fbpx
Wikipedia

Piezophile

A piezophile (from Greek "piezo-" for pressure and "-phile" for loving) is an organism with optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure i.e. an organism that has its maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure equal to or above 10 MPa (= 99 atm = 1,450 psi), when tested over all permissible temperatures.[1] Originally, the term barophile was used for these organisms, but since the prefix "baro-" stands for weight, the term piezophile was given preference.[2][3] Like all definitions of extremophiles, the definition of piezophiles is anthropocentric, and humans consider that moderate values for hydrostatic pressure are those around 1 atm (= 0.1 MPa = 14.7 psi). Hyperpiezophiles are organisms that have their maximum growth rate above 50 MPa (= 493 atm = 7,252 psi).[4]

Though the high hydrostatic pressure has deleterious effects on organisms growing at atmospheric pressure, these organisms which are solely found at high pressure habitats at deep sea in fact need high pressures for their optimum growth. Often their growth is inhibited at much higher pressures (such as 100MPa) compared to those organisms which normally grow at low pressures.[5]

The first obligate piezophile found was a psychrophilic bacteria called Colwellia marinimaniae strain M-41.[6][7] It was isolated from a decaying amphipod Hirondellea gigas from the bottom of Mariana Trench. The first thermophilic piezophilic archaea Pyrococcus yayanosii strain CH1 was isolated from the Ashadze site, a deep sea hydrothermal vent.[8] Strain MT-41 has a optimal growth pressure at 70MPa at 2 °C and strain CH1 has a optimal growth pressure at 52MPa at 98 °C. They are unable to grow at pressures lower than or equal to 20MPa, and both can grow at pressures above 100MPa.The current record for highest hydrostatic pressure where growth was observed is 140MPa shown by Colwellia marinimaniae MTCD1[9]. The term "obligate piezophile" refers to organisms that are unable to grow under lower hydrostatic pressures, such as 0.1 MPa. In contrast, piezotolerant organisms are those that have their maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure under 10 MPa, but that nevertheless are able to grow at lower rates under higher hydrostatic pressures.

Most of the Earth's biosphere (in terms of volume) is subject to high hydrostatic pressure, and the piezosphere comprises the deep sea (at the depth of 1,000 m and greater) plus the deep subsurface (which can extend up to 5,000 m beneath the seafloor or the continental surface).[4][10] The deep sea has a mean temperature around 1 to 3 °C, and it is dominated by psychropiezophiles. In contrast, deep subsurface and hydrothermal vents in the seafloor are dominated by thermopiezophiles that prosper in temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F).

Although the study of nutrient acquisition and metabolism within the piezosphere is still in its infancy, it is understood that most of the organic matter present are refractory complex polymers from the eutrophic zone. Both heterotrophic metabolism and autotrophic fixation are present within the piezosphere and additional research suggests significant metabolism of iron-bearing minerals and carbon monoxide. Additional research is required to fully understand and characterize piezosphere metabolism.[11]

Piezophilic adaptations

High pressure has several effects on biological systems. The application of pressure results in equilibrium shifting towards state occupying small volume and it changes intermolecular distances and affects conformations. This also has an effect on the functionality of the cells. Piezophiles employ several mechanisms to adapt themselves to these high hydrostatic pressures. They regulate gene expression according to pressure and also adapt their biomolecules to differences in pressure.[12]

Nucleic acids

High pressure stabilizes hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions of the DNA. Thus it favours the double stranded duplex structure of the DNA. However, to carry out several processes like DNA replication, transcription and translation, the transition to single-strand structure is necessary which becomes difficult as high pressure increases the melting temperature, Tm. Thus, these processes may face difficulties.[5]

Cell membranes

When pressure increases, the fluidity of the cell membrane is decreased as due to restrictions in volume they change their conformation and packing. This decreases the permeability of the cell membrane to water and different molecules. In response to flucatuation in environment, they change their membrane structures. Piezophilic bacteria do so by varying their acyl chain length, by accumulating unsaturated fatty acids, accumulating specific polar headgroups and branched fatty acids.[citation needed] Piezophilic archaea synthesize archaeol and cadarchaeol-based polar lipids, bipolar tetraether lipids, incorporate cyclopentane rings and increase in unsaturation.[13][12]

