Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a technique to separate a solvent (for example, fresh water) from a solution that is more concentrated (e.g. sea water) and also pressurized. A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis.[1] The technique can be used to generate power from the salinity gradient energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water. In PRO, the water potential between fresh water and sea water corresponds to a pressure of 26 bars. This pressure is equivalent to a column of water (hydraulic head) 270 meters high.[2] However, the optimal working pressure is only half of this, 11 to 15 bar.[3]
This method of generating power was invented by Prof. Sidney Loeb in 1973 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.[4][5] In 2014 researchers verified that 95% of a PRO system's theoretical power output can be produced with a membrane that is half (or less) the size needed for achieving 100%. Output is proportional to the salinity. Desalination yields very salty brine, while treated municipal wastewater has relatively little salt. Combining those streams could produce energy to power both facilities. However, powering an existing wastewater treatment plant by mixing treated wastewater with seawater could require a membrane area of 2.5 million square meters.[6]
To deal with these membrane requirements, scientists are working on rolled membranes [7] that will take up much less space.
Processedit
A pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) diagram. The applied pressure must be below the osmotic pressure for the process to work. Pipe thicknesses qualitatively convey the relative volumetric flow rate. Image modified by author from [8]
PRO uses a water–permeable membrane with an osmotic pressure difference to drive water flux from a low–concentration (LC) "diluate" stream, into a slightly pressurized higher–concentration (HC). An energy recovery device on this stream provides the energy output, and must exceed the pumping pressure input for net power production.
Testingedit
The world's first osmotic plant with capacity of 10 kW was opened by Statkraft, a state-owned hydropower company, on 24 November 2009 in Tofte, Norway.[9] In January 2014 Statkraft terminated their osmosis pilot project [10] due to economic feasibility concerns.
It is estimated that each year 1600 TWh could be generated worldwide, and 12 TWh in Norway, sufficient to meet 10% of Norway's total demand for electricity.[11]
In Denmark, SaltPower is building the world's first commercial osmitic power plant using high salinity brine.[12]
^Israel Patent Application 42658. (July 3, 1973) United States patent 3906250. (Erroneously shows Israel priority as 1974 instead of 1973).
^Weintraub, Bob. "Sidney Loeb and the origins of pressure retareded osmosis". The Israel Chemist and Chemical Engineer, 2021.
^Akst, Daniel (29 August 2014). "A New Kind of Power from Salt Water". Wall Street Journal.
^"A New Kind of Power from Salt Water" Wall St. Journal, August 29–31, 2014 [1]
^Rao, Akshay K.; Li, Owen R; Wrede, Luke; Coan, Stephen M.; Elias, George; Cordoba, Sandra; Roggenberg, Michael; Castillo, Luciano; Warsinger, David M. (2021). "A framework for blue energy enabled energy storage in reverse osmosis processes". Desalination. Elsevier BV. 511: 115088. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115088. ISSN 0011-9164.
^ Wojciech Moskwa (2009-11-24). "World's First Osmotic Power Plant Opens". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
^"Is PRO economically feasible? Not according to Statkraft | ForwardOsmosisTech". 22 January 2014.
^Statkraft to build world's first osmotic power plant 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
^"SaltPower i Sønderborg har solgt sit første salt-kraftværk | SønderborgNYT".
Further readingedit
Loeb S.; Norman R. S. (1975). "Osmotic Power Plants". Science. 189 (4203): 654–655. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..654L. doi:10.1126/science.189.4203.654. PMID 17838753.
Loeb S. (1998). "Energy Production at the Dead Sea by Pressure-Retarded Osmosis: Challenge or Chimera?". Desalination. 120 (3): 247–262. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00222-7.
Norman R. S. (1974). "Water Salination: A Source of Energy". Science. 186 (4161): 350–2. Bibcode:1974Sci...186..350N. doi:10.1126/science.186.4161.350. PMID 17839865. S2CID 8550368.
Cath T. Y.; Childress A. E.; Elimelech M. (2006). "Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments (Review)". Journal of Membrane Science. 281 (1–2): 70–87. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048.
Loeb S. (1988). "Comments on the suitability of reverse osmosis membranes for energy recover by submarine osmotic power plants Desalination (Review)". Journal of Membrane Science. 68: 75–76. doi:10.1016/0011-9164(88)80044-4.
Loeb S. (2002). "Large-scale power production by pressure-retarded osmosis, using river water and sea water passing through spiral modules desalination (Review)". Journal of Membrane Science. 143 (2): 115–122. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00233-3.
Achilli A.; Cath T. Y.; Childress A. E. (2009). "Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: an experimental and theoretical investigation". Journal of Membrane Science. 343 (1–2): 42–52. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.006.
