Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a plant pathogen with a very wide host range. It causes rotting and dieback in most species it infects. It is a common post harvest fungus disease of citrus known as stem-end rot. It is a cause of bot canker of grapevine.[2] It also infects Biancaea sappan, a species of flowering tree also known as Sappanwood.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Lasiodiplodia theobromae sporulating in lesion on papaya
On rare occasions it has been found to cause fungal keratitis,[3] lesions on nail and subcutaneous tissue.[4][5]
It has been implicated in the widespread mortality of baobab (Adansonia digitata) trees in Southern Africa. A preliminary study found the deaths to have a complex set of causes requiring detailed research.[6]
L. theobromae causes diseases such as dieback, blights, and root rot in a variety of different hosts in tropical and subtropical regions.[7][8] These include guava, coconut, papaya, and grapevine.[8]Botryosphaeria dieback, which is formerly known as bot canker, is characterised by a range of symptoms that affect grapevine in particular. These symptoms affect different areas on the plant and can be used to diagnose this disease along with other factors. In the trunk and cordon of the plant symptoms include cankers coming out of the wounds, wedge shaped lesions when cut in cross sections and dieback. Dieback is characterized as a ‘dead arm’ and a loss of spur positions. More symptoms include stunted shoots in the spring, delay or lack of growth in the spur positions of the bud burst, bleached canes and necrotic buds. Bud necrosis, bud failure, and the dieback of arms are all a result of the necrosis of the hosts vascular system.[9]
The fungus over-winters as pycnidia on the outside of diseased wood. The pycnidia produces and releases two-celled, dark brown, striated conidia.[11] The conidia are then dispersed by wind and rain splash, spreading the fungi to other vines, and from one part of the vine to another. Disease develops when conidia land on freshly cut or damaged wood. The conidia germinate the tissue of the wood and start causing damage to the vascular system. Cankers begin to form around the initial infection point and eventually complete damage of the vascular system causes necrosis and dieback of the wood. In some instances, pseudothecia form on the outside of cankers and produce ascospores which are then dispersed like conidia and infect surrounding wounds.[12]
Managementedit
There are many different procedures that can be implemented to manage dieback in a vineyard. These can either be done to prevent further infection by breaking the disease cycle or to recover plants after initial infection. Good hygiene must be practiced when removing infection sources in order to prevent further infection to the rest of the vineyard as well as to avoid cross contamination.[13] Strategies that can be used for prevention and recovery are listed in the table below:
Aim
Strategy
Method
Prevention
Cultural Practices
Avoid pruning during wet weather (spores of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are released up to 2 hours after rain)
Minimise number and size of pruning wounds
Cuts should be made at an angle to allow water to drain from the wood surfaces
Prune early in the season when spore production is low or late in the season when wounds are less susceptible and heal more rapidly
Chemical Practices
Protection of pruning wounds is the most efficient and cost effective way to prevent grapevine trunk diseases.
Pruning wound protection: apply fungicides, paints, pastes or biological control agents directly onto large cuts as soon as possible after pruning
Vinevax™ (biological control agent) and Greenseal™ are the only two products registered in Australia for pruning wound protection (both products are registered for the control of eutypa dieback)
Management
Removal of Infected Wood
Remove dead wood of cordons and 10 cm of healthy tissue
Extensively rework infected crown or trunk
Remove all infected wood from the vineyard
Retrain new cordons
Replace trunk with water shoots
Referencesedit
^ ab"Lasiodiplodia theobromae". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; dothideomyceta; Dothideomycetes; Dothideomycetes incertae sedis; Botryosphaeriales; Botryosphaeriaceae; Lasiodiplodia
^Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico. J. R. Úrbez-Torres, G. M. Leavitt, J. C. Guerrero, J. Guevara and W. D. Gubler, Plant Disease, April 2008, Volume 92, Number 4, pages 519-529, doi:10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0519
^. adelaide.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07.
