortal danger by the use of glass.[11]

In turn, according to Georgios A. Megas, the "characteristic motifs" of this type include the heroine overhearing the conversation between two creatures (animals, like birds and foxes) or two ogres about the prince's cure, the heroine killing the creatures (since their body parts are used in the cure),[12] and the heroine asking the prince for a belonging as reward (a ring or towel).[13]

The gifts for the heroine Edit

In an article in Enzyklopädie des Märchens, folklorist Christine Goldberg noted the many objects the heroine asks her father in variants of the tale type: a feather, a plant or branch, but also a mirror, a violin, or a book. In Indian variants, the heroine utters "Sobur" ('Wait'), which her father mistakes for an object.[14] In the same vein, Samia Al Azharia Jahn stated that, in Arabic language variants, the heroine asks her father for a strangely named object, which also happens to be the name of the Bird Prince.[15]

Distribution Edit

Haney stated the tale type enjoyed "worldwide distribution".[16]

According to professors Stith Thompson, Pino Saavedra [es], Anna Angelopoulou and Aigle Broskou, the tale type is "especially popular" in Mediterranean countries, being found in Iberian Peninsula and in Greece.[17][18][19][20] In the same vein, professor Christian Abry stated that the tale type is "frequent" (fréquent) in Italy.[21]

The ATU 432 folktype is also present in the folklore of Latin America, for instance, in Chile (The Parrot Prince).[22] Further variants are found in Canada and New Mexico.[23]

In the Typen türkischer Volksmärchen ("Turkish Folktale Catalogue"), by Wolfram Eberhard and Pertev Naili Boratav, both scholars identified a cycle of stories they classified as TTV 102, "Die Traube I" ("The Grape - Version I"),[24] with 31 variants registered.[25] These tales are comparable to the international tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird".[26][27][28][29]

