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Pilgrims' Way

December 01, 2023

For other uses, see Pilgrims' Way (disambiguation).

The Pilgrims' Way (also Pilgrim's Way or Pilgrims Way)[a] is the historical route supposedly taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent. This name, of comparatively recent coinage, is applied to a pre-existing ancient trackway dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the Stone Age.[1][2] The prehistoric route followed the "natural causeway" east to west on the southern slopes of the North Downs.[3]

Pilgrims' Way
The Pilgrims' Way as it passes the White Horse Stone, Kent
Length192 km (119 mi)
LocationSouth Eastern England, United Kingdom
TrailheadsWinchester, Hampshire
Shrine of Thomas Becket, Canterbury, Kent
UseHiking, cycling and byway; former pilgrim way
SeasonAll year

The course was dictated by the natural geography: it took advantage of the contours, avoided the sticky clay of the land below but also the thinner, overlying "clay with flints" of the summits.[4] In places a coexisting ridgeway and terrace way can be identified; the route followed would have varied with the season, but it would not drop below the upper line of cultivation.[5][6] The trackway ran the entire length of the North Downs, leading to and from Folkestone: the pilgrims would have had to turn away from it, north along the valley of the Great Stour near Chilham, to reach Canterbury.

History edit

 
Map of Pilgrims Way near Titsey, Surrey. The upper route, on the brow of the North Downs, is the ancient trackway (note the archaeological finds at the top left); the lower, almost in the valley, is the route surmised by the Ordnance Survey in the 19th century
 
A section of the lower route, eroded into the slope, in Surrey

The prehistoric trackway extended further than the present Way, providing a link from the narrowest part of the English Channel to the important religious complexes of Avebury and Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, where it is known as the Harroway. The way then existed as "broad and ill-defined corridors of movement up to half a mile wide" and not as a single, well-defined track.[7][8] The route was still followed as an artery for through traffic in Roman times, a period of continuous use of more than 3000 years.[2]

From Thomas Becket's canonization in 1173, until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538, his shrine at Canterbury became the most important in the country, indeed "after Rome...the chief shrine in Christendom",[9] and it drew pilgrims from far and wide. Winchester, apart from being an ecclesiastical centre in its own right (the shrine of St Swithin), was an important regional focus and an aggregation point for travellers arriving through the seaports on the south coast.[4] It is "widely accepted" that this was the route taken by Henry II on his pilgrimage of atonement for the death of Bishop Thomas, from France to Canterbury in July 1174, although this has been disputed and some evidence points to his having taken a route via London.[10][11] Travellers from Winchester to Canterbury naturally used the ancient way, as it was the direct route, and research by local historians has provided much by way of detail—sometimes embellished—of the pilgrims' journeys. The numbers making their way to Canterbury by this route were not recorded, but the estimate by the Kentish historian William Coles Finch that it carried more than 100,000 pilgrims a year is surely an exaggeration; a more prosaic estimate—extrapolated from the records of pilgrims' offerings at the shrine—contends an annual figure closer to 1,000.[12][13][14] A separate (and more reliably attested) route to Canterbury from London was by way of Watling Street, as followed by the storytellers in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.[13]

Conversely, the concept of a single route called the Pilgrims' Way could be no older than the Victorian Ordnance Survey map of Surrey, whose surveyor, Edward Renouard James, published a pamphlet in 1871 entitled Notes on the Pilgrims' Way in West Surrey. While acknowledging that the route was "little studied" and that "very many persons in the neighbourhood had not been aware of it", he nonetheless caused the name to be inserted on the Ordnance Survey map, giving official sanction to his conjecture.[15] Romantic writers such as Hilaire Belloc were eager to follow this up and they succeeded in creating "a fable of...modern origin" to explain the existence of the Way.[16][2] In fact, the route as shown on modern maps is not only unsuitable for the mass movement of travellers but has also left few traces of their activity.[13][17] The official history of the Ordnance Survey acknowledges the "enduring archaeological blunder", blaming the enthusiasm for history of the then Director, General Sir Henry James.[18] However, F. C. Elliston-Erwood, a Kentish historian, notes that tithe records dating from before 1815 use the well established name "Pilgrims' Way" to reference and locate pieces of land.[13] Earlier still, surviving thirteenth century documents show a "Pilgrim Road" by the walls of Thornham Castle, Kent, on what is today considered the route.[11][19]

