In botanical terminology, a phyllary, also known an involucral bract or tegule, is a single bract of the involucre of a composite flower.[1][2][3] The involucre is the grouping of bracts together. Phyllaries are reduced leaf-like structures that form one or more whorls immediately below a flower head.[1]
Functionedit
Phyllaries provide protection to developing flowers and fruits.[4] In the dandelion hybrid Taraxacum japonicum × officinale, recurved phyllaries help defend the flowers from herbivory by slugs.[5]
They sometimes assist in the dispersal of fruits.[4] The hooked phyllaries of burdock species (Arctium) cling to the fur and feathers of animals, dispersing the seeds away from the parent plant (exozoochory).[6][7]
Structure and arrangementedit
Phyllary morphology is useful in plant identification as between species of the Asteraceae family, they may vary in number, shape, width, length, hairiness, presence of glands, or texture.[3]
Balsamorhiza hookeri phyllaries are widely separated, hairy, stiff, and point away from the stem.
The aster phyllaries (left) are short, curl away from the plant, and are in several layers. The daisy phyllaries (right) are long, hairy, and clasp the base of the flower head.
These Silphium pinnatifidum phyllaries are graduated, with those closer to the flower longer than the outer layers.
^ ab"Glossary of botanical terms for Compositae". www.kew.org. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^Wu, Fu-Yu; Yahara, Tetsukazu (1 May 2017). "Recurved Taraxacum phyllaries function as a floral defense: experimental evidence and its implication for Taraxacum evolutionary history". Ecological Research. 32 (3): 313–329. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1444-5. ISSN 1440-1703. S2CID 46343283.
^Hawthorn, Wayne R.; Hayne, P. D. (1 January 1978). "Seed production and predispersal seed predation in the biennial composite species, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. and A. lappa L.". Oecologia. 34 (3): 283–295. Bibcode:1978Oecol..34..283H. doi:10.1007/BF00344907. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 28309875. S2CID 6102531.
^Clark, Patterson. "Burdock: Sowing seeds with fur and bur". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
December 08, 2023
phyllary, botanical, terminology, phyllary, also, known, involucral, bract, tegule, single, bract, involucre, composite, flower, involucre, grouping, bracts, together, phyllaries, reduced, leaf, like, structures, that, form, more, whorls, immediately, below, f. In botanical terminology a phyllary also known an involucral bract or tegule is a single bract of the involucre of a composite flower 1 2 3 The involucre is the grouping of bracts together Phyllaries are reduced leaf like structures that form one or more whorls immediately below a flower head 1 Function editPhyllaries provide protection to developing flowers and fruits 4 In the dandelion hybrid Taraxacum japonicum officinale recurved phyllaries help defend the flowers from herbivory by slugs 5 They sometimes assist in the dispersal of fruits 4 The hooked phyllaries of burdock species Arctium cling to the fur and feathers of animals dispersing the seeds away from the parent plant exozoochory 6 7 Structure and arrangement editPhyllary morphology is useful in plant identification as between species of the Asteraceae family they may vary in number shape width length hairiness presence of glands or texture 3 nbsp Balsamorhiza hookeri phyllaries are widely separated hairy stiff and point away from the stem nbsp The aster phyllaries left are short curl away from the plant and are in several layers The daisy phyllaries right are long hairy and clasp the base of the flower head nbsp These Silphium pinnatifidum phyllaries are graduated with those closer to the flower longer than the outer layers References edit a b Jepson Herbarium Jepson Flora Project Jepson eFlora Glossary ucjeps berkeley edu Retrieved 26 May 2019 NYGB Steele Herbarium Glossary Retrieved May 23 2019 a b Reznicek A A Voss E G Walters B S Asteraceae michiganflora net Michigan Flora Retrieved 26 May 2019 a b Glossary of botanical terms for Compositae www kew org Retrieved 26 May 2019 Wu Fu Yu Yahara Tetsukazu 1 May 2017 Recurved Taraxacum phyllaries function as a floral defense experimental evidence and its implication for Taraxacum evolutionary history Ecological Research 32 3 313 329 doi 10 1007 s11284 017 1444 5 ISSN 1440 1703 S2CID 46343283 Hawthorn Wayne R Hayne P D 1 January 1978 Seed production and predispersal seed predation in the biennial composite species Arctium minus Hill Bernh and A lappa L Oecologia 34 3 283 295 Bibcode 1978Oecol 34 283H doi 10 1007 BF00344907 ISSN 1432 1939 PMID 28309875 S2CID 6102531 Clark Patterson Burdock Sowing seeds with fur and bur The Washington Post Retrieved 26 May 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phyllary amp oldid 1148919824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
