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Plain English

April 11, 2023

Plain English (or layman's terms) are groups of words that are easy to understand and easy to know. It usually avoids the use of rare words and uncommon euphemisms to explain the subject. Plain English wording is intended to be suitable for almost anyone, and it allows for good understanding to help readers know a topic.[1] It is considered as a part of Plain Language.

Etymology

The term derives from the 16th-century idiom "in plain English", meaning "in clear, straightforward language"[2] as well as the Latin planus ("flat").

Another name for the term, layman's terms, is derived from the idiom "in layman's terms" which refers to language phrased simply enough that a layperson, or common person without expertise on the subject, can understand.

History

United Kingdom

In 1946, writer George Orwell wrote an essay titled, "Politics and the English Language", where he criticized the dangers of "ugly and inaccurate" contemporary written English. The essay focuses particularly on politics where pacification can be used to mean "...defenceless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets...".

In 1948, HM Treasury asked Sir Ernest Gowers to provide a guide to officials on avoiding pompous and over-elaborate writing. He wrote, "writing is an instrument for conveying ideas from one mind to another; the writer's job is to make his reader apprehend his meaning readily and precisely."[3]

Gowers' guide was published as a slim paperback Plain Words, a guide to the use of English in 1948, followed by a sequel The ABC of Plain Words in 1951, and a hardback book combining both, The Complete Plain Words, in 1954 – which has never been out of print since. Gowers argued that legal English was a special case, saying that legal drafting:

...is a science, not an art; it lies in the province of mathematics rather than of literature, and its practise needs long apprenticeship. It is prudently left to a specialised legal branch of the Service. The only concern of the ordinary official is to learn to understand it, to act as interpreter of it to ordinary people, and to be careful not to let his own style of writing be tainted by it...[4]

There is a trend toward plainer language in legal documents. Plain English Campaign has been campaigning since 1979 "against gobbledygook, jargon and misleading public information." The campaign has helped many government departments and other official organisations with their documents, reports and publications. They believe that everyone should have access to clear and concise information."[5] The 1999 "Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts" regulations mandate "plain and intelligible" language.[6][7]

An inquiry into the 2005 London bombings recommended that emergency services should always use plain English. It found that verbosity can lead to misunderstandings that could cost lives.[8]

Ireland

The National Adult Literacy Agency (NALA).[9][10] is the national leader in plain English training and provision in Ireland. Since 2005, NALA has supported organisations and government departments to use plain English through its training, style guides and editing work. In 2019, NALA saw its lobbying work pay off when a Draft Plain Language Act (2019) received cross party support, but Brexit discussions and then COVID-19 put the draft act on hold. NALA and other plain English advocates hope that the draft Act is enacted soon. Meanwhile, NALA continues to support domestic and international efforts to make information accessible to all (particularly those with literacy and numeracy needs).

In early 2020, NALA developed an A-Z plain English guide to COVID-19 terms and continues to provide support and advice to those who wish to improve the quality and clarity of their information. It is also a keen supporter of, and contributor to, the evolving international plain language standards.

United States

In the US, the Plain Language Movement in government communication started in the 1970s. The Paperwork Reduction Act was introduced in 1976,[11] and in 1978 President Carter issued executive orders intended to make government regulations "cost-effective and easy-to-understand by those who were required to comply with them."[12] Many agencies now have long-standing policies mandating plain language;[13] in 2010, this was made a federal requirement with the Plain Writing Act.[14][15]

Legal writing

In legal writing, David Mellinkoff, a professor at the UCLA School of Law, is widely credited with singlehandedly launching the plain English movement in American law with the 1963 publication of The Language of the Law.[16][17] In 1977, New York became the first state to pass legislation requiring plain English in consumer contracts and leases.[18] In 1979, Richard Wydick published Plain English for Lawyers. Plain English writing style is now a legal duty for companies registering securities under the Securities Act of 1933, due to rules the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted in 1998.[19] In 2011, PLAIN (Plain Language Action and Information Network) published Federal Plain Language Guidelines.[20]

