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Pneumoviridae

March 01, 2024

Pneumoviridae (from Greek pneumo- 'lung' + -viridae 'virus', from Latin, 'poison, slimy liquid')[2][3] is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales.[1][4] Humans, cattle, and rodents serve as natural hosts.[5] Respiratory tract infections are associated with member viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus. There are five species in the family which are divided between the genera Metapneumovirus and Orthopneumovirus. The family used to be considered as a sub-family of Paramyxoviridae, but has been reclassified as of 2016.[1]

Pneumoviridae
Pneumovirus structure and genome
Transmission electron micrograph of Human orthopneumovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Pneumoviridae
Genera[1]

Virology edit

Structure edit

Pneumoviruses are pleomorphic, capable of producing spherical and filamentous, enveloped virions (virus particles) that vary in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid consisting of a protein shell and viral nucleic acids has a helical symmetry. Nucleocapsids have a diameter of 13.5 nm and a helical pitch of 6.5 nm.[6]

Genome edit

The genome is composed of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA that is non-segmented. It is about 15 kbp in size, and encodes eleven proteins.[5] A unique feature of the genome is the M2 gene, which encodes proteins M2-1 and M2-2. The pneumovirus M2-1 protein is distinctive, and no homologue has been found in any other virus families. It functions as a processivity factor for the virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and promotes viral RNA synthesis.[7] Viruses in this family are often associated with respiratory infections, and are transmitted through respiratory secretions.[5]

Proteins edit

N – Nucleocapsid protein. Essential for viral replication and transcription. Plays a major role in forming a capsid around the viral genome.[8]

P – Phosphoprotein required for replication.[8] Facilitates RNA-dependent RNA polymerase attachment and recruits M2 protein.[9]

M1 – Matrix protein. Facilitates nucleocapsid and envelope interactions.[10]

M2-1 – Matrix protein. Intragenic and intergenic transcription factor required for mRNA transcript elongation.[8] Binds to nascent and provides stability in order to prevent premature termination.[11]

M2-2 – Matrix protein. Involved in regulating transcription and replication. When over expressed, has been shown to inhibit viral replication.[12]

F – Fusion protein. Type I glycoprotein that facilitates fusion between the virus and the host cell membrane.[13]

SH – Small hydrophobic protein. Non essential. Exact function is unknown. Suggested to alter membrane permeability and block apoptosis.[13][14]

G – Type II glycoprotein.[13] Facilitates virus attachment through interactions with glycosaminoglycans.[15]

L – RNA dependent RNA polymerase.[16] Required for replication.[8] Adds a methylated guanosine cap and poly(A) tail to nascent mRNA.[16]

Replication edit

Pneumoviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the host cell.[1][5] First, the virus binds to HN glycoprotein receptors expressed on the surface of the cell.[5] Then, through the action of the fusion protein, the virus fuses to the host plasma membrane and the nucleocapsid is released.[5] Prior to undergoing replication, mRNA is transcribed and viral proteins are translated. Transcription is dependent on virally encoded RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase, which binds the genome at the 3' leader region and then sequentially transcribes each gene. Translation of viral proteins is carried out by host cell ribosomes.[17][18] Once sufficient P, N, L, and M2 proteins are available to create a capsid around the newly replicated genome, the virus undergoes replication.[18] After replication, the P, L, and M proteins participate in forming the ribonucleocapsid. Once virion assembly is complete, the virion egresses by budding out of the cell.[18]

Infection in humans edit

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was first classified as a pneumovirus in 2001. It is a negative-strand RNA virus that is the second most common cause of lower respiratory infection in young children. Pneumoviruses are intermediate in size between viruses of the families Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae. Cytoplasmic inclusions are considerably more dense than those of other viruses in the family. Human metapneumovirus infection is very similar to the common cold; it is an upper respiratory infection. It will typically occur in the winter and early spring. This specific infection is most common in children, especially under the age of five. Common symptoms include runny nose, congestion, sore throat, cough, headache, and fever, which can be seen as a cold. It will typically go away after a few days. If this is seen in people over 75, then there is a cause for concern as it can turn to pneumonia.[19][20][21][22][23]

