The Pitts Special (company designations S-1 and S-2) is a series of light aerobaticbiplanes designed by Curtis Pitts. It has accumulated many competition wins since its first flight in 1944. The Pitts biplanes dominated world aerobatic competition in the 1960s and 1970s and, even today, remain potent competition aircraft in the lower categories.[1][2]
Pitts Special S-1 / S-2
A Pitts S-1S Special (left) and a modified S-2AE Special (right) in formation in 2021.
Little Stinker in the SmithsonianS-1SModified S-1SModified S-1SChristen Industries S-2B Pitts Special belonging to the Pitts Specials Formation Aerobatic Team2001 Aviat Pitts S-2CS-1-11B Pitts SpecialPitts S-2ACockpit of Pitts S-2APitts S-2BPitts S-1EPitts S-1TPitts Special in flight
Curtis Pitts began the design of a single-seat aerobatic biplane in 1943–1944.[3] The design has been refined continuously since the prototype first flew in September 1944; however, the current Pitts S-2 still remains quite close to the original in concept and in design.[4]
Several of the aircraft that Curtis Pitts built had a picture of a skunk on them and were called "Stinkers". After she bought it, aerobatic performer Betty Skelton called the second aircraft that Curtis built, "Little Stinker". The prototype S-2, which was the first two-seat Pitts, was "Big Stinker", the prototype Model 11 (later called S-1-11B) was "Super Stinker", and the prototype Model 12 was the "Macho Stinker".[5][6]
In 1962 Curtis Pitts set up Pitts Enterprises to sell plans of the S-1C to homebuilders.[7]
Current versionsEdit
Certified versions of the Pitts are now produced by Aviat Aircraft in Afton, Wyoming. It is available as the S-1 single-seater with an up to 200 hp (150 kW) flat-4Lycoming engine and a 17 ft 4 in (5.28 m) wingspan, or as the S-2 two-seater variant featuring a 260 hp (194 kW) flat-6 Lycoming and a 20 ft (6.1 m) wingspan. Pitts Specials have been equipped with engines of up to 450 hp (338 kW).[1]
Plans for the single-seat Pitts S-1S are also available from Aviat Aircraft. The S-1C and derivative S-1SS plans and kits are supplied by Steen Aero Lab in Palm Bay, Florida. Many hundreds of homebuilders have successfully completed and flown the Pitts since plans became available in 1960.[8]
Operational historyEdit
All single-seat (S-1) and two-seat (S-2) Pitts Specials are variations of the basic design from 1944.
The aircraft was popularized by Betty Skelton, Caro Bayley, and other air show performers, which led to the offering of plans in 1962.[7]
Pitts produced limited numbers of aircraft during the 1940s and 1950s. The Pitts Special became the standard by which all other aerobatic aircraft were judged. After a number of homebuilt aircraft were produced from rough hand-drawn plans produced by Pitts, more professionally drawn plans went on sale in 1962. While many homebuilt aircraft were built in the 1960s, earning the S-1 a reputation as an excellent aerobatic aircraft, Pitts worked on the design of a two-seat aerobatic trainer version, the S-2, which first flew in 1967 and gained its type certificate in 1971. Factory-built aircraft produced by the Aerotek company at Afton, Wyoming were joined in production by the single-seat S-1S in 1973.[9][10]
In 1972, the US Aerobatic Team won the World Championships flying only Pitts biplanes.[2]
In 1977 Curtis Pitts sold his interests in the Pitts S-1 and S-2 to Doyle Child.[7] Child later sold the rights in 1981 to Frank Christensen, who continued production at the Afton plant under the guise of Christen Industries.[10] The rights for homebuilt versions of the Pitts were sold in 1994 to Steen Aero Lab,[11] with the Afton factory and production rights being transferred to Aviat.
