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Polyandrocarpa

December 15, 2023

Polyandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates within the family Styelidae.

Polyandrocarpa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Subphylum:
Tunicata
Class:
Ascidiacea
Order:
Stolidobranchia
Family:
Styelidae
Genus:
Polyandrocarpa

Michaelsen, 1904
Species

See text

Taxonomy edit

Tunicates are a subphylum of the Chordata and occupy a diverse range of marine habitats such as shallow water, near shore, open ocean, and the deep sea.[1] Tunicates are invertebrates, and their bodies are surrounded by a tunic resembling cartilage, composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and tunicin, with thickness ranging from thin and delicate to transparent and gelatinous.[2] The three classes of tunicates are Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, and Appendicularia.[1]

The Ascidiacea class, also known as the sea squirts, are primarily sessile species that filter-feed and reproduce by budding.[3] This class contains three orders: Aplousobranchia, Phlebobranchia, and Stolidobranchia.

The order Stolidobranchia are distinguished from other tunicates due to the presence of folded pharyngeal baskets.[4] The order Stolidobranchia contains three families: Molgulidae, Pyuridae, and Styelidae.[5]

Styelidae contain both colonial and solitary species, and a number of these species have intermediate morphologies.[5] For example, certain social species within the Styelidae family reproduce clonally, and others grow in large clusters that resemble social colonies; some species brood larvae, and others are solitary, free-spawning species; and some species within Styelidae exhibit direct development.[5]

Polyandrocarpa are a genus within the family Styelidae. Characteristics of Polyandrocarpa species include bilateral symmetry, colonial organization, a soft-bodied skeletal structure, i.e., invertebrates, and may possibly include an ocelli visual system. Species are filter feeders in marine benthic and shallow environments.[6]

Species edit

Species within the genus Polyandrocarpa include:[7]

  • Polyandrocarpa abjornseni Michaelsen, 1927
    • Polyandrocarpa abjornseni have two, long-oval gonads on each side of the body, each with six pairs of male follicles, differing from most known species of Polyandrocarpa that have short, numerous polycarp-type gonads.[8]
  • Polyandrocarpa anguinea Sluiter, 1898
    • Polyandrocarpa anguinea has a known distribution of the Southeastern United States (Florida), Panama, Martinica, Southeastern Brazil, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Mauricius Island, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, and New Caledonia.[9]
  • Polyandrocarpa arianae Monniot F., 2016
    • Polyandrocarpa arianae has a polycarpid gonad.[10]
  • Polyandrocarpa aurorae Monniot F., 2018
  • Polyandrocarpa australiensis Kott, 1952
  • Polyandrocarpa chendurensis Renganathan & Krishnaswamy, 1985
  • Polyandrocarpa colemani Kott, 1992
    • Polyandrocarpa colemani have a large colony of zooids and a thick layer of muscles within the body wall.[8]
  • Polyandrocarpa colligata Sluiter, 1913
  • Polyandrocarpa durbanensis Millar, 1955
  • Polyandrocarpa glandulosa Monniot C., 1987
  • Polyandrocarpa gravei Van Name, 1931
  • Polyandrocarpa griffithsi Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001
  • Polyandrocarpa lapidosa Herdman, 1891
  • Polyandrocarpa misakiensis Watanabe & Tokioka, 1972
  • Polyandrocarpa oligocarpa Millar, 1970
  • Polyandrocarpa ordinata Monniot C., 1983
  • Polyandrocarpa pilella Herdman, 1881
  • Polyandrocarpa placenta Herdman, 1886
  • Polyandrocarpa polypora Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001
  • Polyandrocarpa robusta Sluiter, 1919
  • Polyandrocarpa rollandi Tokioka, 1961
  • Polyandrocarpa shimodensis Brunetti, 2007
  • Polyandrocarpa simulans Kott, 1972
  • Polyandrocarpa sparsa Kott, 1985
  • Polyandrocarpa triggiensis Kott, 1952
  • Polyandrocarpa watsonia Kott, 1985
  • Polyandrocarpa zorritensis Van Name, 1931
    • Polyandrocarpa zorritensis has a known distribution of Japan, Guam, and Hawaii, with a probable geographical origin of the Western Pacific region.[9] It is a colonial species with an asexual life cycle.[11]