Taxonomy edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e "ICTV Online (10th) Report".
  2. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  4. ^ Afonso, Claudio L.; Amarasinghe, Gaya K.; Bányai, Krisztián; Bào, Yīmíng; Basler, Christopher F.; Bavari, Sina; Bejerman, Nicolás; Blasdell, Kim R.; Briand, François-Xavier (2016-08-01). "Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016". Archives of Virology. 161 (8): 2351–2360. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2880-1. ISSN 1432-8798. PMC 4947412. PMID 27216929.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "ViralZone: Pneumovirus". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  6. ^ Gutsche, Irina; Desfosses, Ambroise; Effantin, Grégory; Ling, Wai Li; Haupt, Melina; Ruigrok, Rob W. H.; Sachse, Carsten; Schoehn, Guy (2015-04-16). "Near-atomic cryo-EM structure of the helical measles virus nucleocapsid". Science. 348 (6235): 704–7. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..704G. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5137. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25883315. S2CID 206634912.
  7. ^ Kuhn, Jens H. (November 2015). (PDF). ICTV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  8. ^ a b c d Stokes, H. L.; Easton, A. J.; Marriott, A. C. (2003-01-01). "Chimeric pneumovirus nucleocapsid (N) proteins allow identification of amino acids essential for the function of the respiratory syncytial virus N protein". Journal of General Virology. 84 (10): 2679–2683. doi:10.1099/vir.0.19370-0. PMID 13679601.
  9. ^ Renner, Max; Bertinelli, Mattia; Leyrat, Cédric; Paesen, Guido C.; Oliveira, Laura Freitas Saraiva de; Huiskonen, Juha T.; Grimes, Jonathan M. (2016-02-15). "Nucleocapsid assembly in pneumoviruses is regulated by conformational switching of the N protein". eLife. 5: e12627. doi:10.7554/eLife.12627. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4798948. PMID 26880565.
  10. ^ Thomas., Leitner (2002-01-01). The Molecular Epidemiology of Human Viruses. Springer US. p. 330. OCLC 852790083.
  11. ^ Leyrat, Cedric; Renner, Max; Harlos, Karl; Huiskonen, Juha T.; Grimes, Jonathan M. (2014-05-19). "Drastic changes in conformational dynamics of the antiterminator M2-1 regulate transcription efficiency in Pneumovirinae". eLife. 3: e02674. doi:10.7554/eLife.02674. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4051120. PMID 24842877.
  12. ^ Cheng, Xing; Park, HyunJung; Zhou, Helen; Jin, Hong (2005-11-15). "Overexpression of the M2-2 Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibits Viral Replication". Journal of Virology. 79 (22): 13943–13952. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.22.13943-13952.2005. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 1280200. PMID 16254330.
  13. ^ a b c Melero, José A.; Mas, Vicente (2015-11-02). "The Pneumovirinae fusion (F) protein: A common target for vaccines and antivirals". Virus Research. Special Issue: Cell response to viral infection. 209: 128–135. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.024. PMID 25738581.
  14. ^ Graaf, Miranda de; Herfst, Sander; Aarbiou, Jamil; Burgers, Peter C.; Zaaraoui-Boutahar, Fatiha; Bijl, Maarten; IJcken, Wilfred van; Schrauwen, Eefje J. A.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E. (2013-03-06). "Small Hydrophobic Protein of Human Metapneumovirus Does Not Affect Virus Replication and Host Gene Expression In Vitro". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58572. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858572D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058572. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3590193. PMID 23484037.
  15. ^ Thammawat, Sutthiwan; Sadlon, Tania A.; Hallsworth, Peter G.; Gordon, David L. (2008-12-01). "Role of Cellular Glycosaminoglycans and Charged Regions of Viral G Protein in Human Metapneumovirus Infection". Journal of Virology. 82 (23): 11767–11774. doi:10.1128/JVI.01208-08. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2583676. PMID 18786997.
  16. ^ a b Paesen, Guido C.; Collet, Axelle; Sallamand, Corinne; Debart, Françoise; Vasseur, Jean-Jacques; Canard, Bruno; Decroly, Etienne; Grimes, Jonathan M. (2015-11-09). "X-ray structure and activities of an essential Mononegavirales L-protein domain". Nature Communications. 6: 8749. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8749P. doi:10.1038/ncomms9749. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4659945. PMID 26549102.
  17. ^ Easton, Andrew J.; Domachowske, Joseph B.; Rosenberg, Helene F. (2017-05-01). "Animal Pneumoviruses: Molecular Genetics and Pathogenesis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 17 (2): 390–412. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.2.390-412.2004. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 387412. PMID 15084507.
  18. ^ a b c Panda, Swagatika; Mohakud, Nirmal Kumar; Pena, Lindomar; Kumar, Subrat (2014). "Human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 25: 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1394. PMC 7110553. PMID 24841931.
  19. ^ "Pneumovirus". The Free Dictionary.
  20. ^ "Learn About Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)". American Lung Association. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  21. ^ "Wolters Kluwer Health - Article Landing Page". pt.wkhealth.com. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  22. ^ Bao, Xiaoyong; Liu, Tianshuang; Shan, Yichu; Li, Kui; Garofalo, Roberto P.; Casola, Antonella (2008-05-30). "Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses". PLOS Pathog. 4 (5): e1000077. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000077. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 2386556. PMID 18516301.
  23. ^ Peiris, J.S. Malik; Tang, Wing-Hong; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Khong, Pek-Lan; Guan, Yi; Lau, Yu-Lung; Chiu, Susan S. (2003-06-01). "Children with Respiratory Disease Associated with Metapneumovirus in Hong Kong". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9 (6): 628–633. doi:10.3201/eid0906.030009. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3000155. PMID 12781000.
  24. ^ Amarasinghe, Gaya K.; Bào, Yīmíng; Basler, Christopher F.; Bavari, Sina; Beer, Martin; Bejerman, Nicolás; Blasdell, Kim R.; Bochnowski, Alisa; Briese, Thomas (2017-04-07). "Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017". Archives of Virology. 162 (8): 2493–2504. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7. ISSN 1432-8798. PMC 5831667. PMID 28389807.