The Pilgrims' Way is at the centre of the Powell and Pressburger film A Canterbury Tale, with the camera panning along a map of the route at the start of the film.[20]

Route edit

 
In the Middle Ages the pilgrims' route left the ancient trackway to climb St Martha's Hill[2]
 
On the Pilgrims' Way near Trottiscliffe, Kent

Anyone walking the 'Pilgrims Way' from Winchester would have started along the Roman road east following the route through New Alresford, Four Marks, Alton and Bentley to Farnham. This roughly follows the modern A31.

The ancient main streets of towns along the route from Farnham (where the old trackway converges with the pilgrims' route)[2] through Guildford, Dorking and Reigate align west to east, strongly suggesting that this was the most important route that passed through them. On modern Ordnance Survey maps, part of the route is shown running east from Farnham via the heights by Guildford Castle, then north of the village of Shere, north of Dorking, Reigate, Merstham, Chaldon, Godstone, Limpsfield and Westerham, through Otford, Kemsing and Wrotham, north of Trottiscliffe, towards Cuxton (where it crossed the River Medway). South of Rochester, the Pilgrims' Way travels through the villages of Burham, Boxley, Detling and continuing in a south-east direction to the north of the villages of Harrietsham and Lenham. The route continues south-east along the top of the Downs past Charing, to Wye and then turns north to follow the valley of the Great Stour through Chilham and on to Canterbury.

Along some stretches the pilgrims' route left the ancient trackway to encompass religious sites, examples being Pewley Down, near Guildford, where the later way passed St Martha's Hill and St Catherine's chantry chapel, some 500 metres to the south.[2] At Reigate the thirteenth-century chapel of St Thomas and a hospice were built for the pilgrims' use, although they were not on the route.[21][22] Boxley Abbey, with its revered Rood of Grace, was another recognised detour.[23]

National Trail edit

The North Downs Way National Trail parallels the old Pilgrims' Way between Farnham and Canterbury. Much of the traditional route of the Pilgrims' Way is now part of the modern road network and the Ramblers have previously advised walkers wishing to follow it to use St. Swithun's Way between Winchester and Farnham and the North Downs Way between Farnham and Canterbury as an alternative.[24]

The route also links with the South Downs Way at Winchester.

