The Middle Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP), also known as the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period or the Pliocene Thermal Maximum, was an interval of warm climate during the Pliocene epoch that lasted from 3.3 to 3.0 Ma.[1]
Mid-Pliocene reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly
The global average temperature in the mid-Pliocene was 2–3 °C higher than today,[2] global sea level 25 meters higher,[3] and the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet was ephemeral before the onset of extensive glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma.[4] Global precipitation was marginally increased by 0.09 mm/yr according to CCSM4 simulations.[5] As during the Quaternary glaciation, glacial-interglacial cycles existed during the mPWP and it was not a uniform and stable climatic interval.[6]
Carbon dioxide concentration during the Middle Pliocene has been estimated at around 400 ppmv from 13C/12C ratio in organic marine matter[7] and stomatal density of fossilised leaves,[8] although lower estimates of between 330 and 394 ppm over the course of the whole mPWP and 391 ppm in the KM5c interglacial, during the warmest phase of the mPWP, have been given.[9]
Mid-Pliocene reconstructed terrain and ice sheet elevation
Comparison with present global warmingedit
Pliocene biomes.
The mPWP is considered a potential analogue of future climate.[10][11] The intensity of the sunlight reaching the Earth, the global geography, and carbon dioxide concentrations were similar to present. Furthermore, many mid-Pliocene species are extant, helping calibrate paleotemperature proxies. Model simulations of mid-Pliocene climate produce warmer conditions at middle and high latitudes, as much as 10–20 °C warmer than today above 70°N. They also indicate little temperature variation in the tropics. Model-based biomes are generally consistent with Pliocene palaeobotanical data indicating a northward shift of the tundra and taiga and an expansion of savanna and warm-temperate forest in Africa and Australia.[12] The increased intensity of tropical cyclones during the mPWP has been cited as evidence that intensification of such storms will occur as anthropogenic global warming continues.[13]
^Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (1 April 2021). "Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years". Earth-Science Reviews. 215: 103503. Bibcode:2021ESRv..21503503S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503. Retrieved 13 September 2023 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Robinson, M.; Dowsett, H. J.; Chandler, M. A. (2008). (PDF). Eos. 89 (49): 501–502. Bibcode:2008EOSTr..89..501R. doi:10.1029/2008EO490001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-22.
^ Bartoli, G.; et al. (2005). "Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 237 (1–2): 33–44. Bibcode:2005E&PSL.237...33B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020.
^Rosenbloom, N. A.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Brady, E. C.; Lawrence, P. J. (26 April 2013). "Simulating the mid-Pliocene Warm Period with the CCSM4 model". Geoscientific Model Development. 6 (2): 549–561. Bibcode:2013GMD.....6..549R. doi:10.5194/gmd-6-549-2013. ISSN 1991-9603. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^Prescott, Caroline L.; Haywood, Alan M.; Dolan, Aisling M.; Hunter, Stephen J.; Pope, James O.; Pickering, Steven J. (15 August 2014). "Assessing orbitally-forced interglacial climate variability during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 400: 261–271. Bibcode:2014E&PSL.400..261P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.030. Retrieved 26 April 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^Raymo, M. E.; Grant, B.; Horowitz, M.; Rau, G. H. (1996). "Mid-Pliocene warmth: Stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor". Marine Micropaleontology. 27 (1–4): 313–326. Bibcode:1996MarMP..27..313R. doi:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00048-8.
^ Kurschner, W. M.; van der Burgh, J.; Visscher, H.; Dilcher, D. L. (1996). "Oak leaves as biosensors of late Neogene and early Pleistocene paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration". Marine Micropaleontology. 27 (1–4): 299–312. Bibcode:1996MarMP..27..299K. doi:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00067-4.
^De la Vega, Elwyn; Chalk, Thomas B.; Wilson, Paul A.; Bysani, Ratna Priya; Foster, Gavin L. (9 July 2020). "Atmospheric CO2 during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period and the M2 glaciation". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11002. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1011002D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67154-8. PMC7347535. PMID 32647351.
^Haywood, Alan M.; Dowsett, Harry J.; Dolan, Aisling M. (16 February 2016). "Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene warm period". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10646. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710646H. doi:10.1038/ncomms10646. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC4757764. PMID 26879640.
^ Salzmann, U.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J. (2009). "The past is a guide to the future? Comparing Middle Pliocene vegetation with predicted biome distributions for the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 367 (1886): 189–204. Bibcode:2009RSPTA.367..189S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0200. PMID 18854302. S2CID 20422374.