Proteins

The macromolecules bearing the largest effect of pressure are proteins. Just like lipids, they change their conformation and packing to accommodate changes in pressure. This affects their multimeric conformation, stability and also the structure of their catalytic sites, which changes their functionality.[14] In pressure-intolerant species, proteins tend to compact and unfold under high pressures as overall volume is reduced. Piezophilic proteins, however, tend to have less void space and smaller void spaces overall to mitigate compaction and unfolding pressures. There are also changes in the various interactions between amino acids. In general, they are very resistant to pressure.[15][12]

Enzymes

Due to the functional nature of enzymes, piezophiles must maintain their activity to survive. High pressures tend to favor enzymes with higher flexibility at the cost of lower stability. Additionally, piezophilic enzymes often have high absolute (distinct from temperature or pressure) and relative catalytic activity. This allows the enzymes to maintain sufficient activity even with decreases due to temperature or pressure effects. Furthermore, some piezophilic enzymes have increasing catalytic activity with increasing pressures, though this is not a generalization for all piezophilic enzymes.[15]

Overall effect on cells

As a result of high pressure, several functions may be lost in organisms that are pressure-intolerant. Effects can include loss of flagellar motility, enzyme function, and thus metabolism. It can also lead to cell death due to modifications in the cellular structure.[16] High pressures also can cause an imbalance in oxidation and reduction reactions generating relatively high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An increased amount of anti-oxidation genes and proteins are found in piezophiles to combat the ROS as they often cause cellular damage.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Yayanos, A Aristides (2008-12-15). "Piezophiles". In John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (ed.). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. a0000341.pub2. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000341.pub2. ISBN 9780470016176.
  2. ^ Yayanos, A A (October 1995). "Microbiology To 10,500 Meters in the Deep Sea". Annual Review of Microbiology. 49 (1): 777–805. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.004021. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 8561479.
  3. ^ a b Zhang, Yu; Li, Xuegong; Bartlett, Douglas H; Xiao, Xiang (2015-06-01). "Current developments in marine microbiology: high-pressure biotechnology and the genetic engineering of piezophiles". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. Environmental biotechnology • Energy biotechnology. 33: 157–164. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.02.013. ISSN 0958-1669. PMID 25776196.
  4. ^ a b Fang, Jiasong; Zhang, Li; Bazylinski, Dennis A. (September 2010). "Deep-sea piezosphere and piezophiles: geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (9): 413–422. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.006. PMID 20663673.
  5. ^ a b Oger, Philippe M.; Jebbar, Mohamed (2010-12-01). "The many ways of coping with pressure". Research in Microbiology. 161 (10): 799–809. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2010.09.017. ISSN 0923-2508. PMID 21035541. S2CID 7197287.
  6. ^ Yayanos, A. A.; Dietz, A. S.; Van Boxtel, R. (August 1981). "Obligately barophilic bacterium from the Mariana trench". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (8): 5212–5215. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.5212Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.8.5212. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 6946468.
  7. ^ Peoples, Logan M.; Kyaw, Than S.; Ugalde, Juan A.; Mullane, Kelli K.; Chastain, Roger A.; Yayanos, A. Aristides; Kusube, Masataka; Methé, Barbara A.; Bartlett, Douglas H. (2020-10-06). "Distinctive gene and protein characteristics of extremely piezophilic Colwellia". BMC Genomics. 21: 692. doi:10.1186/s12864-020-07102-y. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 7542103. PMID 33023469.
  8. ^ Zeng, Xiang; Birrien, Jean-Louis; Fouquet, Yves; Cherkashov, Georgy; Jebbar, Mohamed; Querellou, Joël; Oger, Philippe; Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne; Xiao, Xiang; Prieur, Daniel (July 2009). "Pyrococcus CH1, an obligate piezophilic hyperthermophile: extending the upper pressure-temperature limits for life". The ISME Journal. 3 (7): 873–876. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.21. ISSN 1751-7370. PMID 19295639. S2CID 1106209.
  9. ^ Kusube, Masataka; Kyaw, Than S.; Tanikawa, Kumiko; Chastain, Roger A.; Hardy, Kevin M.; Cameron, James; Bartlett, Douglas H. (2017-04-01). "Colwellia marinimaniae sp. nov., a hyperpiezophilic species isolated from an amphipod within the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (4): 824–831. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001671. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 27902293.
  10. ^ Kieft, Thomas L. (2016), "Microbiology of the Deep Continental Biosphere", in Hurst, Christon J. (ed.), Their World: A Diversity of Microbial Environments, Advances in Environmental Microbiology, vol. 1, Springer International Publishing, pp. 225–249, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28071-4_6, ISBN 9783319280691
  11. ^ Fang, Jiasong; Zhang, Li; Bazylinski, Dennis A. (2010-09-01). "Deep-sea piezosphere and piezophiles: geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (9): 413–422. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.006. ISSN 0966-842X. PMID 20663673.
  12. ^ a b c Oger, Philippe M.; Jebbar, Mohamed (December 2010). "The many ways of coping with pressure". Research in Microbiology. 161 (10): 799–809. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2010.09.017. ISSN 1769-7123. PMID 21035541. S2CID 7197287.
  13. ^ Winter, Roland; Jeworrek, Christoph (2009-08-18). "Effect of pressure on membranes". Soft Matter. 5 (17): 3157–3173. Bibcode:2009SMat....5.3157W. doi:10.1039/B901690B. ISSN 1744-6848.
  14. ^ Balny, Claude; Masson, Patrick; Heremans, Karel (March 2002). "High pressure effects on biological macromolecules: from structural changes to alteration of cellular processes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1595 (1–2): 3–10. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00331-4. ISSN 0167-4838. PMID 11983383.
  15. ^ a b Ichiye, Toshiko (2018-12-01). "Enzymes from piezophiles". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. SI: Antigen presentation. 84: 138–146. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.004. ISSN 1084-9521. PMC 6050138. PMID 29331641.
  16. ^ Abe, F.; Horikoshi, K. (March 2001). "The biotechnological potential of piezophiles". Trends in Biotechnology. 19 (3): 102–108. doi:10.1016/s0167-7799(00)01539-0. ISSN 0167-7799. PMID 11179803.