Linguist and law school professor, Peter Tiersma, wrote an article titled Instructions to jurors: Redrafting California’s jury instructions in The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics in 2010. He outlines the history of legal trials and how pattern jury instructions were developed in order to create an atmosphere in which jurors are given pertinent information to a case in order to determine factual evidence and guilt of an accused individual. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s in California, a panel comprising judges and lawyers drafted pattern jury instructions.[21]

These standardized jury instructions were problematic, as they were written using technical language rather than in plain English. In the late 1970s, Robert and Veda Charrow studied jury instructions for comprehensibility, where individuals were asked to verbally summarize pattern jury instructions. The participants accounted for only one-third of pertinent information given in the jury instructions. The Charrows further identified linguistic features of these instructions that made instructions given to member of a jury difficult to understand. After revising the instructions to include a more recognized vocabulary, comprehension rose 47%.

Tiersma provides examples of jury instructions in both legal English and plain English. In the Book of Approved Jury Instructions (BAJI) instructions regarding the care of motorists when operating a motor vehicle read:

BAJI 5.50. Duty of Motorists and Pedestrians Using Public Highway

Every person using a public street or highway, whether as a pedestrian or as a driver of a vehicle, has a duty to exercise ordinary care at all times to avoid placing himself or others in danger and to use like care to avoid an accident from which an injury might result.
A "vehicle" is a device by which any person or property may be propelled, moved, or drawn upon a highway.

A "pedestrian" is any person who is afoot or who is using a means of conveyance propelled by human power other than a bicycle. The word "pedestrian" also includes any person who is operating a self-propelled wheelchair, invalid tricycle, or motorized quadrangle and, by reason of physical disability, is otherwise unable to move about as a pedestrian, as earlier defined.

Tiersma points out several confusing terms and formal jargon used in this definition that would be difficult for jury participants to understand. He highlights "to use like care" as being overly formal and "pedestrian" as being atypically defined including individuals using wheelchairs and "motorized quadrangles". The California Jury Instructions: Criminal (CACI) reworked these instructions and read:

CACI 700. Basic Standard of Care A person must use reasonable care in driving a vehicle. Drivers must keep a lookout for pedestrians, obstacles, and other vehicles. They must also control the speed and movement of their vehicles. The failure to use reasonable care in driving a vehicle is negligence.

The CACI instructions are in common language and are more direct. Jury instructions that are more direct have been criticized, saying that utilizing a more recognizable vocabulary would make the instructions less precise in a legal atmosphere.

Medical writing

In medical writing, plain language serves to meet patients at their level of health literacy. As defined by the Institute of Medicine's report, health literacy is "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions."

In April 2004, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) released health literacy reports citing the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) results as a cause for concern. The 1992 NALS indicated that nearly half of Americans demonstrated limited literacy skills. The NALS did not explicitly look at health literacy, but it did cover health-related tasks.[22] In response, researchers developed methods to measure health literacy, such as the Health Activities Literacy Scale (HALS). Many governmental organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), continue to research methods and produce materials for implementing plain language and meeting health literacy needs.[22]

Using plain language in addition to, or in place of, medical terminology can help patients make informed health decisions.[22] Potential obstacles to high health literacy can stem from socioeconomic factors, such as race and poverty.[23] Research continues to develop on best practices for plain language in the medical field. Meanwhile, various organizations have resources available, such as the AHRQ's Health Literacy Improvement Tools, the United States National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus website, and the CDC's Plain Language Materials and Resources page.

See also

References

Citation footnotes

Click on the hyperlink to see the full citation.