Habitat and distribution edit

Polyandrocarpa have been found in marine environments globally.[12] Species can range from shallow environments to benthic environments. For example, Polyandrocarpa zorritensis is a shallow species, whereas Polyandrocarpa arianae have been found deeper than 90 meters in the Mediterranean Sea.[13]

Polyandrocarpa have been reported in various regions, including the coasts of North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.[9][14]

Some species of Polyandrocarpa are invasive in certain regions. For example, Polyandrocarpa zorritensis is native to the Atlantic Ocean but is considered a threat to certain marine species in the Mediterranean Sea.[14][15]

Habitats of Polyandrocarpa species include coral reefs, estuaries, rocky or other hard surfaces, and marine benthic environments. Species attach to surfaces using an adhesive secretion.[14][16]

Species of Polyandrocarpa play an important role in marine ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to remove small particles and pollutants from the water.[17][18]

Diet edit

Polyandrocarpa feed on small particles and plankton.[18]

Life history edit

Polyandrocarpa are characterized by their small size and simple body structure. They typically form small, spherical colonies that consist of multiple individuals, or zooids, connected together.[19]

Polyandrocarpa form colonies composed of multiple individuals.[12][8]

Polyandrocarpa can have colonies with embedded zooids or separate zooids joined by basal stolons, though the majority of species within this genus do not have completely embedded zooids.[8] Each zooid has a sac-like body with two siphons: an inhalant siphon that draws in water and food particles, and an exhalant siphon that expels waste and water back into the surrounding environment.[20] An exception to this is Polyandrocarpa colligata. P. colligata has completely embedded zooids and an encrusting colony.[8]

Tunicates can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Polyandrocarpa zorritensis have the ability to reproduce via non-embryonic development (NED), i.e., asexual budding. Polyandrocarpa are capable of regenerating body parts.[21]

Some Polyandrocarpa species have adapted to high-flow environments and are tolerant to temperature and salinity changes.[22]