piezophile, piezophile, from, greek, piezo, pressure, phile, loving, organism, with, optimal, growth, under, high, hydrostatic, pressure, organism, that, maximum, rate, growth, hydrostatic, pressure, equal, above, when, tested, over, permissible, temperatures,. A piezophile from Greek piezo for pressure and phile for loving is an organism with optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure i e an organism that has its maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure equal to or above 10 MPa 99 atm 1 450 psi when tested over all permissible temperatures 1 Originally the term barophile was used for these organisms but since the prefix baro stands for weight the term piezophile was given preference 2 3 Like all definitions of extremophiles the definition of piezophiles is anthropocentric and humans consider that moderate values for hydrostatic pressure are those around 1 atm 0 1 MPa 14 7 psi Hyperpiezophiles are organisms that have their maximum growth rate above 50 MPa 493 atm 7 252 psi 4 Though the high hydrostatic pressure has deleterious effects on organisms growing at atmospheric pressure these organisms which are solely found at high pressure habitats at deep sea in fact need high pressures for their optimum growth Often their growth is inhibited at much higher pressures such as 100MPa compared to those organisms which normally grow at low pressures 5 The first obligate piezophile found was a psychrophilic bacteria called Colwellia marinimaniae strain M 41 6 7 It was isolated from a decaying amphipod Hirondellea gigas from the bottom of Mariana Trench The first thermophilic piezophilic archaea Pyrococcus yayanosii strain CH1 was isolated from the Ashadze site a deep sea hydrothermal vent 8 Strain MT 41 has a optimal growth pressure at 70MPa at 2 C and strain CH1 has a optimal growth pressure at 52MPa at 98 C They are unable to grow at pressures lower than or equal to 20MPa and both can grow at pressures above 100MPa The current record for highest hydrostatic pressure where growth was observed is 140MPa shown by Colwellia marinimaniae MTCD1 9 The term obligate piezophile refers to organisms that are unable to grow under lower hydrostatic pressures such as 0 1 MPa In contrast piezotolerant organisms are those that have their maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure under 10 MPa but that nevertheless are able to grow at lower rates under higher hydrostatic pressures Most of the Earth s biosphere in terms of volume is subject to high hydrostatic pressure and the piezosphere comprises the deep sea at the depth of 1 000 m and greater plus the deep subsurface which can extend up to 5 000 m beneath the seafloor or the continental surface 4 10 The deep sea has a mean temperature around 1 to 3 C and it is dominated by psychropiezophiles In contrast deep subsurface and hydrothermal vents in the seafloor are dominated by thermopiezophiles that prosper in temperatures above 45 C 113 F Although the study of nutrient acquisition and metabolism within the piezosphere is still in its infancy it is understood that most of the organic matter present are refractory complex polymers from the eutrophic zone Both heterotrophic metabolism and autotrophic fixation are present within the piezosphere and additional research suggests significant metabolism of iron bearing minerals and carbon monoxide Additional research is required to fully understand and characterize piezosphere metabolism 11 Contents 1 Piezophilic adaptations 1 1 Nucleic acids 1 2 Cell membranes 1 3 Proteins 1 4 Enzymes 1 5 Overall effect on cells 2 See also 3 ReferencesPiezophilic adaptations EditHigh pressure has several effects on biological systems The application of pressure results in equilibrium shifting towards state occupying small volume and it changes intermolecular distances and