The porcupine river stingray (Potamotrygon histrix, sometimes incorrectly modified to Potamotrygon hystrix[2]) is a species of river stingray in the familyPotamotrygonidae, the type of the Potamotrygongenus. It is found in the basins of the Paraná and Paraguay River basins in South America.[3] Most chemical weathering of minerals seems to take place in the upland drainage basins rather than on the floodplains, and most major solutes display conservative mixing in the river-floodplain system.[4] The population in the Rio Negro basin was described as a separated species, P. wallacei, in 2016.[5]
Almost circular in shape, it grows up to 40 cm (16 in) in disc width and 15 kg (33 lb) in weight.[3] The upper surface is covered with denticles (sharp tooth-like scales). The coloration is light brownish with mottled patterns on the dorso, and pink on the ventral side. As with all stingrays, the mouth and gill openings are on the underside, and the eyes and gills exits are on the dorsal side.
Stingedit
Like other stingrays, the fish of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails, and are dangerous to humans.[3][6] The sting is replaced at roughly six-month intervals. It is an almost flat, barbed structure that can reach 6 cm (2.4 in) in length, and is covered with a toxic mucus, making any attack a very painful one.[3]
The natives of South America are said to fear the stingray more than the piranha.[7] However, they are not aggressive fish and not dangerous unless stepped on or otherwise threatened.
Aquariumedit
P. histrix, male (left) and female (right). Notice the two claspers on the male
Freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon are sometimes kept as exotic aquarium fish; though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from this genus. They are best kept with a deep, sandy substrate, in which they bury themselves, often with only their eyes visible. They are not territorial with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are carnivorous bottom-feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions (any spike in NO2 levels can kill them with no warning).[6] Juvenile stingrays are unable to survive in waters that contain salinity over 20.6%.[8] Like many species of stingrays, P. histrix has been bred in captivity, but they require a large tank. The male should be smaller than the female, as it is rather aggressive, biting the female during the mating process.[9] Males can be determined by the presence of claspers as in other chondrichthyans.[10]
Referencesedit
^Soto, J.M.R.; Charvet-Almeida, P.; Pinto de Almeida, M. (2009). "Potamotrygon histrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161657A5474126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161657A5474126.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^Rosa, R.S.; Charvet-Almeida, P.; Quijada, C.C.D. (2010). "Biology of the South American Potamotrygonid Stingrays". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). Sharks and Their Relatives II. Marine Biology. Vol. 20100521. CRC Press. pp. 241–285. doi:10.1201/9781420080483-c5. ISBN978-1-4200-8047-6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ abcdFroese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Potamotrygon hystrix" in FishBase. 10 2017 version.
^Hamilton, Stephen K., Sippel, Suzanne J., Calheiros, DÓbora F., Melack, John M., ( 1997), An anoxic event and other biogeochemical effects of the Pantanal wetland on the Paraguay River, Limnology and Oceanography, 42, doi: 10.4319/lo.1997.42.2.0257.
^Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon. Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.
^ abDawes, John (2001). Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium. New York: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN1-55297-544-4..
^Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN0-87666-543-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Griffith, Robert W., et al. “Serum Composition of Freshwater Stringrays (Potamotrygonidae) Adapted to Fresh and Dilute Sea Water.” Biological Bulletin, vol. 144, no. 2, 1973, pp. 304–320. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1540010.