^. Archived from the original on 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
^Summerbell, RC; Krajden, S; Levine, R; Fuksa, M (2004). "Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and successfully treated surgically". Med Mycol. 42 (6): 543–7. doi:10.1080/13693780400005916. PMID 15682643.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2014-09-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^P. Sreerama Kumar, Leena Singh (December 2009). "Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a Mycoparasite of a Powdery Mildew Pathogen". Mycobiology. 37 (4): 308–9. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.4.308. PMC3749424. PMID 23983554.
^ abJuan M. Tovar Pedraza, José A. Mora Aguilera. "CONTROL OF Lasiodiplodia theobromae, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DIEBACK OF SAPOTE MAMEY [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore and Stearn] GRAFTS IN MÉXICO" (PDF).
^E. Rodríguez-Gálvez, E. MaldonadoA. Alves (October 2014). "Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback of table grapes in Peru". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 141 (3): 477–489. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0557-8. S2CID 18685491.
^Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Harndan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd (December 1998). "Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam". Australasian Plant Pathology. 27 (4): 274–277. doi:10.1071/AP98033. ISSN 1448-6032. OCLC 204773204. S2CID 37024997.
^Ellis, David. . Archived from the original on 2008-07-21.
^MUHAMMAD ALI KHANZADA, A. MUBEEN LODHI (2005). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-02.
External linksedit
. mycology.adelaide.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
December 18, 2023
lasiodiplodia, theobromae, plant, pathogen, with, very, wide, host, range, causes, rotting, dieback, most, species, infects, common, post, harvest, fungus, disease, citrus, known, stem, cause, canker, grapevine, also, infects, biancaea, sappan, species, flower. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a plant pathogen with a very wide host range It causes rotting and dieback in most species it infects It is a common post harvest fungus disease of citrus known as stem end rot It is a cause of bot canker of grapevine 2 It also infects Biancaea sappan a species of flowering tree also known as Sappanwood Lasiodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromae sporulating in lesion on papayaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass DothideomycetesOrder BotryosphaerialesFamily BotryosphaeriaceaeGenus LasiodiplodiaSpecies L theobromaeBinomial nameLasiodiplodia theobromae Pat Griffon amp Maubl SynonymsBotryodiplodia ananassae Botryodiplodia elasticae Botryodiplodia theobromae Botryodiplodia tubericola Botryosphaeria rhodina Berk and Curtis Arx 1 Chaetodiplodia grisea Diplodia ananassae Diplodia gossypina Cooke 1 Diplodia theobromae Diplodia tubericola Lasiodiplodia nigra Lasiodiplodia triflorae Lasiodiplodia tubericola Lasiodiplodiella triflorae Macrophoma vestitaOn rare occasions it has been found to cause fungal keratitis 3 lesions on nail and subcutaneous tissue 4 5 It has been implicated in the widespread mortality of baobab Adansonia digitata trees in Southern Africa A preliminary study found the deaths to have a complex set of causes requiring detailed research 6 Contents 1 Host and symptoms 2 Disease cycle 3 Management 4 References 5 External linksHost and symptoms edit nbsp Lasiodiplodia fruit rot on Carica papayaL theobromae causes diseases such as dieback blights and root rot in a variety of different hosts in tropical and subtropical regions 7 8 These include guava coconut papaya and grapevine 8 Botryosphaeria dieback which is formerly known as bot canker is characterised by a range of symptoms that affect grapevine in particular These symptoms affect different areas on the plant and can be used to diagnose this disease along with other factors In the trunk and cordon of the plant symptoms include cankers coming out of the wounds wedge shaped lesions when cut in cross sections and dieback Dieback is characterized as a dead arm and a loss of spur positions More symptoms include stunted shoots in the spring delay or lack of growth in the spur positions of the bud burst bleached canes and necrotic buds Bud necrosis bud failure and the dieback of arms are all a result of the necrosis of the hosts vascular system 9 It can also affect the fruit of durians such as Durio graveolens 10 Disease cycle editThe fungus over winters as pycnidia on the outside of diseased wood The pycnidia produces and releases two celled dark brown striated conidia 11 The conidia are then dispersed by wind and rain splash spreading the fungi to other vines and from one part of the