Notes edit

  1. ^ All three usages are noted on Ordnance Survey maps

References edit

  1. ^ Brayley, Edward (1850). A topographical history of Surrey. Vol. 4. London: G Willis. p. 218. OCLC 4601837.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Margary, Ivan D (1948). Roman Ways in the Weald. London: J M Dent. pp. 260–263. ISBN 0-460-07742-2.
  3. ^ Fagg, C. C.; Hutchings, G. E. (1928). "Prehistory". In Ogilvie, Alan Grant (ed.). Great Britain: essays in regional geography. Tansley, A. G. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 29. OCLC 59447377.
  4. ^ a b Wright, Christopher John (1971). A Guide to the Pilgrims' Way. Constable and Co, London. ISBN 0-09-456240-7
  5. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1998) Pilgrims' Way.
  6. ^ Wooldridge, Sidney; Hutchings, Geoffrey (1957). London's Countryside : Geographical field work for students and teachers of geography. London: Methuen. p. 121. OCLC 788928682.
  7. ^ Castleden, Rodney (1987). "The High Roads". The Stonehenge People: An Exploration of Life in Neolithic Britain, 4700-2000 BC. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 0-7102-0968-1.
  8. ^ Crawford, Osbert (1953). Archaeology in the Field. London: Phoenix House. p. 7. OCLC 30245154.
  9. ^ Wright (1971: 16)
  10. ^ Cartwright, Julia (1911). The Pilgrims' Way: From Winchester to Canterbury. London: John Murray. p. 5. OCLC 559472322.
  11. ^ a b Hooper, Wilfrid (1936). "The Pilgrims' Way and its supposed pilgrim use" (PDF). Surrey Archaeological Collections. Guildford: Surrey Archaeological Society. 44: 53. A Pipe Roll record for the hire of horses for the King's escort to London is extant.
  12. ^ Finch, William Coles (1925). In Kentish pilgrim land, its ancient roads and shrines. London: Charles William Daniel. p. 77. OCLC 6213389.
  13. ^ a b c d Elliston-Erwood, F.C. (1925). "The "Pilgrim's Way" its antiquity and its alleged Mediæval Use" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. 37: 1–20.  
  14. ^ Hooper (1936) 44 "In their train have followed the host of guide-books and popular writers who have expanded and embellished ad libitum as fancy prompted".
  15. ^ James, Edward Renouard (1871). Notes on the Pilgrims Way in West Surrey. London: Edward Stanford. p. 6. OCLC 560914994.
  16. ^ Belloc, Hilaire (1904). The Old Road. London: John Constable. OCLC 70731922.
  17. ^ Parker, Eric (1947). "The Pilgrims Way". Surrey. London: Hale. OCLC 4320463.
  18. ^ Owen, Tim; Pilbeam, Elaine (1992). Ordnance Survey. Southampton, England: Ordnance Survey. p. 64. ISBN 0-319-00498-8.
  19. ^ Ordnance Survey (1957). 172 Chatham & Maidstone (Map). 1:63360. Chessington, England.
  20. ^ Hauser, Kitty (2007). "From Pilgrims' Way to the railway". Shadow Sites: Photography, Archaeology, and the British Landscape, 1927-1955. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 256–261. ISBN 978-0-19-920632-2.
  21. ^ Wright (1971: 134)
  22. ^ Malden, Henry Elliot, ed. (1902). A history of the County of Surrey. Vol. 3. London: Constable. pp. 229–245. OCLC 2979914.
  23. ^ Cartwright 1911: pp 147–149
  24. ^ Page archived (as at 2012-07-28) from the Ramblers' Association, accessed 2013-04-29