December 07, 2023
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Pressure retarded osmosis PRO is a technique to separate a solvent for example fresh water from a solution that is more concentrated e g sea water and also pressurized A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis 1 The technique can be used to generate power from the salinity gradient energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water In PRO the water potential between fresh water and sea water corresponds to a pressure of 26 bars This pressure is equivalent to a column of water hydraulic head 270 meters high 2 However the optimal working pressure is only half of this 11 to 15 bar 3 The water potential between fresh water right and sea water left corresponds to a hydraulic head of 270 metres Contents 1 History 2 Process 3 Testing 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory editThis method of generating power was invented by Prof Sidney Loeb in 1973 at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba Israel 4 5 In 2014 researchers verified that 95 of a PRO system s theoretical power output can be produced with a membrane that is half or less the size needed for achieving 100 Output is proportional to the salinity Desalination yields very salty brine while treated municipal wastewater has relatively little salt Combining those streams could produce energy to power both facilities However powering an existing wastewater treatment plant by mixing treated wastewater with seawater could require a membrane area of 2 5 million square meters 6 To deal with these membrane requirements scientists are working on rolled membranes 7 that will take up much less space Process edit nbsp A pressure retarded osmosis PRO diagram The applied pressure must be below the osmotic pressure for the process to work Pipe thicknesses qualitatively convey the relative volumetric flow rate Image modified by author from 8 PRO uses a water permeable membrane with an osmotic pressure difference to drive water flux from a low concentration LC diluate stream into a slightly pressurized higher concentration HC An energy recovery device on this stream provides the energy output and must exceed the pumping pressure input for net power production Testing editThe world s first osmotic plant with capacity of 10 kW was opened by Statkraft a state owned hydropower company on 24 November 2009 in Tofte Norway 9 In January 2014 Statkraft terminated their osmosis pilot project 10 due to economic feasibility concerns It is estimated that each year 1600 TWh could be generated worldwide and 12 TWh in Norway sufficient to meet 10 of Norway s total demand for electricity 11 In Denmark SaltPower is building the world s first commercial osmitic power plant using high salinity brine 12 See also edit nbsp Energy portalElectrodialysis reversal EDR Forward osmosis Green energy Osmotic power Osmotic pressure Renewable energy Reverse electrodialysis RED Reverse osmosis Semipermeable membrane Van t Hoff factorReferences edit Helfer Fernanda Lemckert Charles Anissimov Yuri G 2014 Osmotic power with Pressure Retarded Osmosis Theory performance and trends A review Journal of Membrane Science 453 337 358 doi 10 1016 j memsci 2013 10 053 hdl 10072 61191 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link How does it work Archived 2009 11 28 at the Wayback Machine Statkraft Osmoosivoimalan toiminta permanent dead link Tekniikka amp Talous in Finnish Israel Patent Application 42658 July 3 1973 United States patent 3906250 Erroneously shows Israel priority as 1974 instead of 1973 Weintraub Bob Sidney Loeb and the origins of pressure retareded osmosis The Israel Chemist and Chemical Engineer 2021 Akst Daniel 29 August 2014 A New Kind of Power from Salt Water Wall Street Journal A New Kind of Power from Salt Water Wall St Journal August 29 31 2014 1 Rao Akshay K Li Owen R Wrede Luke Coan Stephen M Elias George Cordoba Sandra Roggenberg Michael Castillo Luciano Warsinger David M 2021 A framework for blue energy enabled energy storage in reverse osmosis processes Desalination Elsevier BV 511 115088 doi 10 1016 j desal 2021 115088 ISSN 0011 9164 Wojciech Moskwa 2009 11 24 World s First Osmotic Power Plant Opens Reuters Retrieved 2014 08 23 Is PRO economically feasible Not according to Statkraft ForwardOsmosisTech 22 January 2014 Statkraft to build world s first osmotic power plant Archived 2008 09 15 at the Wayback Machine SaltPower i Sonderborg har solgt sit forste salt kraftvaerk SonderborgNYT Further reading editLoeb S Norman R S 1975 Osmotic Power Plants Science 189 4203 654 655 Bibcode 1975Sci 189 654L doi 10 1126 science 189 4203 654 PMID 17838753 Loeb S 1998 Energy Production at the Dead Sea by Pressure Retarded Osmosis Challenge or Chimera Desalination 120 3 247 262 doi 10 1016 S0011 9164 98 00222 7 Norman R S 1974 Water Salination A Source of Energy Science 186 4161 350 2 Bibcode 1974Sci 186 350N doi 10 1126 science 186 4161 350 PMID 17839865 S2CID 8550368 Cath T Y Childress A E Elimelech M 2006 Forward osmosis Principles applications and recent developments Review Journal of Membrane Science 281 1 2 70 87 doi 10 1016 j memsci 2006 05 048 Loeb S 1988 Comments on the suitability of reverse osmosis membranes for energy recover by submarine osmotic power plants Desalination Review Journal of Membrane Science 68 75 76 doi 10 1016 0011 9164 88 80044 4 Loeb S 2002 Large scale power production by pressure retarded osmosis using river water and sea water passing through spiral modules desalination Review Journal of Membrane Science 143 2 115 122 doi 10 1016 S0011 9164 02 00233 3 Achilli A Cath T Y Childress A E 2009 Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis an experimental and theoretical investigation Journal of Membrane Science 343 1 2 42 52 doi 10 1016 j memsci 2009 07 006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pressure retarded osmosis amp oldid 1188100376, 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