March 01, 2024
pneumoviridae, from, greek, pneumo, lung, viridae, virus, from, latin, poison, slimy, liquid, family, negative, strand, viruses, order, mononegavirales, humans, cattle, rodents, serve, natural, hosts, respiratory, tract, infections, associated, with, member, v. Pneumoviridae from Greek pneumo lung viridae virus from Latin poison slimy liquid 2 3 is a family of negative strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales 1 4 Humans cattle and rodents serve as natural hosts 5 Respiratory tract infections are associated with member viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus There are five species in the family which are divided between the genera Metapneumovirus and Orthopneumovirus The family used to be considered as a sub family of Paramyxoviridae but has been reclassified as of 2016 1 PneumoviridaePneumovirus structure and genomeTransmission electron micrograph of Human orthopneumovirusVirus classification unranked VirusRealm RiboviriaKingdom OrthornaviraePhylum NegarnaviricotaClass MonjiviricetesOrder MononegaviralesFamily PneumoviridaeGenera 1 Metapneumovirus Orthopneumovirus Contents 1 Virology 1 1 Structure 1 2 Genome 1 3 Proteins 1 4 Replication 2 Infection in humans 3 Taxonomy 4 ReferencesVirology editStructure edit Pneumoviruses are pleomorphic capable of producing spherical and filamentous enveloped virions virus particles that vary in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter The nucleocapsid consisting of a protein shell and viral nucleic acids has a helical symmetry Nucleocapsids have a diameter of 13 5 nm and a helical pitch of 6 5 nm 6 Genome edit The genome is composed of negative sense single stranded RNA that is non segmented It is about 15 kbp in size and encodes eleven proteins 5 A unique feature of the genome is the M2 gene which encodes proteins M2 1 and M2 2 The pneumovirus M2 1 protein is distinctive and no homologue has been found in any other virus families It functions as a processivity factor for the virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase and promotes viral RNA synthesis 7 Viruses in this family are often associated with respiratory infections and are transmitted through respiratory secretions 5 Proteins edit N Nucleocapsid protein Essential for viral replication and transcription Plays a major role in forming a capsid around the viral genome 8 P Phosphoprotein required for replication 8 Facilitates RNA dependent RNA polymerase attachment and recruits M2 protein 9 M1 Matrix protein Facilitates nucleocapsid and envelope interactions 10 M2 1 Matrix protein Intragenic and intergenic transcription factor required for mRNA transcript elongation 8 Binds to nascent and provides stability in order to prevent premature termination 11 M2 2 Matrix protein Involved in regulating transcription and replication When over expressed has been shown to inhibit viral replication 12 F Fusion protein Type I glycoprotein that facilitates fusion between the virus and the host cell membrane 13 SH Small hydrophobic protein Non essential Exact function is unknown Suggested to alter membrane permeability and block apoptosis 13 14 G Type II glycoprotein 13 Facilitates virus attachment through interactions with glycosaminoglycans 15 L RNA dependent RNA polymerase 16 Required for replication 8 Adds a methylated guanosine cap and poly A tail to nascent mRNA 16 Replication edit Pneumoviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the host cell 1 5 First the virus binds to HN glycoprotein receptors expressed on the surface of the cell 5 Then through the action of the fusion protein the virus fuses to the host plasma membrane and the nucleocapsid is released 5 Prior to undergoing replication mRNA is transcribed and viral proteins are translated Transcription is dependent on virally encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase