You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (March 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:河南血祸]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|河南血祸}} to the talk page.
Plasma Economy (Chinese: 血浆经济) was a 1991–1995 plasmapheresis campaign by the Henan provincial government in China, in which blood plasma was extracted in exchange for money. The campaign attracted 3 million donors, most of whom lived in rural China, and it is estimated at least 40% of the blood donors subsequently contracted HIV.[1]
The Plasma Economy campaign boomed due to demand by biotech companies, and became a lucrative source of income for middlemen. The campaign had low health and safety standards, and lacked proper sterilization procedures; needles, blood bags, and other equipment in contact with blood were often recycled and reused. It is estimated that by 2003, over 1.2 million people had contracted AIDS in Henan Province alone.[1]
In the late 1980s, the Chinese Central government introduced a "blood donation planning" policy due to the demand for blood in urban areas. Local governments and "bloodheads" (simplified Chinese: 血头; traditional Chinese: 血頭, xuètóu, colloquially xiětóu) started encouraging blood donations. By 1990, thousands of public and commercial blood and blood plasma collection centers had been established across China, attracting donors with payments that could equal over a month's worth of income for some farmers.[2]
Historyedit
China's blood donation system is largely monetarily driven, and while attempts had been made in the 1980s to move to a voluntary system, they were mostly unsuccessful.[3] In the early 1990s, China restricted the import of blood products, while calling for local investment by foreign pharmaceutical companies, especially to the province of Henan, where numerous plasmapheresis stations were built. The selling of blood plasma were seen by locals as a method to reduce poverty. They turned to their own blood as a ready source of cash income that would allow them to participate in China’s newly liberalized market economy.
In plasmapheresis, blood plasma is taken from donors, while the remaining blood constituents such as red blood cells are returned to the donor. The blood plasma is then sold to pharmaceutical companies to produce blood-based products. As a cost-cutting measure, some stations mixed several bloods in the same centrifuge, resulting in large-scale blood contamination.[3] As a result, by 1995, such stations were shut down in Henan province, while blood collection was restricted by area, although demand for blood plasma still remained strong.
The impact of the Plasma Economy campaign had a long-lasting effect. It is estimated that by 1999, 43% of its blood donors in Caixian County in Henan were infected with AIDS,[3] in the village of Wenlou, over 65% of residents tested had contracted HIV.[4][5]
In 2004, China admitted that the commercial collection of plasma accounted for a quarter of all cases of HIV infection in China and that the epidemic had reached far beyond Henan Province.[6]
A full-length play The King of Hell's Palace premiered at London's Hampstead Theatre on 5 September 2019, and gave a dramatisation of the events of the plasma economy scandal in Henan Province in the 1990s. It was written by Frances Ya-Cha Cowig, and directed by Michael Boyd.[citation needed]
^ abKam Tsang (1 August 2003). "Blood Plasma Economy Accelerates AIDS Crisis in China". Sing Tao Daily. from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
^ abcLei Yongjian (2 May 2005). . Caijing. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
^Adam Brookes (30 May 2001). "Bad blood spreads Aids in China". BBC News Online. from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
^"高耀洁逝世：中国"民间防艾滋病第一人"". BBC News 中文 (in Simplified Chinese). 11 December 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^SHAO, Jing. "Fluid Labor and Blood Money: The Economy of HIV/AIDS in Rural Central China" (PDF).