Uses by humans edit

Some species of Polyandrocarpa are also used in biomedical research due to their ability to regenerate body parts, which may have implications for human tissue engineering and organ transplantations in the future.[21]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Holland, Linda Z. (2016-02-22). "Tunicates". Current Biology. 26 (4): R146–R152. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.024. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26906481. S2CID 235602431.
  2. ^ Daugavet, M. A.; Dobrynina, M. I.; Shaposhnikova, T. G.; Solovyeva, A. I.; Mittenberg, A. G.; Shabelnikov, S. V.; Babkina, I. Yu.; Grinchenko, A. V.; Ilyaskina, D. V.; Podgornaya, O. I. (2022-08-22). "New putative phenol oxidase in ascidian blood cells". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 14326. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1214326D. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18283-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9395347. PMID 35995990.
  3. ^ Shenkar, Noa; Swalla, Billie J. (2011-06-20). "Global Diversity of Ascidiacea". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20657. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620657S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020657. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3119061. PMID 21701684.
  4. ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1980). Invertebrate zoology (4 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College. ISBN 0-03-056747-5. OCLC 5830048.
  5. ^ a b c Zeng, Liyun; Jacobs, Molly W.; Swalla, Billie J. (June 1, 2006). "Coloniality has evolved once in Stolidobranch Ascidians". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (3): 255–268. doi:10.1093/icb/icj035. PMID 21672740. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  6. ^ "Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen 1904 - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  7. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  8. ^ a b c d e Kott, Patricia (2005-09-27). "Novel Australian Polyzoinae (Styelidae, Tunicata)". Journal of Natural History. 39 (32): 2997–3011. doi:10.1080/00222930500239702. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 86839475.
  9. ^ a b c Carman, Mary R. (2011). "Ascidians at the Pacific and Atlantic entrances to the Panama Canal". Aquatic Invasions. 6 (4): 371–380. doi:10.3391/ai.2011.6.4.02. hdl:1912/5294.
  10. ^ "Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  11. ^ Scelzo, Marta; Alié, Alexandre; Pagnotta, Sophie; Lejeune, Camille; Henry, Pauline; Gilletta, Laurent; Hiebert, Laurel S.; Mastrototaro, Francesco; Tiozzo, Stefano (2019-04-03). "Novel budding mode in Polyandrocarpa zorritensis: a model for comparative studies on asexual development and whole body regeneration". EvoDevo. 10 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s13227-019-0121-x. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 6446293. PMID 30984365.
  12. ^ a b "Polyandrocarpa zorritensis". invasions.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  13. ^ Monniot, Françoise (2016-06-28). "A new species of Polyandrocarpa (Ascidiacea, Styelidae) in the Mediterranean Sea". Zootaxa. 4132 (1): 87–96. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4132.1.7. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27395654.
  14. ^ a b c "Polyandrocarpa zorritensis". invasions.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  15. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Polyandrocarpa zorritensis (Van Name, 1931)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  16. ^ Mastrototaro, Francesco (2022-01-07). "Polyandrocarpa zorritensis". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium: 108975. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.108975. ISSN 2958-3969. S2CID 253656284.
  17. ^ Burge, Colleen A.; CLosek, Collin J.; Friedman, Carolyn S.; Groner, Maya L.; Jenkins, Cody M.; Shore-Maggio, Amanda; Welsh, Jennifer E. (October 4, 2016). "The Use of Filter-feeders to Manage Disease in a Changing World". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 56 (4): 573–587. doi:10.1093/icb/icw048. PMID 27371383. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  18. ^ a b Jacobi, Yuval; Yahel, Gitai; Shenkar, Noa (November 20, 2017). "Efficient filtration of micron and submicron particles by ascidians from oligotrophic waters: Submicron particle capture by ascidians". Limnology and Oceanography. 63 (S1): S267–S279. doi:10.1002/lno.10736. S2CID 90375734.
  19. ^ Alié, Alexandre; Hiebert, Laurel Sky; Simion, Paul; Scelzo, Marta; Prünster, Maria Mandela; Lotito, Sonia; Delsuc, Frédéric; Douzery, Emmanuel J P; Dantec, Christelle; Lemaire, Patrick; Darras, Sébastien; Kawamura, Kazuo; Brown, Federico D; Tiozzo, Stefano (2018-07-01). King, Nicole (ed.). "Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35 (7): 1728–1743. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy068. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 5995219. PMID 29660002.
  20. ^ Koyama, Hiromichi; Kusunoki, Toyokazu (1993-12-22). "Organization of the cerebral ganglion of the colonial ascidianPolyandrocarpa misakiensis". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 338 (4): 549–559. doi:10.1002/cne.903380405. ISSN 0021-9967. PMID 8132860. S2CID 6884687.
  21. ^ a b Scelzo, Marta; Alié, Alexandre; Pagnotta, Sophie; Lejeune, Camille; Henry, Pauline; Gilletta, Laurent; Hiebert, Laurel S.; Mastrototaro, Francesco; Tiozzo, Stefano (2019). "Novel budding mode in Polyandrocarpa zorritensis: a model for comparative studies on asexual development and whole body regeneration". EvoDevo. 10 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s13227-019-0121-x. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 6446293. PMID 30984365.
  22. ^ Alié, Alexandre; Hiebert, Laurel Sky; Simion, Paul; Scelzo, Marta; Prünster, Maria Mandela; Lotito, Sonia; Delsuc, Frédéric; Douzery, Emmanuel J P; Dantec, Christelle; Lemaire, Patrick; Darras, Sébastien; Kawamura, Kazuo; Brown, Federico D; Tiozzo, Stefano (2018-07-01). King, Nicole (ed.). "Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35 (7): 1728–1743. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy068. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 5995219. PMID 29660002 – via National Library of Medicine.