which binds the genome at the 3 leader region and then sequentially transcribes each gene Translation of viral proteins is carried out by host cell ribosomes 17 18 Once sufficient P N L and M2 proteins are available to create a capsid around the newly replicated genome the virus undergoes replication 18 After replication the P L and M proteins participate in forming the ribonucleocapsid Once virion assembly is complete the virion egresses by budding out of the cell 18 Infection in humans editHuman metapneumovirus HMPV was first classified as a pneumovirus in 2001 It is a negative strand RNA virus that is the second most common cause of lower respiratory infection in young children Pneumoviruses are intermediate in size between viruses of the families Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae Cytoplasmic inclusions are considerably more dense than those of other viruses in the family Human metapneumovirus infection is very similar to the common cold it is an upper respiratory infection It will typically occur in the winter and early spring This specific infection is most common in children especially under the age of five Common symptoms include runny nose congestion sore throat cough headache and fever which can be seen as a cold It will typically go away after a few days If this is seen in people over 75 then there is a cause for concern as it can turn to pneumonia 19 20 21 22 23 Taxonomy editFamily Pneumoviridae genera species and their viruses 1 24 Genus Species Virus Abbreviation Metapneumovirus Avian metapneumovirus avian metapneumovirus AMPV Human metapneumovirus human metapneumovirus HMPV Orthopneumovirus Bovine orthopneumovirus bovine respiratory syncytial virus BRSV Human orthopneumovirus human respiratory syncytial virus A2 HRSV A2 human respiratory syncytial virus B1 HRSV B1 Murine orthopneumovirus murine pneumonia virus MPV References edit a b c d e ICTV Online 10th Report Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Retrieved 2016 12 14 Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Retrieved 2016 12 14 Afonso Claudio L Amarasinghe Gaya K Banyai Krisztian Bao Yiming Basler Christopher F Bavari Sina Bejerman Nicolas Blasdell Kim R Briand Francois Xavier 2016 08 01 Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales update 2016 Archives of Virology 161 8 2351 2360 doi 10 1007 s00705 016 2880 1 ISSN 1432 8798 PMC 4947412 PMID 27216929 a b c d e f ViralZone Pneumovirus viralzone expasy org Retrieved 2016 12 14 Gutsche Irina Desfosses Ambroise Effantin Gregory Ling Wai Li Haupt Melina Ruigrok Rob W H Sachse Carsten Schoehn Guy 2015 04 16 Near atomic cryo EM structure of the helical measles virus nucleocapsid Science 348 6235 704 7 Bibcode 2015Sci 348 704G doi 10 1126 science aaa5137 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 25883315 S2CID 206634912 Kuhn Jens H November 2015 Elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status as family Pneumoviridae in the order Mononegavirales and renaming of one pneumoviral genus PDF ICTV Archived from the original PDF on 2016 09 10 Retrieved 2016 12 14 a b c d Stokes H L Easton A J Marriott A C 2003 01 01 Chimeric pneumovirus nucleocapsid N proteins allow identification of amino acids essential for the function of the respiratory syncytial virus N protein Journal of General Virology 84 10 2679 2683 doi 10 1099 vir 0 19370 0 PMID 13679601 Renner Max Bertinelli Mattia Leyrat Cedric Paesen Guido C Oliveira Laura Freitas Saraiva de Huiskonen Juha T Grimes Jonathan M 2016 02 15 Nucleocapsid assembly in pneumoviruses is regulated by conformational switching of the N protein eLife 5 e12627 doi 10 7554 eLife 12627 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 4798948 PMID 26880565 Thomas Leitner 2002 01 01 The Molecular Epidemiology of Human Viruses Springer US p 330 OCLC 852790083 