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Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania

January 01, 1970

See also: Polish population transfers (1944–1946)

The population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania at the end of World War II (1944-1947) was based on an agreement signed on 9 September 1944 by the Lithuanian SSR with the newly-formed Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN). It stipulated the resettlement of ethnic Lithuanians from Poland to Lithuania and of ethnic Poles and Jews who had Polish citizenship before 17 September 1939 (date of the Soviet Invasion of Poland) from Lithuania to Poland, in accordance with the resolutions of the Yalta and Tehran conferences and the plans about the new Lithuania–Poland border.[1] Similar agreements were signed with the Ukrainian SSR (see Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine) and the Byelorussian SSR (see Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus); the three documents are commonly known as the Republican Agreements [pl].[2]

Implementation edit

The resettlement of ethnic Poles from Lithuania saw numerous delays. Local Polish clergy were active in agitating against leaving, and the underground press called those who had registered for repatriation traitors. Many ethnic Poles hoped that a post-war Peace Conference would assign the Vilnius region to Poland. After these hopes vanished, the number of people wanting to leave gradually increased, and they signed papers for the People's Republic of Poland State Repatriation Office representatives.

The Lithuanian communist party was dominated by a nationalist faction [citation needed] which supported the removal of the Polish intelligentsia, particularly from the highly contested Vilnius region.[3] The city of Vilnius was considered a historical capital of Lithuania; however, in the early 20th century its population was around 40% Polish, 30% Jewish and 20% Russian and Belarusian, with only about 2–3% self-declared Lithuanians.[citation needed] The government considered the rural Polish population important to the agricultural economy, and believed those people would be relatively amenable to assimilation policies (Lithuanization).[4][3]

But the government encouraged expulsion of Poles from Vilnius, and facilitated it. The result was a rapid depolonization and Lithuanization of the city[3] (80%[citation needed] of the Polish population was removed).[5] Furthermore, the Lithuanian ideology of "Ethnographic Lithuania" declared that many people who identified as Polish were in fact "polonized Lithuanians". The rural population was denied the right to leave Lithuania, due to their lack of official pre-war documentation showing Polish citizenship.[4][3] Contrary to the government's agreement with Poland, many individuals were threatened with either arrest or having to settle outstanding debts if they chose repatriation. Soviet authorities persecuted individuals connected to the Polish resistance (Armia Krajowa and Polish Underground State). In the end, about 50% of the 400,000 people registered for relocation were allowed to leave. Political scientist Dovilė Budrytė estimated that about 150,000 people left for Poland.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ "Переселение белорусов из Польши и Полесская область (1944-1947 гг.)"
  2. ^ А. Вялікі A. “Зыход” або перасяленне польскага насельніцтва з Гродна ў Польшчу ў 1944-1946 гг. In: Гісторыя і памяць. XV-XX стст. Матэрыялы міжнароднай навуковай канферэнцыі (Гародня, 9-10 лістапада 2013 г.), / Пад. Рэд. А.К. Краўцэвіча і А.Ф. Смалянчука, Гародня 2014. pp. 304-312.
  3. ^ a b c d Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-300-10586-X, Google Print, p.91-93
  4. ^ a b Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948, Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, ISBN 0-7425-1094-8, Google Print, p.141
  5. ^ Michael McQueen. "Collaboration as an Element in the Polish-Lithuanian struggle over Vilnius." Joachim Tauber. "Kollaboration" in Nordosteuropa. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. p. 172.
  6. ^ Dovile Budryte, Taming Nationalism?: Political Community Building in the Post-Soviet Baltic States, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 0-7546-4281-X, Google Print, p.147

January 01, 1970
population, exchange, between, poland, soviet, lithuania, also, polish, population, transfers, 1944, 1946, population, exchange, between, poland, soviet, lithuania, world, 1944, 1947, based, agreement, signed, september, 1944, lithuanian, with, newly, formed, . See also Polish population transfers 1944 1946 The population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania at the end of World War II 1944 1947 was based on an agreement signed on 9 September 1944 by the Lithuanian SSR with the newly formed Polish Committee of National Liberation PKWN It stipulated the resettlement of ethnic Lithuanians from Poland to Lithuania and of ethnic Poles and Jews who had Polish citizenship before 17 September 1939 date of the Soviet Invasion of Poland from Lithuania to Poland in accordance with the resolutions of the Yalta and Tehran conferences and the plans about the new Lithuania Poland border 1 Similar agreements were signed with the Ukrainian SSR see Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and the Byelorussian SSR see Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus the three documents are commonly known as the Republican Agreements pl 2 Implementation editThe resettlement of ethnic Poles from Lithuania saw numerous delays Local Polish clergy were active in agitating against leaving and the underground press called those who had registered for repatriation traitors Many ethnic Poles hoped that a post war Peace Conference would assign the Vilnius region to Poland After these hopes vanished the number of people wanting to leave gradually increased and they signed papers for the People s Republic of Poland State Repatriation Office representatives The Lithuanian communist party was dominated by a nationalist faction citation needed which supported the removal of the Polish intelligentsia particularly from the highly contested Vilnius region 3 The city of Vilnius was considered a historical capital of Lithuania however in the early 20th century its population was around 40 Polish 30 Jewish and 20 Russian and Belarusian with only about 2 3 self declared Lithuanians citation needed The government considered the rural Polish population important to the agricultural economy and believed those people would be relatively amenable to assimilation policies Lithuanization 4 3 But the government encouraged expulsion of Poles from Vilnius and facilitated it The result was a rapid depolonization and Lithuanization of the city 3 80 citation needed of the Polish population was removed 5 Furthermore the Lithuanian ideology of Ethnographic Lithuania declared that many people who identified as Polish were in fact polonized Lithuanians The rural population was denied the right to leave Lithuania due to their lack of official pre war documentation showing Polish citizenship 4 3 Contrary to the government s agreement with Poland many individuals were threatened with either arrest or having to settle outstanding debts if they chose repatriation Soviet authorities persecuted individuals connected to the Polish resistance Armia Krajowa and Polish Underground State In the end about 50 of the 400 000 people registered for relocation were allowed to leave Political scientist Dovile Budryte estimated that about 150 000 people left for Poland 6 References edit Pereselenie belorusov iz Polshi i Polesskaya oblast 1944 1947 gg A Vyaliki A Zyhod abo perasyalenne polskaga naselnictva z Grodna y Polshchu y 1944 1946 gg In Gistoryya i pamyac XV XX stst Materyyaly mizhnarodnaj navukovaj kanferencyi Garodnya 9 10 listapada 2013 g Pad Red A K Kraycevicha i A F Smalyanchuka Garodnya 2014 pp 304 312 a b c d Timothy Snyder The Reconstruction of Nations Poland Ukraine Lithuania Belarus 1569 1999 Yale University Press 2004 ISBN 0 300 10586 X Google Print p 91 93 a b Philipp Ther Ana Siljak Redrawing Nations Ethnic Cleansing in East Central Europe 1944 1948 Rowman amp Littlefield 2001 ISBN 0 7425 1094 8 Google Print p 141 Michael McQueen Collaboration as an Element in the Polish Lithuanian struggle over Vilnius Joachim Tauber Kollaboration in Nordosteuropa Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 p 172 Dovile Budryte Taming Nationalism Political Community Building in the Post Soviet Baltic States Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2005 ISBN 0 7546 4281 X Google Print p 147 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania amp oldid 1212901240, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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