  1. ^ "Plain English".
  2. ^ Ammer 1997
  3. ^ Gowers 1954, "Prologue".
  4. ^ Gowers 1954, "Chapter 2".
  5. ^ PEUK
  6. ^ OFT 1999: "A term is open to challenge if it could put the consumer at a disadvantage because he or she is not clear about its meaning – even if its meaning could be worked out by a lawyer."
  7. ^ BBC News
  8. ^ The Telegraph
  9. ^ "Simply put Plain English editing, writing and training service provided by the National Adult Literacy Agency". National Adult Literacy Agency.
  10. ^ "NALA's Plain English resources page". National Adult Literacy Agency.
  11. ^ Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
  12. ^ Locke 2004
  13. ^ Plain Writing Act of 2010
  14. ^ Siegel 2010
  15. ^ Berent 2010
  16. ^ Oliver 2000
  17. ^ Martin 2000
  18. ^ Moukad 1979
  19. ^ Sec. Act Rel. 33-7380 1997
  20. ^ PDF (118 p.)
  21. ^ Tiersma, Peter (2010). "Instructions to jurors: Redrafting California's jury instructions" (PDF). The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics: 251–264. doi:10.4324/9780203855607.ch17. S2CID 184140735. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  22. ^ a b c Stableford, Sue; Mettger, Wendy (April 2007). "Plain Language: A Strategic Response to the Health Literacy Challenge". Journal of Public Health Policy. 28 (1): 71–93. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200102. PMID 17363939. S2CID 3028132.
  23. ^ Ancker, Jessica S.; Mauer, Elizabeth; Hauser, Diane; Calman, Neil (10 February 2017). "Expanding access to high-quality plain-language patient education information through context-specific hyperlinks". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2016: 277–284. PMC 5333247. PMID 28269821.

Full citations

  • . PlainLanguage.gov. Plain Language Action and Information Network. 1995. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013.
  • Ammer, Christine (1997). . Houghton Mifflin. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
  • Berent, Irwin (2010). . Plain Writing Association. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  • Gardham, Duncan (10 March 2011). . The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  • Gowers, Ernest (1954). . Archived from the original on 23 August 2013.
  • . BBC News. May 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  • Martin, Douglas (16 January 2000). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  • Mazur, Beth (May 2000). . Technical Communication. Society for Technical Communication. 47 (2). Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  • Oliver, Myrna (4 January 2000). . LA Times. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  • . 1995. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017.
  • "Plain English Campaign". BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  • . PlainLanguage.gov. Plain Language Action and Information Network. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  • Wallace, Ann D. (1997). "Securities Act Release no. 33-7380". Plain English Disclosure, proposing release (January 14, 1997) 62 FR 3512 (January 21, 1997). Annual Institute on Securities Regulation. Africa-America-Institute, Annual Institute on Securities Regulation, SEC Division of Corporation Finance. ISSN 0195-5756.
  • Siegel, Joel (17 October 2010). . ABC News. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  • . The Office of Fair Trading. May 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  • Moukad, Rosemary (1979). "New York's Plain English Law". Fordham Urban Law Journal. The Berkeley Electronic Press. 8 (2). Article 7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

Bibliography

  • Cutts, Martin (1996), The Plain English Guide, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860049-6
  • Rook, Fern (1992), Slaying the English Jargon, Society for Technical Communication, ISBN 0-914548-71-9
  • Williams, Joseph M. (1995), Style, Toward Clarity and Grace, University Of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-89915-2
  • Wydick, Richard C. (2005) [1979], Plain English for Lawyers (paperback, 5th ed.), Carolina Academic Press, ISBN 1-59460-151-8

Further reading

  • Flesch, Rudolf (1946). The Art of Plain Talk. Harper & Brothers. OCLC 318543.
  • Flesch, Rudolf (1949). The Art of Readable Writing. New York : Harper and Brothers. OCLC 906409136.

