The PiggyBac (PB) transposon is a mobile genetic element that efficiently transposes between vectors and chromosomes via a "cut and paste" mechanism. During transposition, the PB transposase recognizes transposon-specific inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) located on both ends of the transposon vector and efficiently moves the contents from the original sites and integrates them into TTAA chromosomal sites. The powerful activity of the PiggyBac transposon system enables genes of interest between the two ITRs in the PB vector to be easily mobilized into target genomes. The TTAA-specific transposon piggyBac is rapidly becoming a highly useful transposon for genetic engineering of a wide variety of species, particularly insects.[1] They were discovered in 1989 by Malcolm Fraser at the University of Notre Dame.[2][3]
The TTAA-specific, short repeat elements are a group of transposons that share similarity of structure and properties of movement. These elements were originally defined in the Cabbage Looper,[4] but appear to be common among other animals as well. They might prove to be useful tools for the transformation of insects. The original identification of these unusual TTAA-specific elements came through a somewhat unconventional route relative to most other Class II mobile elements. Spontaneous plaque morphology mutants of baculoviruses were observed to arise during propagation of these viruses in the TN-368 cell line. Genetic characterization of these mutations often revealed an associated insertion of host-derived DNAs, some of which appeared to be transposons.
Several different mobile host DNA insertions have been identified within the few-polyhedra (FP) locus of the baculoviruses AcMNPV and GmMNPV. The insertions most extensively studied are those now designated as tagalong (formerly TFP3) and piggyBac (formerly IFP2). These insertions exhibit a unique preference for TTAA target sites, whether inserting within the viral FP-locus or at other regions of the viral genome. Both of these elements are part of a larger family of TTAA-target site specific insertion elements that includes the T. ni derived piggyBac and tagalong elements, the Spodoptera frugiperda derived elements IFP1.6 and 290 bp insertion of Carstens, and the transposon-like insertion within the EcoRI-J,N region of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, whose origin is undefined.
More recently, analysis of sequences obtained from the human genome has revealed what appear to be 100 to 500 copies of a fossil element called LOOPER, which has sequence homology to piggyBac, terminates in 5' CCY....GGG 3', and apparently targets TTAA insertion sites. The LOOPER consensus sequence is on average 77% similar to individual sequences identified in the human genome, indicating it is at least 60 million years old. There are two other TTAA-specific fossil repeat elements, MER75 and MER85 (estimated at 2000 copies per genome) which appear to target TTAA insertion sites and terminate in 5' CCC....GGG 3'. Evidence is accumulating that suggests a superfamily of TTAA-specific mobile elements exists in a diversity of organisms, and that piggyBac-related sequences may be present in a diversity of species.[5]
Structureedit
The transposon consists of the transposase gene flanked by inverted terminal repeats.
The PB superfamily transposase consists of three domains, a variable N-terminal domain, a catalytic DDE triad domain and a C-terminal region with the nuclear localization signal.[6]
It has apparently been domesticated in a wide range of animals, losing the repeats and thus its mobility. The new functions these copies gain are sometimes significant enough to show signs of positive or purifying selection. In humans, these genes are:[7]
Hyperactive versions of PiggyBac transposase are suited for genetic engineering purposes.[8] A version called mPB was created by optimizing codon usage for mammalian (mouse) with a 20x increase in activity,[9] and further mutation screening generated hyPB with 10x the activity of mPB.[10] PiggyBac system have been successfully employed to express large genetic sequences, such as a doxycicline-inducible CRISPR interference system.[11]
Nomenclatureedit
These elements were first identified as insertions in Baculovirus mutants by Dr. Malcolm Fraser,[5] professor at the University of Notre Dame, and were originally named as IFP for Insertions in FP mutants. The name was then changed to TFP for Transposon in FP. Finally the name PiggyBac was adopted to keep the interest of the audience and to bear some resemblance to Drosophila gene nomenclature.
^Cary, L. C.; Goebel, M.; Corsaro, B. G.; Wang, H. G.; Rosen, E.; Fraser, M. J. (September 1989). "Transposon mutagenesis of baculoviruses: analysis of Trichoplusia ni transposon IFP2 insertions within the FP-locus of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses". Virology. 172 (1): 156–169. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90117-7. ISSN 0042-6822. PMID 2549707.
^Chen, Qiujia; Luo, Wentian; Veach, Ruth Ann; Hickman, Alison B.; Wilson, Matthew H.; Dyda, Fred (2020-07-10). "Structural basis of seamless excision and specific targeting by piggyBac transposase". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 3446. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3446C. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17128-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC7351741. PMID 32651359.