Curtis Pitts died in 2005 at age 89. At the time of his death, he was working with Steen on the prototype of the new Pitts Model 14, a brand new, two-seat biplane designed for unlimited aerobatics powered by the 400 horsepowerVedeneyev M14Pradial engine. The rights to the Pitts name is currently owned by Aviat which also owns the similar model to the Pitts in the Christen Eagle.[8]
The current inverted flat spin world record is 98 set on March 20, 2016 by air show performer Spencer Suderman over Yuma, Arizona.[12] Suderman flew the Sunbird S-1x, a Lycoming IO-540-powered experimental variant of the Pitts S1. The maneuver began from 24,500' over the Yuma Proving Grounds and was recovered at 2,000' AGL.[13] The previous world record for the number of consecutive turns in a flat spin was 81 also set by Spencer Suderman on March 13, 2014 in a Pitts S-2B from 23,000 ft altitude over the Naval Air Facility El Centro.[14]
VariantsEdit
S-1
Basic single-seat Pitts aerobatic biplane with a flat M6 aerofoil section and lower wing ailerons only, fitted with a variety of engines.[15] Two were built, the first named Special and the second Li'l Stinker.[16]
S-1C
Amateur-built S-1 single-seat aircraft, flat bottom wing with ailerons on lower wing only, designed for 100–180 hp (75–134 kW) engines. First flown in 1960, the S-1 is currently available as a plans-built aircraft from Steen Aero Lab.[17][18]
S-1D
Amateur-built S-1C with ailerons on all four wings, generally similar to S-1S.[15][19]
S-1E
Amateur-built S-1C using factory-produced kits. Uses symmetrical airfoil.[15][19]
Similar to the certified S-1S "Roundwing". 180–200+ hp (134–149 kW), single-seat, homebuilt, symmetrical wing, four symmetrical "Super-Stinker" style ailerons, 300 degree/s roll rate, fixed-pitch propeller. This model is available in plans and components form from Steen Aero Lab.[21]
S-1T
Aerotek-built S-1C with a 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-A1E and minor changes; 64 built.[15] Four-aileron, single-seat, factory-built, symmetrical wing, symmetrical ailerons, constant speed two- or three-blade Hartzell propeller. The top wing was moved forward compared to the S-1S for weight and balance. This model was in production in 2008 from Aviat Aircraft as an "on-demand" manufacture product.[4][8]
S-1-11B
Known as Model 11 "Super Stinker", 300+ hp (220 kW) Lycoming, four-aileron, single-seat, experimental-plans or factory-built and factory component parts, symmetrical airfoil, three-blade constant speed prop, rolls better than 300 degree/s, climbs better than 3,000 ft/min (15.3 m/s).[8][22]
S-2
Scaled up S-1 with tandem two-seat fuselage and powered by a 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-B4A piston engine.[15]
S-2A
Aerotek-built S-2A with a 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-A1A or -A1E piston engine, constant speed propeller, later builds have a longer landing gear and a 2-inch-wider (51 mm) front cockpit; 259 built.[15][19]
S-2B
Aerotek-built S-2A with a 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming AEIO-540-D4A5 engine, upper wing auxiliary fuel tank, the landing gear and upper wings were moved forward six inches; 196 built. The aircraft is out of production but is supported by Aviat Aircraft.[8][15]
S-2C
Four aileron, two-seat, factory-built, symmetric airfoil, 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming driving constant speed three-blade propeller, current production model. This was an evolution of the S-2B model, with improved ailerons and rudder, flat bottom fuselage, lower profile bungee gear, better inverted handling, and certified for +6 -5g. It is in production in 2008 by Aviat Aircraft.[8]
S-2E
Amateur-built S-2A from factory-produced kits.[15]
S-2S
Aerotek-built S-2B with a single cockpit and a twin tank fuel system. The fuselage is shortened by 14 inches (35 cm) forward of the cockpit to allow the installation of the heavier 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming AEIO-540-D4A5. The wingspan is 20 ft, 0 inches (6.10 m); 17 built. This model is currently out of production, but supported by Aviat Aircraft.[8][15][19]
S-2SE
Amateur-built S-2S from factory-produced kits.[15]
Taylor, John W.R., ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976-77. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1976. ISBN0-354-00538-3.