Leyrat Cedric Renner Max Harlos Karl Huiskonen Juha T Grimes Jonathan M 2014 05 19 Drastic changes in conformational dynamics of the antiterminator M2 1 regulate transcription efficiency in Pneumovirinae eLife 3 e02674 doi 10 7554 eLife 02674 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 4051120 PMID 24842877 Cheng Xing Park HyunJung Zhou Helen Jin Hong 2005 11 15 Overexpression of the M2 2 Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibits Viral Replication Journal of Virology 79 22 13943 13952 doi 10 1128 JVI 79 22 13943 13952 2005 ISSN 0022 538X PMC 1280200 PMID 16254330 a b c Melero Jose A Mas Vicente 2015 11 02 The Pneumovirinae fusion F protein A common target for vaccines and antivirals Virus Research Special Issue Cell response to viral infection 209 128 135 doi 10 1016 j virusres 2015 02 024 PMID 25738581 Graaf Miranda de Herfst Sander Aarbiou Jamil Burgers Peter C Zaaraoui Boutahar Fatiha Bijl Maarten IJcken Wilfred van Schrauwen Eefje J A Osterhaus Albert D M E 2013 03 06 Small Hydrophobic Protein of Human Metapneumovirus Does Not Affect Virus Replication and Host Gene Expression In Vitro PLOS ONE 8 3 e58572 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 858572D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0058572 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3590193 PMID 23484037 Thammawat Sutthiwan Sadlon Tania A Hallsworth Peter G Gordon David L 2008 12 01 Role of Cellular Glycosaminoglycans and Charged Regions of Viral G Protein in Human Metapneumovirus Infection Journal of Virology 82 23 11767 11774 doi 10 1128 JVI 01208 08 ISSN 0022 538X PMC 2583676 PMID 18786997 a b Paesen Guido C Collet Axelle Sallamand Corinne Debart Francoise Vasseur Jean Jacques Canard Bruno Decroly Etienne Grimes Jonathan M 2015 11 09 X ray structure and activities of an essential Mononegavirales L protein domain Nature Communications 6 8749 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 8749P doi 10 1038 ncomms9749 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 4659945 PMID 26549102 Easton Andrew J Domachowske Joseph B Rosenberg Helene F 2017 05 01 Animal Pneumoviruses Molecular Genetics and Pathogenesis Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17 2 390 412 doi 10 1128 CMR 17 2 390 412 2004 ISSN 0893 8512 PMC 387412 PMID 15084507 a b c Panda Swagatika Mohakud Nirmal Kumar Pena Lindomar Kumar Subrat 2014 Human metapneumovirus review of an important respiratory pathogen International Journal of Infectious Diseases 25 45 52 doi 10 1016 j ijid 2014 03 1394 PMC 7110553 PMID 24841931 Pneumovirus The Free Dictionary Learn About Human Metapneumovirus hMPV American Lung Association Retrieved 2016 05 13 Wolters Kluwer Health Article Landing Page pt wkhealth com Retrieved 2016 05 13 Bao Xiaoyong Liu Tianshuang Shan Yichu Li Kui Garofalo Roberto P Casola Antonella 2008 05 30 Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses PLOS Pathog 4 5 e1000077 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1000077 ISSN 1553 7374 PMC 2386556 PMID 18516301 Peiris J S Malik Tang Wing Hong Chan Kwok Hung Khong Pek Lan Guan Yi Lau Yu Lung Chiu Susan S 2003 06 01 Children with Respiratory Disease Associated with Metapneumovirus in Hong Kong Emerging Infectious Diseases 9 6 628 633 doi 10 3201 eid0906 030009 ISSN 1080 6040 PMC 3000155 PMID 12781000 Amarasinghe Gaya K Bao Yiming Basler Christopher F Bavari Sina Beer Martin Bejerman Nicolas Blasdell Kim R Bochnowski Alisa Briese Thomas 2017 04 07 Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales update 2017 Archives of Virology 162 8 2493 2504 doi 10 1007 s00705 017 3311 7 ISSN 1432 8798 PMC 5831667 PMID 28389807 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pneumoviridae amp oldid 1184155228, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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