vine to another Disease develops when conidia land on freshly cut or damaged wood The conidia germinate the tissue of the wood and start causing damage to the vascular system Cankers begin to form around the initial infection point and eventually complete damage of the vascular system causes necrosis and dieback of the wood In some instances pseudothecia form on the outside of cankers and produce ascospores which are then dispersed like conidia and infect surrounding wounds 12 Management editThere are many different procedures that can be implemented to manage dieback in a vineyard These can either be done to prevent further infection by breaking the disease cycle or to recover plants after initial infection Good hygiene must be practiced when removing infection sources in order to prevent further infection to the rest of the vineyard as well as to avoid cross contamination 13 Strategies that can be used for prevention and recovery are listed in the table below Aim Strategy MethodPrevention Cultural Practices Avoid pruning during wet weather spores of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are released up to 2 hours after rain Minimise number and size of pruning wounds Cuts should be made at an angle to allow water to drain from the wood surfaces Prune early in the season when spore production is low or late in the season when wounds are less susceptible and heal more rapidlyChemical Practices Protection of pruning wounds is the most efficient and cost effective way to prevent grapevine trunk diseases Pruning wound protection apply fungicides paints pastes or biological control agents directly onto large cuts as soon as possible after pruning Vinevax biological control agent and Greenseal are the only two products registered in Australia for pruning wound protection both products are registered for the control of eutypa dieback Management Removal of Infected Wood Remove dead wood of cordons and 10 cm of healthy tissue Extensively rework infected crown or trunk Remove all infected wood from the vineyard Retrain new cordons Replace trunk with water shootsReferences edit a b Lasiodiplodia theobromae NCBI taxonomy Bethesda MD National Center for Biotechnology Information Retrieved 1 December 2017 Lineage full cellular organisms Eukaryota Opisthokonta Fungi Dikarya Ascomycota saccharomyceta Pezizomycotina leotiomyceta dothideomyceta Dothideomycetes Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Botryosphaeriales Botryosphaeriaceae Lasiodiplodia Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico J R Urbez Torres G M Leavitt J C Guerrero J Guevara and W D Gubler Plant Disease April 2008 Volume 92 Number 4 pages 519 529 doi 10 1094 PDIS 92 4 0519 Mycology Online Lasiodiplodia theobromae adelaide edu au Archived from the original on 2008 10 07 Mycology Online Lasiodiplodia Archived from the original on 2008 07 21 Retrieved 2012 10 05 Summerbell RC Krajden S Levine R Fuksa M 2004 Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and successfully treated surgically Med Mycol 42 6 543 7 doi 10 1080 13693780400005916 PMID 15682643 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 06 19 Retrieved 2014 09 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link P Sreerama Kumar Leena Singh December 2009 Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a Mycoparasite of a Powdery Mildew Pathogen Mycobiology 37 4 308 9 doi 10 4489 MYCO 2009 37 4 308 PMC 3749424 PMID 23983554 a b Juan M Tovar Pedraza Jose A Mora Aguilera CONTROL OF Lasiodiplodia theobromae THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DIEBACK OF SAPOTE MAMEY Pouteria sapota Jacq H E Moore and Stearn GRAFTS IN MEXICO PDF E Rodriguez Galvez E MaldonadoA Alves October 2014 Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback of table grapes in Peru European Journal of Plant Pathology 141 3 477 489 doi 10 1007 s10658 014 0557 8 S2CID 18685491 Sivapalan A Metussin Rosidah Harndan Fuziah Zain Rokiah Mohd December 1998 Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam Australasian Plant Pathology 27 4 274 277 doi 10 1071 AP98033 ISSN 1448 6032 OCLC 204773204 S2CID 37024997 Ellis David Lasiodiplodia theobromae Archived from the original on 2008 07 21 Wayne Pitt Sandra Savocchia August 2012 Botryosphaeria Dieback Identification and Management PDF www csu edu au MUHAMMAD ALI KHANZADA A MUBEEN LODHI 2005 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE THE CAUSAL AGENT OF MANGO DECLINE IN SINDH PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 02 External links editUSDA ARS Fungal Database Mycology Online Lasiodiplodia theobromae mycology adelaide edu au Archived from the original on 2008 07 21 Retrieved 2014 04 29 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lasiodiplodia theobromae amp oldid 1158144854, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
