Pluralibacter gergoviae
Pluralibacter gergoviae (formerly Enterobacter gergoviae) is a Gram-negative, motile, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.[1] P. gergoviae is of special interest to the cosmetics industry, as it displays resistance to parabens, a common antimicrobial agent added to cosmetic products.[3]
| Pluralibacter gergoviae | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Pluralibacter |
| Species: | P. gergoviae |
| Binomial name | |
| Pluralibacter gergoviae | |
| Synonyms | |
| Enterobacter gergoviae | |
Background edit
Enterobacter gergoviae was first proposed as a novel species in 1980. The species name is derived from the Gergovie plateau, which is located near Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital; the type strain was isolated at this hospital during a nosocomial outbreak of P. gergoviae.[1] In 2013, the species was reclassified into the novel genus, Pluralibacter, and is the type species for the genus.[2]
Pluralibacter gergoviae has been isolated from maize, grapes, coffee beans, spring water, fruit flies, and pink bollworms.[4] It is an uncommon human pathogen, most commonly as an opportunistic nosocomial infection. One hospital in Spain reported the organism to represent 0.4% of clinical Enterobacter isolates. Risk factors include prolonged hospital stays, "immunosuppression, the presence of a foreign device, prior use of anti-microbial agents in the patient involved, and extremes of age."[5] In the cosmetic industry, P. gergoviae has been implicated in recalls of eye cream, children's shampoo, skin cream, hand cleaning paste,[6] and cleansing wipes.[7]
Pluralibacter gergoviae is resistant to penicillins (specifically benzylpenicillin, oxacillin), macrolides (with the exception of azithromycin), lincosamides (specifically lincomycin and clindamycin), streptogramins, rifampicin, fusidic acid, and fosfomycin.[8] P. gergoviae is also resistant to cefoxitin, likely due to β-lactamase production.[8]
References edit
- ^ a b c Brenner, D. J.; Richard, C.; Steigerwalt, A. G.; Asbury, M. A.; Mandel, M. (1 January 1980). "Enterobacter gergoviae sp. nov.: a New Species of Enterobacteriaceae Found in Clinical Specimens and the Environment". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 30 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-1-1.
- ^ a b Brady, C.; Cleenwerck, I.; Venter, S.; Coutinho, T.; De Vos, P. (1 July 2013). "Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): Proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. nov. and Lelliottia amnigena comb. nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen. nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. nov., respectively, E. cowanii, E. radicincitans, E. oryzae and E. arachidis into Kosakonia gen. nov. as Kosakonia cowanii comb. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. nov., Kosakonia oryzae comb. nov. and Kosakonia arachidis comb. nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. nov. and Cronobacter pulveris comb. nov., respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 36 (5): 309–319. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.03.005. PMID 23632228.
- ^ Davin-Regli, A.; Chollet, R.; Bredin, J.; Chevalier, J.; Lepine, F.; Pagès, J. M. (1 April 2006). "Enterobacter gergoviae and the prevalence of efflux in parabens resistance". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 57 (4): 757–760. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl023. PMID 16473920.
- ^ Périamé, M.; Pagès, J.-M.; Davin-Regli, A. (August 2014). "Enterobacter gergoviae adaptation to preservatives commonly used in cosmetic industry". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 36 (4): 386–395. doi:10.1111/ics.12140. PMID 24828151. S2CID 12506464.
- ^ Ganeswire, R.; Thong, K.L.; Puthucheary, S.D. (April 2003). "Nosocomial outbreak of Enterobacter gergoviae bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit". Journal of Hospital Infection. 53 (4): 292–296. doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1371. PMID 12660126.
- ^ Neza, Edlira; Centini, Marisanna (30 January 2016). "Microbiologically Contaminated and Over-Preserved Cosmetic Products According Rapex 2008–2014". Cosmetics. 3 (1): 3. doi:10.3390/cosmetics3010003. hdl:11365/1009813.
- ^ "Product Recall | Cottonelle®".
- ^ a b Stock, I.; Wiedemann, B. (September 2002). "Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter sakazakii strains". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 8 (9): 564–578. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00413.x. PMID 12427217.