External links

  • "Federal Plain Language Guidelines", U.S. Plain Language Action and Information Network (PLAIN), (rev. May 2011)
  • "A Plain English Handbook", U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Office of Investor Education and Assistance, (August 1998)

April 11, 2023
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Plain English or layman s terms are groups of words that are easy to understand and easy to know It usually avoids the use of rare words and uncommon euphemisms to explain the subject Plain English wording is intended to be suitable for almost anyone and it allows for good understanding to help readers know a topic 1 It is considered as a part of Plain Language Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 United Kingdom 2 2 Ireland 2 3 United States 2 3 1 Legal writing 2 3 2 Medical writing 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Citation footnotes 4 2 Full citations 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology EditThe term derives from the 16th century idiom in plain English meaning in clear straightforward language 2 as well as the Latin planus flat Another name for the term layman s terms is derived from the idiom in layman s terms which refers to language phrased simply enough that a layperson or common person without expertise on the subject can understand History EditUnited Kingdom Edit In 1946 writer George Orwell wrote an essay titled Politics and the English Language where he criticized the dangers of ugly and inaccurate contemporary written English The essay focuses particularly on politics where pacification can be used to mean defenceless villages are bombarded from the air the inhabitants driven out into the countryside the cattle machine gunned the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets In 1948 HM Treasury asked Sir Ernest Gowers to provide a guide to officials on avoiding pompous and over elaborate writing He wrote writing is an instrument for conveying ideas from one mind to another the writer s job is to make his reader apprehend his meaning readily and precisely 3 Gowers guide was published as a slim paperback Plain Words a guide to the use of English in 1948 followed by a sequel The ABC of Plain Words in 1951 and a hardback book combining both The Complete Plain Words in 1954 which has never been out of print since Gowers argued that legal English was a special case saying that legal drafting is a science not an art it lies in the province of mathematics rather than of literature and its practise needs long apprenticeship It is prudently left to a specialised legal branch of the Service The only concern of the ordinary official is to learn to understand it to act as interpreter of it to ordinary people and to be careful not to let his own style of writing be tainted by it 4 There is a trend toward plainer language in legal documents Plain English Campaign has been campaigning since 1979 against gobbledygook jargon and misleading public information The campaign has helped many government departments and other official organisations with their documents reports and publications They believe that everyone should have access to clear and concise information 5 The 1999 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts regulations mandate plain and intelligible language 6 7 An inquiry into the 2005 London bombings recommended that emergency services should always use plain English It found that verbosity can lead to misunderstandings that could cost lives 8 Ireland Edit The National Adult Literacy Agency NALA 9 10 is the national leader in plain English training and provision in Ireland Since 2005 NALA has supported organisations and government departments to use plain English through its training style guides and editing work In 2019 NALA saw its lobbying work pay off when a Draft Plain Language Act 2019 received cross party support but Brexit discussions and then COVID 19 put the draft act on hold NALA and other plain English advocates hope that the draft Act is enacted soon Meanwhile NALA continues to support domestic and international efforts to make information accessible to all particularly those with literacy and numeracy needs In early 2020 NALA developed an A Z plain English guide to COVID 19 terms and continues to provide support and advice to those who wish to improve the quality and clarity of their information It is also a keen supporter of and contributor to the evolving international plain language standards United States Edit In the US the Plain Language Movement in government communication started in the 1970s The Paperwork Reduction Act was introduced in 1976 11 and in 1978 President Carter issued executive orders intended to make government regulations cost effective and easy to understand by those who were required to comply with them 12 Many agencies now have long standing policies mandating plain language 13 in 2010 this was made a federal requirement with the Plain Writing Act 14 15 Legal writing Edit In legal writing David Mellinkoff a professor at the UCLA School of Law is widely credited with singlehandedly launching the plain English movement in American law with the 1963 publication of The Language of the Law 16 17 In 1977 New York became the first state to pass legislation requiring plain