Taylor, John W.R., ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89. Coulsden, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1988. ISBN0-7106-0867-5.
Taylor, John W.R., ed. Jane's Pocket Book of Light Aircraft - Second Edition. Coulsden, Surrey, UK: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN0-7106-0121-2.
Taylor, Michael J.H., ed. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition. London: Brassey's, 1999. ISBN1-85753-245-7.
Taylor, Michael J.H., ed. Janes's Encyclopedia of Aviation, Vol. 5. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Educational Corporation, 1980. ISBN0-7106-0710-5.
"2008 Kit Aircraft Directory." Kitplanes Magazine Volume 24, Number 12, December 2007, Belvior Publications, Aviation Publishing Group LLC.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pitts S-1 Special.
Aviat Aircraft Pitts
Steen aero lab
AVweb Used Aircraft Guide: Pitts Special
August 30, 2023
pitts, special, this, article, about, aerobatic, biplane, series, other, uses, disambiguation, company, designations, series, light, aerobatic, biplanes, designed, curtis, pitts, accumulated, many, competition, wins, since, first, flight, 1944, pitts, biplanes. This article is about the aerobatic biplane series For other uses see Pitts Special disambiguation The Pitts Special company designations S 1 and S 2 is a series of light aerobatic biplanes designed by Curtis Pitts It has accumulated many competition wins since its first flight in 1944 The Pitts biplanes dominated world aerobatic competition in the 1960s and 1970s and even today remain potent competition aircraft in the lower categories 1 2 Pitts Special S 1 S 2A Pitts S 1S Special left and a modified S 2AE Special right in formation in 2021 Role Aerobatic biplaneNational origin United StatesManufacturer Aviat current Designer Curtis PittsFirst flight September 1944Status In productionLittle Stinker in the SmithsonianS 1SModified S 1SModified S 1SChristen Industries S 2B Pitts Special belonging to the Pitts Specials Formation Aerobatic Team2001 Aviat Pitts S 2CS 1 11B Pitts SpecialPitts S 2ACockpit of Pitts S 2APitts S 2BPitts S 1EPitts S 1TPitts Special in flight Contents 1 Design and development 1 1 Current versions 2 Operational history 3 Variants 4 Operators 4 1 Military operators 4 2 Civil operators 5 Aircraft on display 6 Specifications S 2B 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Bibliography 9 External linksDesign and development EditCurtis Pitts began the design of a single seat aerobatic biplane in 1943 1944 3 The design has been refined continuously since the prototype first flew in September 1944 however the current Pitts S 2 still remains quite close to the original in concept and in design 4 Several of the aircraft that Curtis Pitts built had a picture of a skunk on them and were called Stinkers After she bought it aerobatic performer Betty Skelton called the second aircraft that Curtis built Little Stinker The prototype S 2 which was the first two seat Pitts was Big Stinker the prototype Model 11 later called S 1 11B was Super Stinker and the prototype Model 12 was the Macho Stinker 5 6 In 1962 Curtis Pitts set up Pitts Enterprises to sell plans of the S 1C to homebuilders 7 Current versions Edit Certified versions of the Pitts are now produced by Aviat Aircraft in Afton Wyoming It is available as the S 1 single seater with an up to 200 hp 150 kW flat 4 Lycoming engine and a 17 ft 4 in 5 28 m wingspan or as the S 2 two seater variant featuring a 260 hp 194 kW flat 6 Lycoming and a 20 ft 6 1 m wingspan Pitts Specials have been equipped with engines of up to 450 hp 338 kW 1 Plans for the single seat Pitts S 1S are also available from Aviat Aircraft The S 1C and derivative S 1SS plans and kits are supplied by Steen Aero Lab in Palm Bay Florida Many hundreds of homebuilders have successfully completed and flown the Pitts since plans became available in 1960 8 Operational history EditAll single seat S 1 and two seat S 2 Pitts Specials are variations of the basic design from 1944 The aircraft was popularized by Betty