External links edit

51°17′N 0°4′E / 51.283°N 0.067°E / 51.283; 0.067

December 01, 2023
pilgrims, other, uses, disambiguation, also, pilgrim, pilgrims, historical, route, supposedly, taken, pilgrims, from, winchester, hampshire, england, shrine, thomas, becket, canterbury, kent, this, name, comparatively, recent, coinage, applied, existing, ancie. For other uses see Pilgrims Way disambiguation The Pilgrims Way also Pilgrim s Way or Pilgrims Way a is the historical route supposedly taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire England to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent This name of comparatively recent coinage is applied to a pre existing ancient trackway dated by archaeological finds to 600 450 BC but probably in existence since the Stone Age 1 2 The prehistoric route followed the natural causeway east to west on the southern slopes of the North Downs 3 Pilgrims WayThe Pilgrims Way as it passes the White Horse Stone KentLength192 km 119 mi LocationSouth Eastern England United KingdomTrailheadsWinchester HampshireShrine of Thomas Becket Canterbury KentUseHiking cycling and byway former pilgrim waySeasonAll yearThe course was dictated by the natural geography it took advantage of the contours avoided the sticky clay of the land below but also the thinner overlying clay with flints of the summits 4 In places a coexisting ridgeway and terrace way can be identified the route followed would have varied with the season but it would not drop below the upper line of cultivation 5 6 The trackway ran the entire length of the North Downs leading to and from Folkestone the pilgrims would have had to turn away from it north along the valley of the Great Stour near Chilham to reach Canterbury Contents 1 History 2 Route 3 National Trail 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Map of Pilgrims Way near Titsey Surrey The upper route on the brow of the North Downs is the ancient trackway note the archaeological finds at the top left the lower almost in the valley is the route surmised by the Ordnance Survey in the 19th century nbsp A section of the lower route eroded into the slope in SurreyThe prehistoric trackway extended further than the present Way providing a link from the narrowest part of the English Channel to the important religious complexes of Avebury and Stonehenge in Wiltshire where it is known as the Harroway The way then existed as broad and ill defined corridors of movement up to half a mile wide and not as a single well defined track 7 8 The route was still followed as an artery for through traffic in Roman times a period of continuous use of more than 3000 years 2 From Thomas Becket s canonization in 1173 until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538 his shrine at Canterbury became the most important in the country indeed after Rome the chief shrine in Christendom 9 and it drew pilgrims from far and wide Winchester apart from being an ecclesiastical centre in its own right the shrine of St Swithin was an important regional focus and an aggregation point for travellers arriving through the seaports on the south coast 4 It is widely accepted that this was the route taken by Henry II on his pilgrimage of atonement for the death of Bishop Thomas from France to Canterbury in July 1174 although this has been disputed and some evidence points to his having taken a route via London 10 11 Travellers from Winchester to Canterbury naturally used the ancient way as it was the direct route and research by local historians has provided much by way of detail sometimes embellished of the pilgrims journeys The numbers making their way to Canterbury by this route were not recorded but the estimate by the Kentish historian William Coles Finch that it carried more than 100 000 pilgrims a year is surely an exaggeration a more prosaic estimate extrapolated from the records of pilgrims offerings at the shrine contends an annual figure closer to 1 000 12 13 14 A separate and more reliably attested route to Canterbury from London was by way of Watling Street as followed by the storytellers in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer 13 Conversely the concept of a single route called the Pilgrims Way could be no older than the Victorian Ordnance Survey map of Surrey whose surveyor Edward Renouard James published a pamphlet in 1871 entitled Notes on the Pilgrims Way in West Surrey While acknowledging that the route was little studied and that very many persons in the neighbourhood had not been aware of it he nonetheless caused the name to be inserted on the Ordnance Survey map giving official sanction to his conjecture 15 Romantic writers such as Hilaire Belloc were eager to follow this up and they succeeded in creating a fable of modern origin to explain the existence of the Way 16 2 In fact the route as shown on modern maps is not only unsuitable for the mass movement of travellers but has also left few traces of their activity 13 17 The official history of the Ordnance Survey acknowledges the enduring archaeological blunder blaming the enthusiasm for history of the then Director General Sir Henry James 18 However F C Elliston Erwood a Kentish historian notes that tithe records dating from before 1815 use the well established name Pilgrims Way to reference and locate pieces of land 13 Earlier still surviving thirteenth century documents show a Pilgrim Road by the walls of Thornham Castle Kent on what