^Jonathan Watts (9 October 2006). "Censor sees through writer's guile in tale of China's blood-selling scandal Champion of the poor Yan Lianke fears he went too far in toning down his latest book". The Guardian. from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
External linksedit
Bad blood behind China's crisis BY Calum MacLeod Monday, 25 June 2001[dead link]
15 arrested in blood selling scandal By Zhang Feng (China Daily) Updated: 2005-04-14
China's Plasma Economy 05-02 16:04 Caijing Magazine 26 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Blood debts Tens of thousands of lives devastated. Not a single official held to account
English translation of "Revealing "Blood Wound" of Spread of HIV AIDS in Henan Province" by He Aifang in CND-Global, 26 January 2001
January 01, 1970
plasma, economy, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, december, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Plasma Economy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese March 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 河南血祸 see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated zh 河南血祸 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Plasma Economy Chinese 血浆经济 was a 1991 1995 plasmapheresis campaign by the Henan provincial government in China in which blood plasma was extracted in exchange for money The campaign attracted 3 million donors most of whom lived in rural China and it is estimated at least 40 of the blood donors subsequently contracted HIV 1 The Plasma Economy campaign boomed due to demand by biotech companies and became a lucrative source of income for middlemen The campaign had low health and safety standards and lacked proper sterilization procedures needles blood bags and other equipment in contact with blood were often recycled and reused It is estimated that by 2003 over 1 2 million people had contracted AIDS in Henan Province alone 1 Contents 1 Background 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksBackground editIn the late 1980s the Chinese Central government introduced a blood donation planning policy due to the demand for blood in urban areas Local governments and bloodheads simplified Chinese 血头 traditional Chinese 血頭 xuetou colloquially xietou started encouraging blood donations By 1990 thousands of public and commercial blood and blood plasma collection centers had been established across China attracting donors with payments that could equal over a month s worth of income for some farmers 2 History editChina s blood donation system is largely monetarily driven and while attempts had been made in the 1980s to move to a voluntary system they were mostly unsuccessful 3 In the early 1990s China restricted the import of blood products while calling for local investment by foreign pharmaceutical companies especially to the province of Henan where numerous plasmapheresis stations were built The selling of blood plasma were seen by locals as a method to reduce poverty They turned to their own blood as a ready source of cash income that would allow them to participate in China s newly liberalized market economy In plasmapheresis blood plasma is taken from donors while the remaining blood constituents such as red blood cells are returned to the donor The blood plasma is then sold to pharmaceutical companies to produce blood based products As a cost cutting measure some stations mixed several bloods in the same centrifuge resulting in large scale blood contamination 3 As a result by 1995 such stations were shut down in Henan province while blood collection was restricted by area although demand for blood plasma still remained strong The impact of the Plasma Economy campaign had a long lasting effect It is estimated that by 1999 43 of its blood donors in Caixian County in Henan were infected with AIDS 3 in the village of Wenlou over 65 of residents tested had contracted HIV 4 5 In 2004 China admitted that the commercial collection of plasma accounted for a quarter of all cases of HIV infection in China and that the epidemic had reached far beyond Henan Province 6 HIV AIDS activist Yan Lianke s 2005 book Dream of Ding Village is based on the incident 7 A full length play The King of Hell s Palace premiered at London s Hampstead Theatre on 5 September 2019 and gave a dramatisation of the events of the plasma economy scandal in Henan Province in the 1990s It was written by Frances Ya Cha Cowig and directed by Michael Boyd citation needed See also editHIV AIDS in China HIV AIDS in Yunnan Hu Jia activist Gao Yaojie Love for Life Shuping Wang Wan Yanhai Weiquan movement Zeng JinyanReferences edit a b Kam Tsang 1 August 2003 Blood Plasma Economy Accelerates AIDS Crisis in China Sing Tao Daily Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2011 Wu Rou amp Detels 2001 p 41 42 sfn error no target CITEREFWuRouDetels2001 help a b c Lei Yongjian 2 May 2005 China s Plasma Economy Caijing Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 Retrieved 25 May 2011 Adam Brookes 30 May 2001 Bad blood spreads Aids in China BBC News Online Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 Retrieved 21 March 2009 高耀洁逝世 中国 民间防艾滋病第一人 BBC News 中文 in Simplified Chinese 11 December 2023 Retrieved 13 January 2024 SHAO Jing Fluid Labor and Blood Money The Economy of HIV AIDS in Rural Central China PDF Jonathan Watts 9 October 2006 Censor sees through writer s guile in tale of China s blood selling scandal Champion of the poor Yan Lianke fears he went too far in toning down his latest book The Guardian Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 Retrieved 21 March 2009 External links editBad blood behind China s crisis BY Calum MacLeod Monday 25 June 2001 dead link 15 arrested in blood selling scandal By Zhang Feng China Daily Updated 2005 04 14 China blood test lapses fuel hidden AIDS epidemic By Ben Blanchard 21 Feb 2006 China s Plasma Economy 05 02 16 04 Caijing Magazine Archived 26 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Danger of AIDS hidden in a large number of plasma stations in Guizhou Nanfengchuang Magazine Yin Hongwei 2006 06 15 Antiretroviral Therapy for Former Plasma Donors in China Saving Lives When HIV Prevention Fails Blood debts Tens of thousands of lives devastated Not a single official held to account English translation of Revealing Blood Wound of Spread of HIV AIDS in Henan Province by He Aifang in CND Global 26 January 2001 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plasma Economy amp oldid 1195360580, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