English in consumer contracts and leases 18 In 1979 Richard Wydick published Plain English for Lawyers Plain English writing style is now a legal duty for companies registering securities under the Securities Act of 1933 due to rules the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC adopted in 1998 19 In 2011 PLAIN Plain Language Action and Information Network published Federal Plain Language Guidelines 20 Linguist and law school professor Peter Tiersma wrote an article titled Instructions to jurors Redrafting California s jury instructions in The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics in 2010 He outlines the history of legal trials and how pattern jury instructions were developed in order to create an atmosphere in which jurors are given pertinent information to a case in order to determine factual evidence and guilt of an accused individual Throughout the 1930s and 1940s in California a panel comprising judges and lawyers drafted pattern jury instructions 21 These standardized jury instructions were problematic as they were written using technical language rather than in plain English In the late 1970s Robert and Veda Charrow studied jury instructions for comprehensibility where individuals were asked to verbally summarize pattern jury instructions The participants accounted for only one third of pertinent information given in the jury instructions The Charrows further identified linguistic features of these instructions that made instructions given to member of a jury difficult to understand After revising the instructions to include a more recognized vocabulary comprehension rose 47 Tiersma provides examples of jury instructions in both legal English and plain English In the Book of Approved Jury Instructions BAJI instructions regarding the care of motorists when operating a motor vehicle read BAJI 5 50 Duty of Motorists and Pedestrians Using Public HighwayEvery person using a public street or highway whether as a pedestrian or as a driver of a vehicle has a duty to exercise ordinary care at all times to avoid placing himself or others in danger and to use like care to avoid an accident from which an injury might result A vehicle is a device by which any person or property may be propelled moved or drawn upon a highway A pedestrian is any person who is afoot or who is using a means of conveyance propelled by human power other than a bicycle The word pedestrian also includes any person who is operating a self propelled wheelchair invalid tricycle or motorized quadrangle and by reason of physical disability is otherwise unable to move about as a pedestrian as earlier defined Tiersma points out several confusing terms and formal jargon used in this definition that would be difficult for jury participants to understand He highlights to use like care as being overly formal and pedestrian as being atypically defined including individuals using wheelchairs and motorized quadrangles The California Jury Instructions Criminal CACI reworked these instructions and read CACI 700 Basic Standard of Care A person must use reasonable care in driving a vehicle Drivers must keep a lookout for pedestrians obstacles and other vehicles They must also control the speed and movement of their vehicles The failure to use reasonable care in driving a vehicle is negligence The CACI instructions are in common language and are more direct Jury instructions that are more direct have been criticized saying that utilizing a more recognizable vocabulary would make the instructions less precise in a legal atmosphere Medical writing Edit In medical writing plain language serves to meet patients at their level of health literacy As defined by the Institute of Medicine s report health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions In April 2004 the Institute of Medicine IOM and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ released health literacy reports citing the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey NALS results as a cause for concern The 1992 NALS indicated that nearly half of Americans demonstrated limited literacy skills The NALS did not explicitly look at health literacy but it did cover health related tasks 22 In response researchers developed methods to measure health literacy such as the Health Activities Literacy Scale HALS Many governmental organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and the National Institutes of Health NIH continue to research methods and produce materials for implementing plain language and meeting health literacy needs 22 Using plain language in addition to or in place of medical terminology can help patients make informed health decisions 22 Potential obstacles to high health literacy can stem from socioeconomic factors such as race and poverty 23 Research continues to develop on best practices for plain language in the medical field Meanwhile various organizations have resources available such as the AHRQ s Health Literacy Improvement Tools the United States National Library of Medicine s MedlinePlus website and the CDC s Plain Language Materials and Resources page See also EditSimplified Technical English used by the international aerospace and defense industries List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English Scribes The American Society of