is today considered the route 11 19 The Pilgrims Way is at the centre of the Powell and Pressburger film A Canterbury Tale with the camera panning along a map of the route at the start of the film 20 Route edit nbsp In the Middle Ages the pilgrims route left the ancient trackway to climb St Martha s Hill 2 nbsp On the Pilgrims Way near Trottiscliffe KentAnyone walking the Pilgrims Way from Winchester would have started along the Roman road east following the route through New Alresford Four Marks Alton and Bentley to Farnham This roughly follows the modern A31 The ancient main streets of towns along the route from Farnham where the old trackway converges with the pilgrims route 2 through Guildford Dorking and Reigate align west to east strongly suggesting that this was the most important route that passed through them On modern Ordnance Survey maps part of the route is shown running east from Farnham via the heights by Guildford Castle then north of the village of Shere north of Dorking Reigate Merstham Chaldon Godstone Limpsfield and Westerham through Otford Kemsing and Wrotham north of Trottiscliffe towards Cuxton where it crossed the River Medway South of Rochester the Pilgrims Way travels through the villages of Burham Boxley Detling and continuing in a south east direction to the north of the villages of Harrietsham and Lenham The route continues south east along the top of the Downs past Charing to Wye and then turns north to follow the valley of the Great Stour through Chilham and on to Canterbury Along some stretches the pilgrims route left the ancient trackway to encompass religious sites examples being Pewley Down near Guildford where the later way passed St Martha s Hill and St Catherine s chantry chapel some 500 metres to the south 2 At Reigate the thirteenth century chapel of St Thomas and a hospice were built for the pilgrims use although they were not on the route 21 22 Boxley Abbey with its revered Rood of Grace was another recognised detour 23 National Trail editThe North Downs Way National Trail parallels the old Pilgrims Way between Farnham and Canterbury Much of the traditional route of the Pilgrims Way is now part of the modern road network and the Ramblers have previously advised walkers wishing to follow it to use St Swithun s Way between Winchester and Farnham and the North Downs Way between Farnham and Canterbury as an alternative 24 The route also links with the South Downs Way at Winchester Notes edit All three usages are noted on Ordnance Survey mapsReferences edit Brayley Edward 1850 A topographical history of Surrey Vol 4 London G Willis p 218 OCLC 4601837 a b c d e f Margary Ivan D 1948 Roman Ways in the Weald London J M Dent pp 260 263 ISBN 0 460 07742 2 Fagg C C Hutchings G E 1928 Prehistory In Ogilvie Alan Grant ed Great Britain essays in regional geography Tansley A G Cambridge England Cambridge University Press p 29 OCLC 59447377 a b Wright Christopher John 1971 A Guide to the Pilgrims Way Constable and Co London ISBN 0 09 456240 7 Encyclopaedia Britannica 1998 Pilgrims Way Wooldridge Sidney Hutchings Geoffrey 1957 London s Countryside Geographical field work for students and teachers of geography London Methuen p 121 OCLC 788928682 Castleden Rodney 1987 The High Roads The Stonehenge People An Exploration of Life in Neolithic Britain 4700 2000 BC Routledge p 114 ISBN 0 7102 0968 1 Crawford Osbert 1953 Archaeology in the Field London Phoenix House p 7 OCLC 30245154 Wright 1971 16 Cartwright Julia 1911 The Pilgrims Way From Winchester to Canterbury London John Murray p 5 OCLC 559472322 a b Hooper Wilfrid 1936 The Pilgrims Way and its supposed pilgrim use PDF Surrey Archaeological Collections Guildford Surrey Archaeological Society 44 53 A Pipe Roll record for the hire of horses for the King s escort to London is extant Finch William Coles 1925 In Kentish pilgrim land its ancient roads and shrines London Charles William Daniel p 77 OCLC 6213389 a b c d Elliston Erwood F C 1925 The Pilgrim s Way its antiquity and its alleged Mediaeval Use PDF Archaeologia Cantiana 37 1 20 nbsp Hooper 1936 44 In their train have followed the host of guide books and popular writers who have expanded and embellished ad libitum as fancy prompted James Edward Renouard 1871 Notes on the Pilgrims Way in West Surrey London Edward Stanford p 6 OCLC 560914994 Belloc Hilaire 1904 The Old Road London John Constable OCLC 70731922 Parker Eric 1947 The Pilgrims Way Surrey London Hale OCLC 4320463 Owen Tim Pilbeam Elaine 1992 Ordnance Survey Southampton England Ordnance Survey p 64 ISBN 0 319 00498 8 Ordnance Survey 1957 172 Chatham amp Maidstone Map 1 63360 Chessington England Hauser Kitty 2007 From Pilgrims Way to the railway Shadow Sites Photography Archaeology and the British Landscape 1927 1955 Oxford England Oxford University Press pp 256 261 ISBN 978 0 19 920632 2 Wright 1971 134 Malden Henry Elliot ed 1902 A history of the County of Surrey Vol 3 London Constable pp 229 245 OCLC 2979914 Cartwright 1911 pp 147 149 North Downs Way National Trail Page archived as at 2012 07 28 from the Ramblers Association accessed 2013 04 29External links editNorth Downs Way Countryside Agency Pilgrims Way by Canterbury Cathedral org51 17 N 0 4 E 51 283 N 0 067 E 51 283 0 067 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pilgrims 27 Way amp oldid 1150552467, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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