The numbering of "Popes John" does not occur in strict numerical order. Although there have been twenty-one legitimate popes named John, the numbering has reached XXIII because of two clerical errors that were introduced in the Middle Ages: first, antipope John XVI was kept in the numbering sequence instead of being removed; then, the number XX was skipped because Pope John XXI counted John XIV twice.
Dual-numbered John XVI (XVII).[2] He was elected in opposition to Pope Gregory V (996–999) and is now considered to be an antipope, but his regnal number XVI was kept in the sequence.
Dual-numbered John XXI (XX).[6]Pedro Julião selected the number XXI because he believed that "Popes John XV" through "XIX" should have been numbered "XVI" through "XX".
Roncalli's choice of XXIII rather than XXIV confirmed the antipope status of Baldassare Cossa.
21
John XXedit
The number XX was skipped due to confusion over John XIV (983–984), which resulted from an error in the textual transmission of his entry in the Liber Pontificalis. This entry originally specified not only the duration of his pontificate ("VIII mens." = eight months), but also the duration of his ensuing imprisonment by antipopeBoniface VII, "per IV menses" ("for four months"). In the 11th century, some time after John XIX's pontificate, this entry on John XIV was misread to be referring to two different "Popes John", the first reigning for eight months who was directly succeeded by another John reigning for four months:
Iohannes m. VIII ("John, eight months")
Iohannes m. IV ("John, four months")
In distinguishing these two Johns, the second one came to be numbered "Iohannes XIV. bis" ("John XIV the second") and it was confused with a historic character, the cardinal deacon John son of Robert, who opposed Boniface VII after John XIV's death. Since John XV through XIX seemed to have neglected the existence of John XIV "bis", Pedro Julião "corrected" this "error" by taking the name John XXI.
Since these calculations were discovered in the 19th century, the popes are now listed using the numbers they used during their reigns. There is no real John XX. However, "Popes John XV" through "XIX" are dual-numbered "XVI" through "XX" because some sources had already used the altered numbering sequence. John XXI is also dual-numbered XX in older works.
John XXIIIedit
During the Western Schism, there were two claimants to the papacy. The Council of Pisa (1409) tried to end the schism by electing Alexander V as pope. However, neither the Avignon antipope nor the Roman pope was willing to abdicate, so there were now three papal claimants. The Pisan antipope Alexander V was succeeded by John XXIII, who abdicated in 1415 as part of a deal to end the schism.
Until the mid-20th century, the Annuario Pontificio regarded the Roman line as legitimate until 1409, followed by the Pisan line until 1415. The last three popes of the schism were listed as Gregory XII (1406–1409), Alexander V (1409–1410), and John XXIII (1410–1415).[7] However, the Western Schism was reinterpreted when Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy."[8] This is reflected in modern editions of the Annuario Pontificio, which extend Gregory XII's reign to 1415. The Pisan popes Alexander V and John XXIII are now considered to be antipopes.
Referencesedit
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope John XV (XVI)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John XVI (XVII)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope John XVII (XVIII)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope John XVIII (XIX)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope John XIX (XX)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope John XXI (XX)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ abAnnuario pontificio per l'anno 1942, Rome, page 21, nrs. 205, Gregorio XII, Veneto, Correr (c. 1406, cessò a. 1409, m. 1417) - Pont. a. 2, m. 6, g. 4, 206, Alessandro V, dell'Isola di Candia, Filargo (c. 1409, m. 1410) - Pont. m. 10, g. 8, 207, Giovanni XXII o XXIII o XXIV, Napoletano, Cossa (c. 1410, cessò dal pontificare 29, mag. 1415).
^"I Choose John..." in Time, 10 November 1958, p 93.