^Fraser MJ, Smith GE, Summers MD (August 1983). "Acquisition of Host Cell DNA Sequences by Baculoviruses: Relationship Between Host DNA Insertions and FP Mutants of Autographa californica and Galleria mellonella Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses". Journal of Virology. 47 (2): 287–300. doi:10.1128/JVI.47.2.287-300.1983. PMC255260. PMID 16789244.
^ abFraser, Mac. . Mac Fraser. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20.
^Sarkar A, Sim C, Hong YS, Hogan JR, Fraser MJ, Robertson HM, Collins FH (November 2003). "Molecular evolutionary analysis of the widespread piggyBac transposon family and related "domesticated" sequences". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 270 (2): 173–80. doi:10.1007/s00438-003-0909-0. PMID 12955498. S2CID 16272611.
^Bouallègue M, Rouault JD, Hua-Van A, Makni M, Capy P (February 2017). "Molecular Evolution of piggyBac Superfamily: From Selfishness to Domestication". Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (2): 323–339. doi:10.1093/gbe/evw292. PMC5381638. PMID 28082605.
^Grabundzija I, Irgang M, Mátés L, Belay E, Matrai J, Gogol-Döring A, et al. (June 2010). "Comparative analysis of transposable element vector systems in human cells". Molecular Therapy. 18 (6): 1200–9. doi:10.1038/mt.2010.47. PMC2889740. PMID 20372108.
^Cadiñanos J, Bradley A (2007). "Generation of an inducible and optimized piggyBac transposon system". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12): e87. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm446. PMC1919496. PMID 17576687.
^Yusa K, Zhou L, Li MA, Bradley A, Craig NL (January 2011). "A hyperactive piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (4): 1531–6. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.1531Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008322108. PMC3029773. PMID 21205896.
^De Rosa P, Severi F, Zadran SK, Russo M, Aloisi S, Rigamonti A, et al. (January 2023). "MYCN Amplification, along with Wild-Type RB1 Expression, Enhances CDK4/6 Inhibitors' Efficacy in Neuroblastoma Cells". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24 (6): 5408. doi:10.3390/ijms24065408. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC10049239. PMID 36982482.
December 15, 2023
piggybac, transposon, system, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jsto. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources PiggyBac transposon system news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The PiggyBac PB transposon is a mobile genetic element that efficiently transposes between vectors and chromosomes via a cut and paste mechanism During transposition the PB transposase recognizes transposon specific inverted terminal repeat sequences ITRs located on both ends of the transposon vector and efficiently moves the contents from the original sites and integrates them into TTAA chromosomal sites The powerful activity of the PiggyBac transposon system enables genes of interest between the two ITRs in the PB vector to be easily mobilized into target genomes The TTAA specific transposon piggyBac is rapidly becoming a highly useful transposon for genetic engineering of a wide variety of species particularly insects 1 They were discovered in 1989 by Malcolm Fraser at the University of Notre Dame 2 3 PiggyBac Transposon SystemIdentifiersAliasesExternal IDsGeneCards 1 OrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrezn an aEnsembln an aUniProtnan aRefSeq mRNA n an aRefSeq protein n an aLocation UCSC n an aPubMed searchn an aWikidataView Edit HumanPiggyBac transposable element derived Transposase IS4IdentifiersSymbolDDE Tnp 1 7 PGBDPfamPF13843InterProIPR029526Available protein structures Pfam structures ECOD PDBRCSB PDB PDBe PDBjPDBsumstructure summary Contents 1 Origin 2 Structure 3 As a tool 4 Nomenclature 5 ReferencesOrigin editThe TTAA specific short repeat elements are a group of transposons that share similarity of structure and properties of movement These elements were originally defined in the Cabbage Looper 4 but appear to be common among other animals as well They might prove to be useful tools for the transformation of insects The original identification of these unusual TTAA specific elements came through a somewhat unconventional route relative to most other Class II mobile elements Spontaneous plaque morphology mutants of baculoviruses were observed to arise during propagation of these viruses in the TN 368 cell line Genetic characterization of these mutations often revealed an associated insertion of host derived DNAs some of which appeared to be transposons Several different mobile host DNA insertions have been identified within the few polyhedra FP locus of the baculoviruses AcMNPV and GmMNPV The insertions most extensively studied are those now designated as tagalong formerly TFP3 and piggyBac formerly IFP2 These insertions exhibit a unique preference for TTAA target sites whether inserting within the viral FP locus or at other regions of the viral genome Both of these elements are part of a larger family of TTAA target site specific insertion elements that includes the T ni derived piggyBac and tagalong elements the Spodoptera frugiperda derived elements