Skelton Caro Bayley and other air show performers which led to the offering of plans in 1962 7 Pitts produced limited numbers of aircraft during the 1940s and 1950s The Pitts Special became the standard by which all other aerobatic aircraft were judged After a number of homebuilt aircraft were produced from rough hand drawn plans produced by Pitts more professionally drawn plans went on sale in 1962 While many homebuilt aircraft were built in the 1960s earning the S 1 a reputation as an excellent aerobatic aircraft Pitts worked on the design of a two seat aerobatic trainer version the S 2 which first flew in 1967 and gained its type certificate in 1971 Factory built aircraft produced by the Aerotek company at Afton Wyoming were joined in production by the single seat S 1S in 1973 9 10 In 1972 the US Aerobatic Team won the World Championships flying only Pitts biplanes 2 In 1977 Curtis Pitts sold his interests in the Pitts S 1 and S 2 to Doyle Child 7 Child later sold the rights in 1981 to Frank Christensen who continued production at the Afton plant under the guise of Christen Industries 10 The rights for homebuilt versions of the Pitts were sold in 1994 to Steen Aero Lab 11 with the Afton factory and production rights being transferred to Aviat Curtis Pitts died in 2005 at age 89 At the time of his death he was working with Steen on the prototype of the new Pitts Model 14 a brand new two seat biplane designed for unlimited aerobatics powered by the 400 horsepower Vedeneyev M14P radial engine The rights to the Pitts name is currently owned by Aviat which also owns the similar model to the Pitts in the Christen Eagle 8 The current inverted flat spin world record is 98 set on March 20 2016 by air show performer Spencer Suderman over Yuma Arizona 12 Suderman flew the Sunbird S 1x a Lycoming IO 540 powered experimental variant of the Pitts S1 The maneuver began from 24 500 over the Yuma Proving Grounds and was recovered at 2 000 AGL 13 The previous world record for the number of consecutive turns in a flat spin was 81 also set by Spencer Suderman on March 13 2014 in a Pitts S 2B from 23 000 ft altitude over the Naval Air Facility El Centro 14 Variants EditS 1 Basic single seat Pitts aerobatic biplane with a flat M6 aerofoil section and lower wing ailerons only fitted with a variety of engines 15 Two were built the first named Special and the second Li l Stinker 16 S 1C Amateur built S 1 single seat aircraft flat bottom wing with ailerons on lower wing only designed for 100 180 hp 75 134 kW engines First flown in 1960 the S 1 is currently available as a plans built aircraft from Steen Aero Lab 17 18 S 1D Amateur built S 1C with ailerons on all four wings generally similar to S 1S 15 19 S 1E Amateur built S 1C using factory produced kits Uses symmetrical airfoil 15 19 S 1S Aerotek built certified S 1C for competition aerobatics round airfoil section four ailerons and powered by a 180 hp 134 kW Lycoming AEIO 360 B4A 61 built 15 19 This model is also available from Aviat Aircraft as a plans built aircraft 20 S 1SS Similar to the certified S 1S Roundwing 180 200 hp 134 149 kW single seat homebuilt symmetrical wing four symmetrical Super Stinker style ailerons 300 degree s roll rate fixed pitch propeller This model is available in plans and components form from Steen Aero Lab 21 S 1T Aerotek built S 1C with a 200 hp 149 kW Lycoming AEIO 360 A1E and minor changes 64 built 15 Four aileron single seat factory built symmetrical wing symmetrical ailerons constant speed two or three blade Hartzell propeller The top wing was moved forward compared to the S 1S for weight and balance This model was in production in 2008 from Aviat Aircraft as an on demand manufacture product 4 8 S 1 11B Known as Model 11 Super Stinker 300 hp 220 kW Lycoming four aileron single seat experimental plans or factory built and factory component parts symmetrical airfoil three blade constant speed prop rolls better than 300 degree s climbs better than 3 000 ft min 15 3 m s 8 22 S 2 Scaled up S 1 with tandem two seat fuselage and powered by a 200 hp 