Sourceedit
Reginald L. Poole: "The Names and Numbers of Medieval Popes", in: The English Historical Review, Vol. 32, No. 128 (1917), pp. 465–478, see especially pp. 474–475
pope, john, numbering, numbering, popes, john, does, occur, strict, numerical, order, although, there, have, been, twenty, legitimate, popes, named, john, numbering, reached, xxiii, because, clerical, errors, that, were, introduced, middle, ages, first, antipo. The numbering of Popes John does not occur in strict numerical order Although there have been twenty one legitimate popes named John the numbering has reached XXIII because of two clerical errors that were introduced in the Middle Ages first antipope John XVI was kept in the numbering sequence instead of being removed then the number XX was skipped because Pope John XXI counted John XIV twice Contents 1 List of Johns since the errors 2 John XX 3 John XXIII 4 References 5 SourceList of Johns since the errors editModern number Dates of Papacy Birth name Notes There is no controversy regarding the numbering of Popes John I through XIV I II III IV V VI VII Anti VIII VIII IX X XI XII XIIIPope John XIV 983 984 Pietro Canepanova 14John XIVb or John XIV bis Did not exist Medieval historians misread the Liber Pontificalis to be referring to another Pope John between Pope John XIV and the true Pope John XV Pope John XV 985 996 John Dual numbered John XV XVI due to John XIV bis 1 15Antipope John XVI 997 998 Johannes Philagathos or Piligato or Filagatto Dual numbered John XVI XVII 2 He was elected in opposition to Pope Gregory V 996 999 and is now considered to be an antipope but his regnal number XVI was kept in the sequence Pope John XVII 1003 Sicco Dual numbered John XVII XVIII 3 16Pope John XVIII 1004 1009 Fasanius Dual numbered John XVIII XIX 4 17Pope John XIX 1024 1032 Romanus Dual numbered John XIX XX 5 18XX skipped Did not exist The number XX was skipped by John XXI Pope John XXI 1276 1277 Pedro Juliaoromanised as Petrus Hispanus Dual numbered John XXI XX 6 Pedro Juliao selected the number XXI because he believed that Popes John XV through XIX should have been numbered XVI through XX 19Pope John XXII 1316 1334 Jacques Dueze 20Antipope John XXIII 1410 1415 Baldassare Cossa Listed in the Annuario pontificio as a legitimate pope until the mid 20th century 7 Pope John XXIII 1958 1963 Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli Roncalli s choice of XXIII rather than XXIV confirmed the antipope status of Baldassare Cossa 21John XX editThe number XX was skipped due to confusion over John XIV 983 984 which resulted from an error in the textual transmission of his entry in the Liber Pontificalis This entry originally specified not only the duration of his pontificate VIII mens eight months but also the duration of his ensuing imprisonment by antipope Boniface VII per IV menses for four months In the 11th century some time after John XIX s pontificate this entry on John XIV was misread to be referring to two different Popes John the first reigning for eight months who was directly succeeded by another John reigning for four months Iohannes m VIII John eight months Iohannes m IV John four months In distinguishing these two Johns the second one came to be numbered Iohannes XIV bis John XIV the second and it was confused with a historic character the cardinal deacon John son of Robert who opposed Boniface VII after John XIV s death Since John XV through XIX seemed to have neglected the existence of John XIV bis Pedro Juliao corrected this error by taking the name John XXI Since these calculations were discovered in the 19th century the popes are now listed using the numbers they used during their reigns There is no real John XX However Popes John XV through XIX are dual numbered XVI through XX because some sources had already used the altered numbering sequence John XXI is also dual numbered XX in older works John XXIII editDuring the Western Schism there were two claimants to the papacy The Council of Pisa 1409 tried to end the schism by electing Alexander V as pope However neither the Avignon antipope nor the Roman pope was willing to abdicate so there were now three papal claimants The Pisan antipope Alexander V was succeeded by John XXIII who abdicated in 1415 as part of a deal to end the schism Until the mid 20th century the Annuario Pontificio regarded the Roman line as legitimate until 1409 followed by the Pisan line until 1415 The last three popes of the schism were listed as Gregory XII 1406 1409 Alexander V 1409 1410 and John XXIII 1410 1415 7 However the Western Schism was reinterpreted when Pope John XXIII 1958 1963 chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII citing twenty two sic Johns of indisputable legitimacy 8 This is reflected in modern editions of the Annuario Pontificio which extend Gregory XII s reign to 1415 The Pisan popes Alexander V and John XXIII are now considered to be antipopes References edit Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Pope John XV XVI Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Herbermann Charles ed 1913 John XVI XVII Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Pope John XVII XVIII Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Pope John XVIII XIX Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Pope John XIX XX Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Pope John XXI XX Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company a b Annuario pontificio per l anno 1942 Rome page 21 nrs 205 Gregorio XII Veneto Correr c 1406 cesso a 1409 m 1417 Pont a 2 m 6 g 4 206 Alessandro V dell Isola di Candia Filargo c 1409 m 1410 Pont m 10 g 8 207 Giovanni XXII o XXIII o XXIV Napoletano Cossa c 1410 cesso dal pontificare 29 mag 1415 I Choose John in Time 10 November 1958 p 93 Source editReginald L Poole The Names and Numbers of Medieval Popes in The English Historical Review Vol 32 No 128 1917 pp 465 478 see especially pp 474 475 Portal nbsp Christianity Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pope John numbering amp oldid 1131861050 John XX, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