middle, pliocene, warm, period, mpwp, also, known, piacenzian, warm, period, pliocene, thermal, maximum, interval, warm, climate, during, pliocene, epoch, that, lasted, from, pliocene, reconstructed, annual, surface, temperature, anomalyδ18o, benthic, foramini. The Middle Pliocene Warm Period mPWP also known as the Mid Piacenzian Warm Period or the Pliocene Thermal Maximum was an interval of warm climate during the Pliocene epoch that lasted from 3 3 to 3 0 Ma 1 Mid Pliocene reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomalyd18O Benthic foraminifera 0 7 Ma Contents 1 Climate 2 Comparison with present global warming 3 See also 4 ReferencesClimate editThe global average temperature in the mid Pliocene was 2 3 C higher than today 2 global sea level 25 meters higher 3 and the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet was ephemeral before the onset of extensive glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma 4 Global precipitation was marginally increased by 0 09 mm yr according to CCSM4 simulations 5 As during the Quaternary glaciation glacial interglacial cycles existed during the mPWP and it was not a uniform and stable climatic interval 6 Carbon dioxide concentration during the Middle Pliocene has been estimated at around 400 ppmv from 13C 12C ratio in organic marine matter 7 and stomatal density of fossilised leaves 8 although lower estimates of between 330 and 394 ppm over the course of the whole mPWP and 391 ppm in the KM5c interglacial during the warmest phase of the mPWP have been given 9 nbsp Mid Pliocene reconstructed terrain and ice sheet elevationComparison with present global warming edit nbsp Pliocene biomes The mPWP is considered a potential analogue of future climate 10 11 The intensity of the sunlight reaching the Earth the global geography and carbon dioxide concentrations were similar to present Furthermore many mid Pliocene species are extant helping calibrate paleotemperature proxies Model simulations of mid Pliocene climate produce warmer conditions at middle and high latitudes as much as 10 20 C warmer than today above 70 N They also indicate little temperature variation in the tropics Model based biomes are generally consistent with Pliocene palaeobotanical data indicating a northward shift of the tundra and taiga and an expansion of savanna and warm temperate forest in Africa and Australia 12 The increased intensity of tropical cyclones during the mPWP has been cited as evidence that intensification of such storms will occur as anthropogenic global warming continues 13 See also editPliocene El Nino Five Million Years of Climate ChangeReferences edit Scotese Christopher R Song Haijun Mills Benjamin J W van der Meer Douwe G 1 April 2021 Phanerozoic paleotemperatures The earth s changing climate during the last 540 million years Earth Science Reviews 215 103503 Bibcode 2021ESRv 21503503S doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2021 103503 Retrieved 13 September 2023 via Elsevier Science Direct Robinson M Dowsett H J Chandler M A 2008 Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts PDF Eos 89 49 501 502 Bibcode 2008EOSTr 89 501R doi 10 1029 2008EO490001 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 10 22 Dwyer G S Chandler M A 2009 Mid Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume based on coupled benthic Mg Ca palaeotemperatures and oxygen isotopes PDF Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 367 1886 157 168 Bibcode 2009RSPTA 367 157D doi 10 1098 rsta 2008 0222 hdl 10161 6586 PMID 18854304 S2CID 3199617 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 10 21 Bartoli G et al 2005 Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation Earth and Planetary Science Letters 237 1 2 33 44 Bibcode 2005E amp PSL 237 33B doi 10 1016 j epsl 2005 06 020 Rosenbloom N A Otto Bliesner B L Brady E C Lawrence P J 26 April 2013 Simulating the mid Pliocene Warm Period with the CCSM4 model Geoscientific Model Development 6 2 549 561 Bibcode 2013GMD 6 549R doi 10 5194 gmd 6 549 2013 ISSN 1991 9603 Retrieved 26 April 2024 Prescott Caroline L Haywood Alan M Dolan Aisling M Hunter Stephen J Pope James O Pickering Steven J 15 August 2014 Assessing orbitally forced interglacial climate variability during the mid Pliocene Warm Period Earth and Planetary Science Letters 400 261 271 Bibcode 2014E amp PSL 400 261P doi 10 1016 j epsl 2014 05 030 Retrieved 26 April 2024 via Elsevier Science Direct Raymo M E Grant B Horowitz M Rau G H 1996 Mid Pliocene warmth Stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor Marine Micropaleontology 27 1 4 313 326 Bibcode 1996MarMP 27 313R doi 10 1016 0377 8398 95 00048 8 Kurschner W M van der Burgh J Visscher H Dilcher D L 1996 Oak leaves as biosensors of late Neogene and early Pleistocene paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration Marine Micropaleontology 27 1 4 299 312 Bibcode 1996MarMP 27 299K doi 10 1016 0377 8398 95 00067 4 De la Vega Elwyn Chalk Thomas B Wilson Paul A Bysani Ratna Priya Foster Gavin L 9 July 2020 Atmospheric CO2 during the Mid Piacenzian Warm Period and the M2 glaciation Scientific Reports 10 1 11002 Bibcode 2020NatSR 1011002D doi 10 1038 s41598 020 67154 8 PMC 7347535 PMID 32647351 Burke K D Williams J W Chandler M A Haywood A M Lunt D J Otto Bliesner B L 26 December 2018 Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near future climates Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 52 13288 13293 Bibcode 2018PNAS 11513288B doi 10 1073 pnas 1809600115 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 6310841 PMID 30530685 Haywood Alan M Dowsett Harry J Dolan Aisling M 16 February 2016 Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid Pliocene warm period Nature Communications 7 1 10646 Bibcode 2016NatCo 710646H doi 10 1038 ncomms10646 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 4757764 PMID 26879640 Salzmann U Haywood A M Lunt D J 2009 The past is a guide to the future Comparing Middle Pliocene vegetation with predicted biome distributions for the twenty first century Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 367 1886 189 204 Bibcode 2009RSPTA 367 189S doi 10 1098 rsta 2008 0200 PMID 18854302 S2CID 20422374 Yan Qing Wei Ting Korty Robert L Kossin James P Zhang Zhongshi Wang Huijun 15 November 2016 Enhanced intensity of global tropical cyclones during the mid Pliocene warm period Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 46 12963 12967 Bibcode 2016PNAS 11312963Y doi 10 1073 pnas 1608950113 ISSN 0027 8424 PMID 27799528 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Middle Pliocene Warm Period amp oldid 1221105451, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