149 kW Lycoming AEIO 360 B4A piston engine 15 S 2A Aerotek built S 2A with a 200 hp 149 kW Lycoming AEIO 360 A1A or A1E piston engine constant speed propeller later builds have a longer landing gear and a 2 inch wider 51 mm front cockpit 259 built 15 19 S 2B Aerotek built S 2A with a 260 hp 194 kW Lycoming AEIO 540 D4A5 engine upper wing auxiliary fuel tank the landing gear and upper wings were moved forward six inches 196 built The aircraft is out of production but is supported by Aviat Aircraft 8 15 S 2C Four aileron two seat factory built symmetric airfoil 260 hp 194 kW Lycoming driving constant speed three blade propeller current production model This was an evolution of the S 2B model with improved ailerons and rudder flat bottom fuselage lower profile bungee gear better inverted handling and certified for 6 5g It is in production in 2008 by Aviat Aircraft 8 S 2E Amateur built S 2A from factory produced kits 15 S 2S Aerotek built S 2B with a single cockpit and a twin tank fuel system The fuselage is shortened by 14 inches 35 cm forward of the cockpit to allow the installation of the heavier 260 hp 194 kW Lycoming AEIO 540 D4A5 The wingspan is 20 ft 0 inches 6 10 m 17 built This model is currently out of production but supported by Aviat Aircraft 8 15 19 S 2SE Amateur built S 2S from factory produced kits 15 Operators EditMilitary operators Edit Chile From 1980 to 1989 23 Jordan Royal Jordanian Falcons aerobatic team 4 S 2As 24 VenezuelaCivil operators Edit Goodyear Eagles Aerobatics Display Team 4 X Aviat S 2B 25 Pitts Specials Formation Aerobatic Team 2 X S 2BAircraft on display EditCanada S 1C on static display at the Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum in Halifax Nova Scotia 26 S 2A on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa Ontario 27 Italy S 1T on static display at Volandia in Somma Lombardo Varese 28 United States S 1 on static display at the MAPS Air Museum in North Canton Ohio 29 S 1C on static display at the Aerospace Museum of California in North Highlands California 30 S 1C on static display at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos California 31 S 1C on static display at the Pima Air amp Space Museum in Tucson Arizona 32 S 1C on static display at the Udvar Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly Virginia 33 S 1S on static display at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in San Diego California 34 S 2 on static display at the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh Wisconsin 35 S 2B on static display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas Texas 36 On static display at the Virginia Air amp Space Center in Hampton Virginia 37 On static display at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum in Denver Colorado 38 Specifications S 2B EditData from Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1988 89 4 General characteristicsCrew one Capacity one passenger Length 18 ft 9 in 5 72 m Upper wingspan 20 ft 0 in 6 10 m Lower wingspan 19 ft 0 in 5 79 m Height 6 ft 7 1 2 in 2 019 m Wing area 125 0 sq ft 11 61 m2 Empty weight 1 150 lb 522 kg Max takeoff weight 1 625 lb 737 kg Fuel capacity 29 US gal 24 imp gal 110 L Powerplant 1 Textron Lycoming AEIO 540 D4A5 air cooled flat six engine 260 hp 190 kW Performance Cruise speed 152 kn 175 mph 282 km h max cruise Stall speed 52 kn 60 mph 96 km h Never exceed speed 182 kn 209 mph 337 km h Range 277 nmi 319 mi 513 km 55 power Service ceiling 21 000 ft 6 400 m Rate of climb 2 700 ft min 14 m s See also EditRelated development Pitts Samson Pitts Model 12 Vancil Spitz S1 an ultralight S 1 replicaAircraft of comparable role configuration and era Acro Sport II Sorrell Hiperbipe Steen Skybolt Aviat Eagle II Christen Eagle References EditNotes Edit a b Montgomery and Foster 1992 p 92 a b Plane and Pilot 1977 p 84 Taylor 1980 p 899 a b c Taylor 1988 p 381 The Pitts Model 12 Archived 2010 05 15 at the Wayback Machine Palmer Aeroworks Limited 2 May 2008 Retrieved 6 August 2008 Pitts Special S 1C National Air and Space Museum 17 March 2016 Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 Retrieved 5 April 2019 a b c Simpson 1991 p 125 a b c d e f g Pitts Overview Archived 2008 08 04 at the Wayback Machine Donald 1999 p 683 a b Donald 1999 p 684 Taylor 1999 p 585 Guinness World Records 2016 Most inverted flat spins in an aircraft Retrieved 7 April 2016 Tulis David 24 March 2016 Spin doctor crushes record Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Retrieved 26 March 2016 David Hirshman June 2014 Record Setter AOPA Pilot 26 a b c d e f g h i j k Simpson 1991 p 126 American airplanes Pa Pi Aerofiles com 2 May 2009 Retrieved 16 March 2011 Taylor 1976 p 527 1999 Plans Aircraft Directory 1999 p 69 a b c d e Taylor 1982 p 187 1999 Plans Aircraft Directory 1999 p 53 The Pitts S1 C and S1 SS Archived 13 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Steen Aero Lab 2008 Retrieved 8 August 2008 Pitts S1 Historical Information Archived 13 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Steen Aero Lab 2008 Retrieved 8 August 2008 Halcones Aerobatic Team History Aerobatic Teams 2022 Retrieved 6 June 2022 Andrade 1982 page 138 Goodyear Eagles South African formation display aerobatics team goodyeareagles com Retrieved 30 September 2016 Pitts Special S 1C Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts Special S 2A Modified Canada Aviation and Space Museum Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts Special Volandia Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts S 1 Pitts Special MAPS Air Museum 3 February 2020 Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts Special S 1C Aerospace Museum of California Archived from the original on 17 April 2016 Retrieved 3 November 2020 Aircraft on Display Hiller Aviation Museum Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts S 1C Special Pima Air amp Space Museum Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts Special S 1C National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts Special San Diego Air amp Space Museum Retrieved 3 November 2020 1966 Pitts S 2 Special N22Q EAA Retrieved 3 November 2020 Pitts S 2B Frontiers of Flight Museum Retrieved 3 November 2020 Aircraft Virginia Air amp Space Center Retrieved 3 November 2020 Aircraft Exhibits Wings Over the Rockies Retrieved 3 November 2020 Bibliography Edit Andrade John Militair 1982 London Aviation Press Limited 1982 ISBN 0 907898 01 7 Aviat Aircraft Donald David ed The Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft London Aurum Press 1999 ISBN 1 85410 642 2 Montgomery M R and Gerald Foster A Field Guide to Airplanes Second Edition Boston Houghton Mifflin Company 1992 ISBN 0 395 62888 1 1999 Plans Aircraft Directory Kitplanes Magazine Volume 16 Number 1 January 1999 Belvior Publications Aviation Publishing Group LLC Plane and Pilot 1978 Aircraft Directory Santa Monica CA Werner amp Werner Corp 1977 ISBN 0 918312 00 0 Simpson R W Airlife s General Aviation Shrewsbury UK Airlife Publishing 1991 ISBN 1 85310 194 X Taylor John W R ed Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1976 77 London Macdonald and Jane s 1976 ISBN 0 354 00538 3 Taylor John W R ed Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1988 89 Coulsden Surrey UK Jane s Information Group 1988 ISBN 0 7106 0867 5 Taylor John W R ed Jane s Pocket Book of Light Aircraft Second Edition Coulsden Surrey UK Jane s Publishing Company 1982 ISBN 0 7106 0121 2 Taylor Michael J H ed Brassey s World Aircraft amp Systems Directory 1999 2000 Edition London Brassey s 1999 ISBN 1 85753 245 7 Taylor Michael J H ed Janes s Encyclopedia of Aviation Vol 5 Danbury Connecticut Grolier Educational Corporation 1980 ISBN 0 7106 0710 5 2008 Kit Aircraft Directory Kitplanes Magazine Volume 24 Number 12 December 2007 Belvior Publications Aviation Publishing Group LLC External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pitts S 1 Special Aviat Aircraft Pitts Steen aero lab AVweb Used Aircraft Guide Pitts Special Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pitts Special amp oldid 1169691334, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