German folklorists Otto Spies [de] and Manfred Hesse stated that the tale type was "widespread" in the Arab-speaking regions, although with different motifs.[30]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Mandel, Jerome (1999). "'Polymorphous Sexualities' in Chrétien de Troyes and Sir Thomas Malory". In Piero Boitani (ed.). The Body and the Soul in Medieval Literature: The J.A.W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Tenth Series, Perugia, 1998. Anna Torti. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 63–78. ISBN 9780859915458. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Boivin, Jeanne-Marie (1995). "Bisclavret et Muldumarec: La part de l'ombre dans les Lais". In Jean Dufournet (ed.). Amour et merveille: les Lais de Marie de France (in French). Paris: Champion. pp. 147–68.
  3. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. pp. 536-556.
  4. ^ Bacquin, Mari (2012). "Le motif de l'aigle d'or". In Olivier Delsaux (ed.). Original et originalité: Aspects historiques, philologiques et littéraires (in French). Hélène Haug. Presses univ. de Louvain. pp. 7–14. ISBN 9782875580221. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  5. ^ "Zaubermärchen". Die Schwedischen Volksmärchen. 1961. p. 70. doi:10.1515/9783112618004-004. ISBN 978-3-11-261800-4.
  6. ^ Muhawi, Ibrahim, and Sharif Kanaana. Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. p. 341. ISBN 0-520-06292-2.
  7. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. pp. 281-282. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  8. ^ Palmaitis, Letas. "Romeo Moses and Psyche Brunhild? Or Cupid the Serpent and the Morning Star?" In: Caucasologie et mythologie comparée, Actes du Colloque international du C.N.R.S. - IVe Colloque de Caucasologie (Sèvres, 27-29 juin 1988). Paris, PEETERS, 1992. p. 177. ISBN 2-87723-042-2.
  9. ^ Paredes, Americo. Folktales of Mexico. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. p. 215. ISBN 0-226-64571-1.
  10. ^ Megas, Georgios A. (1971). Das Märchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksüberlieferung. Πραγματειαι της Ακαδημιας Αθηνων (in German). Vol. 30. Athens: Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn. p. 180.
  11. ^ "Anmerkungen". Arabische Volksmärchen. 1970. pp. 497–554. doi:10.1515/9783112525760-062. ISBN 978-3-11-252576-0. S2CID 246213856.
  12. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  13. ^ Megas, Georgios A. (1971). Das Märchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksüberlieferung. Πραγματειαι της Ακαδημιας Αθηνων (in German). Vol. 30. Athens: Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn. p. 182.
  14. ^ Goldberg, Christine. "Prinz als Vogel (AaTh 432)" [Prince as Bird (ATU 432)]. In: Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. p. 1321. https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.244/html. Accessed 2023-06-21.
  15. ^ "Anmerkungen". Arabische Volksmärchen. 1970. pp. 497–554. doi:10.1515/9783112525760-062. ISBN 978-3-11-252576-0. S2CID 246213856.
  16. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. pp. 536-556.
  17. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  18. ^ Pino Saavedra, Yolando. Folktales of Chile. University of Chicago Press, 1967. p. 260.
  19. ^ Stockings of Buttermilk: American Folktales. Edited by Neil Philip. New York: Clarion Press, 1999. p. 120. ISBN 9780395849804.
  20. ^ Angelopoulou, Anna; Broskou, Aigle. "ΕΠΕΞΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΙΑΚΩΝ ΤΥΠΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΩΝ AT 300-499". Tome B: AT 400-499. Athens, Greece: ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ Ε.Ι.Ε. 1999. p. 781.
  21. ^ Abry, Christian. “Sur les traces des sentiers des âmes dans les outre-monts: in memoriam Gaston Tuaillon”. In: Nouvelles du Centre d’Etudes Francoprovençales. Saint-Nicolas (Aoste, Italie), vol. 64, 2011. p. 62.
  22. ^ Bierhorst, John. Latin American folktales: stories from Hispanic and Indian traditions. Pantheon. 2002. pp. 240-245, 352-353. ISBN 0-375-42066-5
  23. ^ Pino Saavedra, Yolando. Folktales of Chile. University of Chicago Press, 1967. p. 260.
  24. ^ Eberhard, Wolfram; Boratav, Pertev Nailî. Typen türkischer Volksmärchen. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1953. pp. 118-121.
  25. ^ Neuman, Dov (1954). "Review of Typen Tuerkischer Volksmaerchen". Midwest Folklore. 4 (4): 254–259. JSTOR 4317494.
  26. ^ Delarue, Paul (1954). "Review of Typen türkischer Volksmärchen, (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Veröffentlichungen der orientalischen Kommission, Band V)". Arts et Traditions Populaires. 2 (2): 176–181. JSTOR 41002386.
  27. ^ Angelopoulou, Anna; Broskou, Aigle. "ΕΠΕΞΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΙΑΚΩΝ ΤΥΠΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΩΝ AT 300-499". Tome B: AT 400-499. Athens, Greece: ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ Ε.Ι.Ε. 1999. p. 781.
  28. ^ Swahn, Jan Öjvind. The Tale of Cupid and Psyche. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955. p. 23.
  29. ^ Megas, Georgios A. Das Märchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksüberlieferung. Πραγματειαι της Ακαδημιας Αθηνων, Volume 30. Athens: Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn, 1971. p. 185.
  30. ^ Die Silberpappel mit den goldenen Früchten und andere türkische Volksmärchen erstmals übersetzt von Otto Spies. Textbearbeitung von Manfred Hesse. Wiesbaden: B. Heymann Verlag, 1976. p. 113.

Bibliography Edit

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  • Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 102–103 and 181. ISBN 0-520-03537-2