Legal Writers Simple English Wikipedia Corporate jargon Legalese Psychobabble Technobabble Buzzword Weasel word Basic English New General Service List Francais Fondamental Vocabolario di base in Italian Basic Italian References EditCitation footnotes Edit Click on the hyperlink to see the full citation Plain English Ammer 1997 Gowers 1954 Prologue Gowers 1954 Chapter 2 PEUK OFT 1999 A term is open to challenge if it could put the consumer at a disadvantage because he or she is not clear about its meaning even if its meaning could be worked out by a lawyer BBC News The Telegraph Simply put Plain English editing writing and training service provided by the National Adult Literacy Agency National Adult Literacy Agency NALA s Plain English resources page National Adult Literacy Agency Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 Locke 2004 Plain Writing Act of 2010 Siegel 2010 Berent 2010 Oliver 2000 Martin 2000 Moukad 1979 Sec Act Rel 33 7380 1997 PDF 118 p Tiersma Peter 2010 Instructions to jurors Redrafting California s jury instructions PDF The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics 251 264 doi 10 4324 9780203855607 ch17 S2CID 184140735 Retrieved 30 March 2019 a b c Stableford Sue Mettger Wendy April 2007 Plain Language A Strategic Response to the Health Literacy Challenge Journal of Public Health Policy 28 1 71 93 doi 10 1057 palgrave jphp 3200102 PMID 17363939 S2CID 3028132 Ancker Jessica S Mauer Elizabeth Hauser Diane Calman Neil 10 February 2017 Expanding access to high quality plain language patient education information through context specific hyperlinks AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2016 277 284 PMC 5333247 PMID 28269821 Full citations Edit A history of plain language in the United States Government PlainLanguage gov Plain Language Action and Information Network 1995 Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 Ammer Christine 1997 The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms Houghton Mifflin Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 Berent Irwin 2010 Background Plain Writing Legislative History 2007 2010 Plain Writing Association Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 Retrieved 28 March 2013 Gardham Duncan 10 March 2011 7 7 inquests emergency services should use plain English The Telegraph Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 Retrieved 6 August 2011 Gowers Ernest 1954 The Complete Plain Words Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 High Court rules against Foxtons BBC News May 1 2011 Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 Retrieved 10 July 2009 Martin Douglas 16 January 2000 David Mellinkoff 85 Enemy of Legalese The New York Times Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 Retrieved 28 March 2013 Mazur Beth May 2000 Revisiting Plain Language Technical Communication Society for Technical Communication 47 2 Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 Retrieved 29 March 2013 Oliver Myrna 4 January 2000 David Mellinkoff Attorney Advocated Plain English LA Times Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 Retrieved 28 March 2013 Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 1995 Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 Plain English Campaign BBC News Retrieved 28 March 2013 Plain Writing Act of 2010 Plain Language in Federal Agencies PlainLanguage gov Plain Language Action and Information Network Archived from the original on 26 January 2011 Retrieved 28 March 2013 Wallace Ann D 1997 Securities Act Release no 33 7380 Plain English Disclosure proposing release January 14 1997 62 FR 3512 January 21 1997 Annual Institute on Securities Regulation Africa America Institute Annual Institute on Securities Regulation SEC Division of Corporation Finance ISSN 0195 5756 Siegel Joel 17 October 2010 Obama Signs Plain Writing Law ABC News Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 Retrieved 28 March 2013 What is an unfair term The Office of Fair Trading May 1 2011 Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 Retrieved 6 August 2011 Moukad Rosemary 1979 New York s Plain English Law Fordham Urban Law Journal The Berkeley Electronic Press 8 2 Article 7 Retrieved 30 July 2016 Bibliography EditCutts Martin 1996 The Plain English Guide Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 860049 6 Rook Fern 1992 Slaying the English Jargon Society for Technical Communication ISBN 0 914548 71 9 Williams Joseph M 1995 Style Toward Clarity and Grace University Of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 89915 2 Wydick Richard C 2005 1979 Plain English for Lawyers paperback 5th ed Carolina Academic Press ISBN 1 59460 151 8Further reading EditFlesch Rudolf 1946 The Art of Plain Talk Harper amp Brothers OCLC 318543 Flesch Rudolf 1949 The Art of Readable Writing New York Harper and Brothers OCLC 906409136 External links Edit Federal Plain Language Guidelines U S Plain Language Action and Information Network PLAIN rev May 2011 A Plain English Handbook U S Securities and Exchange Commission SEC Office of Investor Education and Assistance August 1998 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plain English amp oldid 1145719786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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