December 15, 2023
polyandrocarpa, genus, ascidian, tunicates, within, family, styelidae, scientific, classificationkingdom, animaliaphylum, chordatasubphylum, tunicataclass, ascidiaceaorder, stolidobranchiafamily, styelidaegenus, michaelsen, 1904speciessee, text, contents, taxo. Polyandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates within the family Styelidae PolyandrocarpaScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum TunicataClass AscidiaceaOrder StolidobranchiaFamily StyelidaeGenus PolyandrocarpaMichaelsen 1904SpeciesSee text Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Species 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Diet 5 Life history 6 Uses by humans 7 ReferencesTaxonomy editTunicates are a subphylum of the Chordata and occupy a diverse range of marine habitats such as shallow water near shore open ocean and the deep sea 1 Tunicates are invertebrates and their bodies are surrounded by a tunic resembling cartilage composed of proteins carbohydrates and tunicin with thickness ranging from thin and delicate to transparent and gelatinous 2 The three classes of tunicates are Ascidiacea Thaliacea and Appendicularia 1 The Ascidiacea class also known as the sea squirts are primarily sessile species that filter feed and reproduce by budding 3 This class contains three orders Aplousobranchia Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia The order Stolidobranchia are distinguished from other tunicates due to the presence of folded pharyngeal baskets 4 The order Stolidobranchia contains three families Molgulidae Pyuridae and Styelidae 5 Styelidae contain both colonial and solitary species and a number of these species have intermediate morphologies 5 For example certain social species within the Styelidae family reproduce clonally and others grow in large clusters that resemble social colonies some species brood larvae and others are solitary free spawning species and some species within Styelidae exhibit direct development 5 Polyandrocarpa are a genus within the family Styelidae Characteristics of Polyandrocarpa species include bilateral symmetry colonial organization a soft bodied skeletal structure i e invertebrates and may possibly include an ocelli visual system Species are filter feeders in marine benthic and shallow environments 6 Species editSpecies within the genus Polyandrocarpa include 7 Polyandrocarpa abjornseni Michaelsen 1927 Polyandrocarpa abjornseni have two long oval gonads on each side of the body each with six pairs of male follicles differing from most known species of Polyandrocarpa that have short numerous polycarp type gonads 8 Polyandrocarpa anguinea Sluiter 1898 Polyandrocarpa anguinea has a known distribution of the Southeastern United States Florida Panama Martinica Southeastern Brazil Sierra Leone South Africa Mauricius Island Indonesia Philippines Australia and New Caledonia 9 Polyandrocarpa arianae Monniot F 2016 Polyandrocarpa arianae has a polycarpid gonad 10 Polyandrocarpa aurorae Monniot F 2018 Polyandrocarpa australiensis Kott 1952 Polyandrocarpa chendurensis Renganathan amp Krishnaswamy 1985 Polyandrocarpa colemani Kott 1992 Polyandrocarpa colemani have a large colony of zooids and a thick layer of muscles within the body wall 8 Polyandrocarpa colligata Sluiter 1913 Polyandrocarpa durbanensis Millar 1955 Polyandrocarpa glandulosa Monniot C 1987 Polyandrocarpa gravei Van Name 1931 Polyandrocarpa griffithsi Monniot C Monniot F Griffiths amp Schleyer 2001 Polyandrocarpa lapidosa Herdman 1891 Polyandrocarpa misakiensis Watanabe amp Tokioka 1972 Polyandrocarpa oligocarpa Millar 1970 Polyandrocarpa ordinata Monniot C 1983 Polyandrocarpa pilella Herdman 1881 Polyandrocarpa placenta Herdman 1886 Polyandrocarpa polypora Monniot F amp Monniot C 2001 Polyandrocarpa robusta Sluiter 1919 Polyandrocarpa rollandi Tokioka 1961 Polyandrocarpa shimodensis Brunetti 2007 Polyandrocarpa simulans Kott 1972 Polyandrocarpa