October 22, 2023
bird, lover, also, known, prince, bird, type, narrative, structure, folklore, aarne, thompson, classification, system, typical, version, story, woman, acquires, bird, lover, nobleman, shape, bird, wounded, means, trap, woman, husband, such, sharp, points, outs. The Bird Lover also known as The Prince as Bird 1 is a type of narrative structure in folklore no 432 in the Aarne Thompson classification system In the typical version of story a woman acquires a bird lover a nobleman in the shape of a bird who is wounded by means of a trap set by the woman s husband such as a set of sharp points set up outside the woman s window She follows the wounded bird s trail cures him and then marries him 2 In French scholarship this type is often referred to as l oiseau bleu or the blue bird so named for a story by Madame d Aulnoy 2 Contents 1 Origins 2 Overview 2 1 Motifs 2 1 1 The gifts for the heroine 3 Distribution 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyOrigins EditFolklorist Jack Haney traced the origins of the tale type to France and Germany in the Middle Ages 3 An example of the motif is found in one of Marie de France s Lais Yonec though the lai develops somewhat differently instead of a happy ending the lai ends in tragedy 2 4 A sophisticated rationalization of the type is found in Chretien de Troyes s Lancelot the Knight of the Cart where Lancelot appears at Guinevere s heavily barred window and cuts his fingers bending the bars back 1 Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungmann sv also pointed Yonec as a predecessor to the tale type However he also noted that in tales of later tradition especially from India and Persia the lover comes to the heroine in the shape of a bird and in that regard cited the tale of King Parrot from a 15th century Turkish version of The Seven Wise Masters 5 Overview EditSome variants may begin akin to type ATU 425C Beauty and the Beast the third daughter asks her father for a present a memento that belongs to the Bird Prince that she will use to contact him 6 In other tales the heroine is trapped in a high tower which is only accessible by the prince in his bird form Whatever its beginning the heroine s lover is eventually hurt in his bird form by blades pieces of glass or thorns left by the heroine s sisters The Bird Prince vanishes back to his kingdom and the heroine goes after him intending to heal his wounds 7 A line of scholarship e g Jan Ojvind Swahn sv Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa Sr Georgios A Megas el recognizes the independence of the narrative but argues that it could fit as a subtype of the more general tale type ATU 425 The Search for the Lost Husband due to their proximity e g in its motifs and in the heroine s quest for her lost supernatural husband 8 9 10 Motifs Edit According to Samia Al Azharia Jahn in all Arabic variants the Bird Prince is put in mortal danger by the use of glass 11 In turn according to Georgios A Megas the characteristic motifs of this type include the heroine overhearing the conversation between two creatures animals like birds and foxes or two ogres about the prince s cure the heroine killing the creatures since their body parts are used in the cure 12 and the heroine asking the prince for a belonging as reward a ring or towel 13 The gifts for the heroine Edit In an article in Enzyklopadie des Marchens folklorist Christine Goldberg noted the many objects the heroine asks her father in variants of the tale type a feather a plant or branch but also a mirror a violin or a book In Indian variants the heroine utters Sobur Wait which her father mistakes for an object 14 In the same vein Samia Al Azharia Jahn stated that in Arabic language variants the heroine asks her father for a strangely named object which also happens to be the name of the Bird Prince 15 Distribution EditHaney stated the tale type enjoyed worldwide distribution 16 According to professors Stith Thompson Pino Saavedra es Anna Angelopoulou and Aigle Broskou the tale type is especially popular in Mediterranean countries being found in Iberian Peninsula and in Greece 17 18 19 20 In the same vein professor Christian Abry stated that the tale type is frequent frequent in Italy 21 The ATU 432 folktype is also present in the folklore of Latin America for instance in Chile The Parrot Prince 22 Further variants are found in Canada and New Mexico 23 In the Typen turkischer Volksmarchen Turkish Folktale Catalogue by Wolfram Eberhard and Pertev Naili Boratav both scholars identified a cycle of stories they classified as TTV 102 Die Traube I The Grape Version I 24 with 31 variants registered 25 These tales are comparable to the international tale type ATU 432 The Prince as Bird 26 27 28 29 German folklorists Otto Spies de and Manfred Hesse stated that the tale type was widespread in the Arab speaking regions although with different motifs 30 See also EditPrince Sobur Indian fairy tale The White Bird and His Wife The Crow fairy tale References Edit a b Mandel Jerome 1999 Polymorphous Sexualities in Chretien de Troyes and Sir Thomas Malory In Piero Boitani ed The