affects conformations This also has an effect on the functionality of the cells Piezophiles employ several mechanisms to adapt themselves to these high hydrostatic pressures They regulate gene expression according to pressure and also adapt their biomolecules to differences in pressure 12 Nucleic acids Edit High pressure stabilizes hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions of the DNA Thus it favours the double stranded duplex structure of the DNA However to carry out several processes like DNA replication transcription and translation the transition to single strand structure is necessary which becomes difficult as high pressure increases the melting temperature Tm Thus these processes may face difficulties 5 Cell membranes Edit When pressure increases the fluidity of the cell membrane is decreased as due to restrictions in volume they change their conformation and packing This decreases the permeability of the cell membrane to water and different molecules In response to flucatuation in environment they change their membrane structures Piezophilic bacteria do so by varying their acyl chain length by accumulating unsaturated fatty acids accumulating specific polar headgroups and branched fatty acids citation needed Piezophilic archaea synthesize archaeol and cadarchaeol based polar lipids bipolar tetraether lipids incorporate cyclopentane rings and increase in unsaturation 13 12 Proteins Edit The macromolecules bearing the largest effect of pressure are proteins Just like lipids they change their conformation and packing to accommodate changes in pressure This affects their multimeric conformation stability and also the structure of their catalytic sites which changes their functionality 14 In pressure intolerant species proteins tend to compact and unfold under high pressures as overall volume is reduced Piezophilic proteins however tend to have less void space and smaller void spaces overall to mitigate compaction and unfolding pressures There are also changes in the various interactions between amino acids In general they are very resistant to pressure 15 12 Enzymes Edit Due to the functional nature of enzymes piezophiles must maintain their activity to survive High pressures tend to favor enzymes with higher flexibility at the cost of lower stability Additionally piezophilic enzymes often have high absolute distinct from temperature or pressure and relative catalytic activity This allows the enzymes to maintain sufficient activity even with decreases due to temperature or pressure effects Furthermore some piezophilic enzymes have increasing catalytic activity with increasing pressures though this is not a generalization for all piezophilic enzymes 15 Overall effect on cells Edit As a result of high pressure several functions may be lost in organisms that are pressure intolerant Effects can include loss of flagellar motility enzyme function and thus metabolism It can also lead to cell death due to modifications in the cellular structure 16 High pressures also can cause an imbalance in oxidation and reduction reactions generating relatively high concentrations of reactive oxygen species ROS An increased amount of anti oxidation genes and proteins are found in piezophiles to combat the ROS as they often cause cellular damage 3 See also EditExtremophile Thermophile Psychrophile Archaea Bacteria Cell membraneReferences Edit Yayanos A Aristides 2008 12 15 Piezophiles In John Wiley amp Sons Ltd ed Encyclopedia of Life Sciences John Wiley amp Sons Ltd pp a0000341 pub2 doi 10 1002 9780470015902 a0000341 pub2 ISBN 9780470016176 Yayanos A A October 1995 Microbiology To 10 500 Meters in the Deep Sea Annual Review of Microbiology 49 1 777 805 doi 10 1146 annurev mi 49 100195 004021 ISSN 0066 4227 PMID 8561479 a b Zhang Yu Li Xuegong Bartlett Douglas H Xiao Xiang 2015 06 01 