sparsa Kott 1985 Polyandrocarpa triggiensis Kott 1952 Polyandrocarpa watsonia Kott 1985 Polyandrocarpa zorritensis Van Name 1931 Polyandrocarpa zorritensis has a known distribution of Japan Guam and Hawaii with a probable geographical origin of the Western Pacific region 9 It is a colonial species with an asexual life cycle 11 Habitat and distribution editPolyandrocarpa have been found in marine environments globally 12 Species can range from shallow environments to benthic environments For example Polyandrocarpa zorritensis is a shallow species whereas Polyandrocarpa arianae have been found deeper than 90 meters in the Mediterranean Sea 13 Polyandrocarpa have been reported in various regions including the coasts of North America South America Europe Africa Asia Australia and in the Atlantic Pacific and Indian Oceans 9 14 Some species of Polyandrocarpa are invasive in certain regions For example Polyandrocarpa zorritensis is native to the Atlantic Ocean but is considered a threat to certain marine species in the Mediterranean Sea 14 15 Habitats of Polyandrocarpa species include coral reefs estuaries rocky or other hard surfaces and marine benthic environments Species attach to surfaces using an adhesive secretion 14 16 Species of Polyandrocarpa play an important role in marine ecosystems as filter feeders helping to remove small particles and pollutants from the water 17 18 Diet editPolyandrocarpa feed on small particles and plankton 18 Life history editPolyandrocarpa are characterized by their small size and simple body structure They typically form small spherical colonies that consist of multiple individuals or zooids connected together 19 Polyandrocarpa form colonies composed of multiple individuals 12 8 Polyandrocarpa can have colonies with embedded zooids or separate zooids joined by basal stolons though the majority of species within this genus do not have completely embedded zooids 8 Each zooid has a sac like body with two siphons an inhalant siphon that draws in water and food particles and an exhalant siphon that expels waste and water back into the surrounding environment 20 An exception to this is Polyandrocarpa colligata P colligata has completely embedded zooids and an encrusting colony 8 Tunicates can reproduce both sexually and asexually Polyandrocarpa zorritensis have the ability to reproduce via non embryonic development NED i e asexual budding Polyandrocarpa are capable of regenerating body parts 21 Some Polyandrocarpa species have adapted to high flow environments and are tolerant to temperature and salinity changes 22 Uses by humans editSome species of Polyandrocarpa are also used in biomedical research due to their ability to regenerate body parts which may have implications for human tissue engineering and organ transplantations in the future 21 References edit a b Holland Linda Z 2016 02 22 Tunicates Current Biology 26 4 R146 R152 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 12 024 ISSN 0960 9822 PMID 26906481 S2CID 235602431 Daugavet M A Dobrynina M I Shaposhnikova T G Solovyeva A I Mittenberg A G Shabelnikov S V Babkina I Yu Grinchenko A V Ilyaskina D V Podgornaya O I 2022 08 22 New putative phenol oxidase in ascidian blood cells Scientific Reports 12 1 14326 Bibcode 2022NatSR 1214326D doi 10 1038 s41598 022 18283 9 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 9395347 PMID 35995990 Shenkar Noa Swalla Billie J 2011 06 20 Global Diversity of Ascidiacea PLOS ONE 6 6 e20657 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 620657S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0020657 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3119061 PMID 21701684 Barnes Robert D 1980 Invertebrate zoology 4 ed Philadelphia Saunders College ISBN 0 03 056747 5 OCLC 5830048 a b c Zeng Liyun Jacobs Molly W Swalla Billie J June 1 2006 Coloniality has evolved once in Stolidobranch Ascidians Integrative and Comparative Biology 46 3 255 268 