Body and the Soul in Medieval Literature The J A W Bennett Memorial Lectures Tenth Series Perugia 1998 Anna Torti Boydell amp Brewer pp 63 78 ISBN 9780859915458 Retrieved 15 November 2012 a b c Boivin Jeanne Marie 1995 Bisclavret et Muldumarec La part de l ombre dans les Lais In Jean Dufournet ed Amour et merveille les Lais de Marie de France in French Paris Champion pp 147 68 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 pp 536 556 Bacquin Mari 2012 Le motif de l aigle d or In Olivier Delsaux ed Original et originalite Aspects historiques philologiques et litteraires in French Helene Haug Presses univ de Louvain pp 7 14 ISBN 9782875580221 Retrieved 15 November 2012 Zaubermarchen Die Schwedischen Volksmarchen 1961 p 70 doi 10 1515 9783112618004 004 ISBN 978 3 11 261800 4 Muhawi Ibrahim and Sharif Kanaana Speak Bird Speak Again Palestinian Arab Folktales Berkeley University of California Press 1989 p 341 ISBN 0 520 06292 2 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press pp 281 282 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Palmaitis Letas Romeo Moses and Psyche Brunhild Or Cupid the Serpent and the Morning Star In Caucasologie et mythologie comparee Actes du Colloque international du C N R S IVe Colloque de Caucasologie Sevres 27 29 juin 1988 Paris PEETERS 1992 p 177 ISBN 2 87723 042 2 Paredes Americo Folktales of Mexico Chicago University of Chicago Press 1970 p 215 ISBN 0 226 64571 1 Megas Georgios A 1971 Das Marchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksuberlieferung Pragmateiai ths Akadhmias A8hnwn in German Vol 30 Athens Grapheion Demosieumatōn tes Akademias Athenōn p 180 Anmerkungen Arabische Volksmarchen 1970 pp 497 554 doi 10 1515 9783112525760 062 ISBN 978 3 11 252576 0 S2CID 246213856 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 103 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Megas Georgios A 1971 Das Marchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksuberlieferung Pragmateiai ths Akadhmias A8hnwn in German Vol 30 Athens Grapheion Demosieumatōn tes Akademias Athenōn p 182 Goldberg Christine Prinz als Vogel AaTh 432 Prince as Bird ATU 432 In Enzyklopadie des Marchens Online Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich Heidrun Alzheimer Hermann Bausinger Wolfgang Bruckner Daniel Drascek Helge Gerndt Ines Kohler Zulch Klaus Roth and Hans Jorg Uther Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2016 2002 p 1321 https www degruyter com wikipedialibrary idm oclc org database EMO entry emo 10 244 html Accessed 2023 06 21 Anmerkungen Arabische Volksmarchen 1970 pp 497 554 doi 10 1515 9783112525760 062 ISBN 978 3 11 252576 0 S2CID 246213856 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 pp 536 556 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 282 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Pino Saavedra Yolando Folktales of Chile University of Chicago Press 1967 p 260 Stockings of Buttermilk American Folktales Edited by Neil Philip New York Clarion Press 1999 p 120 ISBN 9780395849804 Angelopoulou Anna Broskou Aigle EPE3ERGASIA PARAMY8IAKWN TYPWN KAI PARALLAGWN AT 300 499 Tome B AT 400 499 Athens Greece KENTRO NEOELLHNIKWN EREYNWN E I E 1999 p 781 Abry Christian Sur les traces des sentiers des ames dans les outre monts in memoriam Gaston Tuaillon In Nouvelles du Centre d Etudes Francoprovencales Saint Nicolas Aoste Italie vol 64 2011 p 62 Bierhorst John Latin American folktales stories from Hispanic and Indian traditions Pantheon 2002 pp 240 245 352 353 ISBN 0 375 42066 5 Pino Saavedra Yolando Folktales of Chile University of Chicago Press 1967 p 260 Eberhard Wolfram Boratav Pertev Naili Typen turkischer Volksmarchen Wiesbaden Steiner 1953 pp 118 121 Neuman Dov 1954 Review of Typen Tuerkischer Volksmaerchen Midwest Folklore 4 4 254 259 JSTOR 4317494 Delarue Paul 1954 Review of Typen turkischer Volksmarchen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Veroffentlichungen der orientalischen Kommission Band V Arts et Traditions Populaires 2 2 176 181 JSTOR 41002386 Angelopoulou Anna Broskou Aigle EPE3ERGASIA PARAMY8IAKWN TYPWN KAI PARALLAGWN AT 300 499 Tome B AT 400 499 Athens Greece KENTRO NEOELLHNIKWN EREYNWN E I E 1999 p 781 Swahn Jan Ojvind The Tale of Cupid and Psyche Lund C W K Gleerup 1955 p 23 Megas Georgios A Das Marchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksuberlieferung Pragmateiai ths Akadhmias A8hnwn Volume 30 Athens Grapheion Demosieumatōn tes Akademias Athenōn 1971 p 185 Die Silberpappel mit den goldenen Fruchten und andere turkische Volksmarchen erstmals ubersetzt von Otto Spies Textbearbeitung von Manfred Hesse Wiesbaden B Heymann Verlag 1976 p 113 Bibliography EditListen to this article 5 minutes source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 October 2023 2023 10 13 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Thompson Stith The Folktale University of California Press 1977 pp 102 103 and 181 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Bird Lover amp oldid 1180594106, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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