IFP1 6 and 290 bp insertion of Carstens and the transposon like insertion within the EcoRI J N region of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus whose origin is undefined More recently analysis of sequences obtained from the human genome has revealed what appear to be 100 to 500 copies of a fossil element called LOOPER which has sequence homology to piggyBac terminates in 5 CCY GGG 3 and apparently targets TTAA insertion sites The LOOPER consensus sequence is on average 77 similar to individual sequences identified in the human genome indicating it is at least 60 million years old There are two other TTAA specific fossil repeat elements MER75 and MER85 estimated at 2000 copies per genome which appear to target TTAA insertion sites and terminate in 5 CCC GGG 3 Evidence is accumulating that suggests a superfamily of TTAA specific mobile elements exists in a diversity of organisms and that piggyBac related sequences may be present in a diversity of species 5 Structure editThe transposon consists of the transposase gene flanked by inverted terminal repeats The PB superfamily transposase consists of three domains a variable N terminal domain a catalytic DDE triad domain and a C terminal region with the nuclear localization signal 6 It has apparently been domesticated in a wide range of animals losing the repeats and thus its mobility The new functions these copies gain are sometimes significant enough to show signs of positive or purifying selection In humans these genes are 7 PBGD1 PBGD2 mamallian lineage PBGD3 PBGD4 primates PBGD5 Myomerozoa As a tool editHyperactive versions of PiggyBac transposase are suited for genetic engineering purposes 8 A version called mPB was created by optimizing codon usage for mammalian mouse with a 20x increase in activity 9 and further mutation screening generated hyPB with 10x the activity of mPB 10 PiggyBac system have been successfully employed to express large genetic sequences such as a doxycicline inducible CRISPR interference system 11 Nomenclature editThese elements were first identified as insertions in Baculovirus mutants by Dr Malcolm Fraser 5 professor at the University of Notre Dame and were originally named as IFP for Insertions in FP mutants The name was then changed to TFP for Transposon in FP Finally the name PiggyBac was adopted to keep the interest of the audience and to bear some resemblance to Drosophilagene nomenclature References edit Piggybac Transposon System Cary L C Goebel M Corsaro B G Wang H G Rosen E Fraser M J September 1989 Transposon mutagenesis of baculoviruses analysis of Trichoplusia ni transposon IFP2 insertions within the FP locus of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses Virology 172 1 156 169 doi 10 1016 0042 6822 89 90117 7 ISSN 0042 6822 PMID 2549707 Chen Qiujia Luo Wentian Veach Ruth Ann Hickman Alison B Wilson Matthew H Dyda Fred 2020 07 10 Structural basis of seamless excision and specific targeting by piggyBac transposase Nature Communications 11 1 3446 Bibcode 2020NatCo 11 3446C doi 10 1038 s41467 020 17128 1 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 7351741 PMID 32651359 Fraser MJ Smith GE Summers MD August 1983 Acquisition of Host Cell DNA Sequences by Baculoviruses Relationship Between Host DNA Insertions and FP Mutants of Autographa californica and Galleria mellonella Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses Journal of Virology 47 2 287 300 doi 10 1128 JVI 47 2 287 300 1983 PMC 255260 PMID 16789244 a b Fraser Mac PiggyBac Mac Fraser Archived from the original on 2012 01 20 Sarkar A Sim C Hong YS Hogan JR Fraser MJ Robertson HM Collins FH November 2003 Molecular evolutionary analysis of the widespread piggyBac transposon family and related domesticated sequences Molecular Genetics and Genomics 270 2 173 80 doi 10 1007 s00438 003 0909 0 PMID 12955498 S2CID 16272611 Bouallegue M Rouault JD Hua Van A Makni M Capy P February 2017 Molecular Evolution of piggyBac Superfamily From Selfishness to Domestication Genome Biology and Evolution 9 2 323 339 doi 10 1093 gbe evw292 PMC 5381638 PMID 28082605 Grabundzija I Irgang M Mates L Belay E Matrai J Gogol Doring A et al June 2010 Comparative analysis of transposable element vector systems in human cells Molecular Therapy 18 6 1200 9 doi 10 1038 mt 2010 47 PMC 2889740 PMID 20372108 Cadinanos J Bradley A 2007 Generation of an inducible and optimized piggyBac transposon system Nucleic Acids Research 35 12 e87 doi 10 1093 nar gkm446 PMC 1919496 PMID 17576687 Yusa K Zhou L Li MA Bradley A Craig NL January 2011 A hyperactive piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 4 1531 6 Bibcode 2011PNAS 108 1531Y doi 10 1073 pnas 1008322108 PMC 3029773 PMID 21205896 De Rosa P Severi F Zadran SK Russo M Aloisi S Rigamonti A et al January 2023 MYCN Amplification along with Wild Type RB1 Expression Enhances CDK4 6 Inhibitors Efficacy in Neuroblastoma Cells International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24 6 5408 doi 10 3390 ijms24065408 ISSN 1422 0067 PMC 10049239 PMID 36982482 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title PiggyBac transposon system amp oldid 1188100935, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