doi 10 1093 icb icj035 PMID 21672740 Retrieved 2023 04 19 Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen 1904 Encyclopedia of Life eol org Retrieved 2023 04 19 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen 1904 www marinespecies org Retrieved 2023 04 19 a b c d e Kott Patricia 2005 09 27 Novel Australian Polyzoinae Styelidae Tunicata Journal of Natural History 39 32 2997 3011 doi 10 1080 00222930500239702 ISSN 0022 2933 S2CID 86839475 a b c Carman Mary R 2011 Ascidians at the Pacific and Atlantic entrances to the Panama Canal Aquatic Invasions 6 4 371 380 doi 10 3391 ai 2011 6 4 02 hdl 1912 5294 Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians academic oup com Retrieved 2023 04 19 Scelzo Marta Alie Alexandre Pagnotta Sophie Lejeune Camille Henry Pauline Gilletta Laurent Hiebert Laurel S Mastrototaro Francesco Tiozzo Stefano 2019 04 03 Novel budding mode in Polyandrocarpa zorritensis a model for comparative studies on asexual development and whole body regeneration EvoDevo 10 1 7 doi 10 1186 s13227 019 0121 x ISSN 2041 9139 PMC 6446293 PMID 30984365 a b Polyandrocarpa zorritensis invasions si edu Retrieved 2023 04 19 Monniot Francoise 2016 06 28 A new species of Polyandrocarpa Ascidiacea Styelidae in the Mediterranean Sea Zootaxa 4132 1 87 96 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4132 1 7 ISSN 1175 5334 PMID 27395654 a b c Polyandrocarpa zorritensis invasions si edu Retrieved 2023 04 19 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Polyandrocarpa zorritensis Van Name 1931 www marinespecies org Retrieved 2023 04 19 Mastrototaro Francesco 2022 01 07 Polyandrocarpa zorritensis CABI Compendium CABI Compendium 108975 doi 10 1079 cabicompendium 108975 ISSN 2958 3969 S2CID 253656284 Burge Colleen A CLosek Collin J Friedman Carolyn S Groner Maya L Jenkins Cody M Shore Maggio Amanda Welsh Jennifer E October 4 2016 The Use of Filter feeders to Manage Disease in a Changing World Integrative and Comparative Biology 56 4 573 587 doi 10 1093 icb icw048 PMID 27371383 Retrieved 2023 04 19 a b Jacobi Yuval Yahel Gitai Shenkar Noa November 20 2017 Efficient filtration of micron and submicron particles by ascidians from oligotrophic waters Submicron particle capture by ascidians Limnology and Oceanography 63 S1 S267 S279 doi 10 1002 lno 10736 S2CID 90375734 Alie Alexandre Hiebert Laurel Sky Simion Paul Scelzo Marta Prunster Maria Mandela Lotito Sonia Delsuc Frederic Douzery Emmanuel J P Dantec Christelle Lemaire Patrick Darras Sebastien Kawamura Kazuo Brown Federico D Tiozzo Stefano 2018 07 01 King Nicole ed Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 7 1728 1743 doi 10 1093 molbev msy068 ISSN 0737 4038 PMC 5995219 PMID 29660002 Koyama Hiromichi Kusunoki Toyokazu 1993 12 22 Organization of the cerebral ganglion of the colonial ascidianPolyandrocarpa misakiensis The Journal of Comparative Neurology 338 4 549 559 doi 10 1002 cne 903380405 ISSN 0021 9967 PMID 8132860 S2CID 6884687 a b Scelzo Marta Alie Alexandre Pagnotta Sophie Lejeune Camille Henry Pauline Gilletta Laurent Hiebert Laurel S Mastrototaro Francesco Tiozzo Stefano 2019 Novel budding mode in Polyandrocarpa zorritensis a model for comparative studies on asexual development and whole body regeneration EvoDevo 10 1 7 doi 10 1186 s13227 019 0121 x ISSN 2041 9139 PMC 6446293 PMID 30984365 Alie Alexandre Hiebert Laurel Sky Simion Paul Scelzo Marta Prunster Maria Mandela Lotito Sonia Delsuc Frederic Douzery Emmanuel J P Dantec Christelle Lemaire Patrick Darras Sebastien Kawamura Kazuo Brown Federico D Tiozzo Stefano 2018 07 01 King Nicole ed Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 7 1728 1743 doi 10 1093 molbev msy068 ISSN 0737 4038 PMC 5995219 PMID 29660002 via National Library of Medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polyandrocarpa amp oldid 1189018370, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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