Current developments in marine microbiology high pressure biotechnology and the genetic engineering of piezophiles Current Opinion in Biotechnology Environmental biotechnology Energy biotechnology 33 157 164 doi 10 1016 j copbio 2015 02 013 ISSN 0958 1669 PMID 25776196 a b Fang Jiasong Zhang Li Bazylinski Dennis A September 2010 Deep sea piezosphere and piezophiles geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry Trends in Microbiology 18 9 413 422 doi 10 1016 j tim 2010 06 006 PMID 20663673 a b Oger Philippe M Jebbar Mohamed 2010 12 01 The many ways of coping with pressure Research in Microbiology 161 10 799 809 doi 10 1016 j resmic 2010 09 017 ISSN 0923 2508 PMID 21035541 S2CID 7197287 Yayanos A A Dietz A S Van Boxtel R August 1981 Obligately barophilic bacterium from the Mariana trench Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78 8 5212 5215 Bibcode 1981PNAS 78 5212Y doi 10 1073 pnas 78 8 5212 ISSN 0027 8424 PMID 6946468 Peoples Logan M Kyaw Than S Ugalde Juan A Mullane Kelli K Chastain Roger A Yayanos A Aristides Kusube Masataka Methe Barbara A Bartlett Douglas H 2020 10 06 Distinctive gene and protein characteristics of extremely piezophilic Colwellia BMC Genomics 21 692 doi 10 1186 s12864 020 07102 y ISSN 1471 2164 PMC 7542103 PMID 33023469 Zeng Xiang Birrien Jean Louis Fouquet Yves Cherkashov Georgy Jebbar Mohamed Querellou Joel Oger Philippe Cambon Bonavita Marie Anne Xiao Xiang Prieur Daniel July 2009 Pyrococcus CH1 an obligate piezophilic hyperthermophile extending the upper pressure temperature limits for life The ISME Journal 3 7 873 876 doi 10 1038 ismej 2009 21 ISSN 1751 7370 PMID 19295639 S2CID 1106209 Kusube Masataka Kyaw Than S Tanikawa Kumiko Chastain Roger A Hardy Kevin M Cameron James Bartlett Douglas H 2017 04 01 Colwellia marinimaniae sp nov a hyperpiezophilic species isolated from an amphipod within the Challenger Deep Mariana Trench International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67 4 824 831 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 001671 ISSN 1466 5026 PMID 27902293 Kieft Thomas L 2016 Microbiology of the Deep Continental Biosphere in Hurst Christon J ed Their World A Diversity of Microbial Environments Advances in Environmental Microbiology vol 1 Springer International Publishing pp 225 249 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 28071 4 6 ISBN 9783319280691 Fang Jiasong Zhang Li Bazylinski Dennis A 2010 09 01 Deep sea piezosphere and piezophiles geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry Trends in Microbiology 18 9 413 422 doi 10 1016 j tim 2010 06 006 ISSN 0966 842X PMID 20663673 a b c Oger Philippe M Jebbar Mohamed December 2010 The many ways of coping with pressure Research in Microbiology 161 10 799 809 doi 10 1016 j resmic 2010 09 017 ISSN 1769 7123 PMID 21035541 S2CID 7197287 Winter Roland Jeworrek Christoph 2009 08 18 Effect of pressure on membranes Soft Matter 5 17 3157 3173 Bibcode 2009SMat 5 3157W doi 10 1039 B901690B ISSN 1744 6848 Balny Claude Masson Patrick Heremans Karel March 2002 High pressure effects on biological macromolecules from structural changes to alteration of cellular processes Biochimica et Biophysica Acta BBA Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1595 1 2 3 10 doi 10 1016 s0167 4838 01 00331 4 ISSN 0167 4838 PMID 11983383 a b Ichiye Toshiko 2018 12 01 Enzymes from piezophiles Seminars in Cell amp Developmental Biology SI Antigen presentation 84 138 146 doi 10 1016 j semcdb 2018 01 004 ISSN 1084 9521 PMC 6050138 PMID 29331641 Abe F Horikoshi K March 2001 The biotechnological potential of piezophiles Trends in Biotechnology 19 3 102 108 doi 10 1016 s0167 7799 00 01539 0 ISSN 0167 7799 PMID 11179803 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Piezophile amp oldid 1136258044, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.