^"Breeding of the raspy river stingray Potamotrygon scobina". 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
^"Des reproductions régulières en aquarium". Véronique Ivanov. 2009-01-05. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
April 14, 2024
porcupine, river, stingray, confused, with, porcupine, porcupine, river, stingray, potamotrygon, histrix, sometimes, incorrectly, modified, potamotrygon, hystrix, species, river, stingray, family, potamotrygonidae, type, potamotrygon, genus, found, basins, par. Not to be confused with porcupine ray The porcupine river stingray Potamotrygon histrix sometimes incorrectly modified to Potamotrygon hystrix 2 is a species of river stingray in the family Potamotrygonidae the type of the Potamotrygon genus It is found in the basins of the Parana and Paraguay River basins in South America 3 Most chemical weathering of minerals seems to take place in the upland drainage basins rather than on the floodplains and most major solutes display conservative mixing in the river floodplain system 4 The population in the Rio Negro basin was described as a separated species P wallacei in 2016 5 Porcupine river stingrayConservation statusData Deficient IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ChondrichthyesSubclass ElasmobranchiiSuperorder BatoideaOrder MyliobatiformesFamily PotamotrygonidaeGenus PotamotrygonSpecies P histrixBinomial namePotamotrygon histrix J P Muller amp Henle 1834 SynonymsPotamotrygon hystrix Trygon hystrix Contents 1 Appearance 1 1 Sting 2 Aquarium 3 ReferencesAppearance edit nbsp Dorsal and ventral viewAlmost circular in shape it grows up to 40 cm 16 in in disc width and 15 kg 33 lb in weight 3 The upper surface is covered with denticles sharp tooth like scales The coloration is light brownish with mottled patterns on the dorso and pink on the ventral side As with all stingrays the mouth and gill openings are on the underside and the eyes and gills exits are on the dorsal side Sting edit Like other stingrays the fish of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails and are dangerous to humans 3 6 The sting is replaced at roughly six month intervals It is an almost flat barbed structure that can reach 6 cm 2 4 in in length and is covered with a toxic mucus making any attack a very painful one 3 The natives of South America are said to fear the stingray more than the piranha 7 However they are not aggressive fish and not dangerous unless stepped on or otherwise threatened Aquarium edit nbsp P histrix male left and female right Notice the two claspers on the maleFreshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon are sometimes kept as exotic aquarium fish though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade most are from this genus They are best kept with a deep sandy substrate in which they bury themselves often with only their eyes visible They are not territorial with other animals and can be kept in groups provided a large enough aquarium is provided They are carnivorous bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions any spike in NO2 levels can kill them with no warning 6 Juvenile stingrays are unable to survive in waters that contain salinity over 20 6 8 Like many species of stingrays P histrix has been bred in captivity but they require a large tank The male should be smaller than the female as it is rather aggressive biting the female during the mating process 9 Males can be determined by the presence of claspers as in other chondrichthyans 10 References edit Soto J M R Charvet Almeida P Pinto de Almeida M 2009 Potamotrygon histrix IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161657A5474126 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161657A5474126 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Rosa R S Charvet Almeida P Quijada C C D 2010 Biology of the South American Potamotrygonid Stingrays In Carrier J C Musick J A Heithaus M R eds Sharks and Their Relatives II Marine Biology Vol 20100521 CRC Press pp 241 285 doi 10 1201 9781420080483 c5 ISBN 978 1 4200 8047 6 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b c d Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2017 Potamotrygon hystrix in FishBase 10 2017 version Hamilton Stephen K Sippel Suzanne J Calheiros Dobora F Melack John M 1997 An anoxic event and other biogeochemical effects of the Pantanal wetland on the Paraguay River Limnology and Oceanography 42 doi 10 4319 lo 1997 42 2 0257 Carvalho M R d Rosa R S amp Araujo M L G 2016 A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray Chondrichthyes Potamotrygonidae from the Rio Negro Amazonas Brazil the smallest species of Potamotrygon Zootaxa 4107 4 566 586 a b Dawes John 2001 Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium New York Firefly Books Ltd ISBN 1 55297 544 4 Axelrod Herbert R 1996 Exotic Tropical Fishes T F H Publications ISBN 0 87666 543 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Griffith Robert W et al Serum Composition of Freshwater Stringrays Potamotrygonidae Adapted to Fresh and Dilute Sea Water Biological Bulletin vol 144 no 2 1973 pp 304 320 JSTOR www jstor org stable 1540010 Breeding of the raspy river stingray Potamotrygon scobina 2003 Retrieved 31 August 2012 Des reproductions regulieres en aquarium Veronique Ivanov 2009 01 05 Retrieved 31 August 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Porcupine river stingray amp oldid 1218603490, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
