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Petrocurrency

December 15, 2023

Petrocurrency (or petrodollar) is a word used with three distinct meanings, often confused:

  1. Dollars paid to oil-producing nations (petrodollar recycling)—a term invented in the 1970s meaning trading surpluses of oil-producing nations.[1]
  2. Currencies of oil-producing nations which tend to rise in value against other currencies when the price of oil rises (and fall when it falls).[2]
  3. Pricing of oil in US dollars: currencies used as a unit of account to price oil in the international market.[3]

Oil-producers' trading surpluses edit

Main article: Petrodollar recycling

"Petrocurrency" or (more commonly) "petrodollars" are popular shorthand for revenues from petroleum exports, mainly from the OPEC members plus Russia and Norway. Especially during periods of historically expensive oil, the associated financial flows can reach a scale of hundreds of billions of US dollar-equivalents per year – including a wide range of transactions in a variety of currencies, some pegged to the US dollar and some not.[4][5]

Currencies correlated with oil prices edit

The pound sterling has sometimes been regarded as a petrocurrency as a result of North Sea oil exports.[6]

The Dutch guilder was once regarded as a petrocurrency due to its large quantities of natural gas and North Sea oil exports. The Dutch Guilder strengthened greatly in the 1970s, after OPEC began a series of price hikes throughout the decade that consequently increased the value of all oil-producing nations' currencies. However, as a result of the appreciation of the Guilder, industrial manufacturing and services in the Netherlands during the 1970s and into the 1980s were crowded out of the larger national economy, and the country became increasingly non-competitive on world markets due to the high cost of Dutch industrial and service exports. This phenomenon is often referred to in economics literature as Dutch disease.

The Canadian dollar is sometimes viewed as a petrocurrency,[citation needed] but this status is controversial. In theory, as the price of oil rises, oil-related export revenues rise for an oil exporting nation, and thus constitute a larger monetary component of exports. As their oil sands deposits have been increasingly exploited and sold on the international market, movements of the Canadian dollar have sometimes been correlated with the price of oil. In 2015, University of British Columbia Professor Werner Antweiler predicted that if the share of oil and gas exports increases further, the link between oil prices and the exchange rate may become even stronger.[7] However, in recent years, the opposite trend has become apparent, with the Bank of Canada and major Canadian financial institutions reporting that there is a disconnect between oil demand and the Canadian dollar's movement (having been virtually static within foreign exchange markets throughout the 2021–2022 global energy crisis). [8] There is no conclusive explanation for this disparity, but speculated reasons include weak investor interest in Canadian oilsands (due to the growing rise of ESG investment), the increasing size of the US petroleum industry and the relative reputation of the US Dollar.[9]

Currencies used to trade oil edit

As the world's dominant reserve currency, the United States dollar has been a major currency for trading oil (sometimes the term 'petrodollar' is mistakenly used to refer to this concept).[10][11] In August 2018, Venezuela joined the group of countries that allow their oil to be purchased in currencies other than US dollars, thus allowing purchases in Euros, Yuan(Petroyuan) and other directly convertible currencies.[3] Other nations that permit this include Iran.[12]

World War II to 1970 edit

After WWII, international oil prices were for some time based on discounts or premiums relative to that for oil in the Gulf of Mexico.[13]

After the Bretton Woods conference in the year 1944, the UK and its allies discontinued linking their currencies with gold; however, the US dollar continued to be pegged to gold, at $35 per ounce -- from 1941 to 1971.

1970 to 2000 edit

President Nixon cancelled the fixed-rate convertibility of US dollars to gold in 1971. In the absence of fixed value convertibility to gold, compared to other currencies, the US dollar subsequently deteriorated in value for several years, making fixed USD to local currency exchange rates unsustainable for most countries.[14]

Since the agreements[15] of 1971 and 1973, OPEC oil is generally quoted in US dollars, sometimes referred to as petrodollars.

In October 1973, OPEC declared an oil embargo in response to the United States' and Western Europe's support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War.

Iran edit

See also: Central Bank of Iran § Payment systems

Since the beginning of 2003, Iran has required payment in euros for exports to Asia and Europe. The government opened an Iranian Oil Bourse on the free trade zone on the island of Kish,[16][17] for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies, including euros.

OPEC and shale oil boom edit

The unconventional tight oil (shale oil) boom in the USA starting in the early 2000s through 2010s (as well as increased production capacity in many other countries) greatly limited OPEC's ability to control oil prices.[18][19] Consequently, due to a drastic fall in Nymex crude oil price to as low as $35.35 dollars per barrel in 2015, many oil-exporting countries have had severe problems in balancing their budget.

Thirty years from now there will be a huge amount of oil – and no buyers. Oil will be left in the ground. The Stone Age came to an end, not because we had a lack of stones, and the oil age will come to an end not because we have a lack of oil.

— Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former oil minister of Saudi Arabia and an active minister in OPEC for 25 years, in 2000[20]

By 2016, many oil exporting countries had been adversely affected by low oil prices including Russia, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan, Venezuela and Nigeria.[21][22]

Venezuela edit

Main article: Petro (cryptocurrency)

The petro, or petromoneda,[23] launched in February 2018, is a cryptocurrency developed by the government of Venezuela.[24][25] Announced in December 2017, it is claimed to be backed by the country's oil and mineral reserves, and it is intended to supplement Venezuela's plummeting bolívar fuerte currency, purportedly as a means of circumventing U.S. sanctions and accessing international financing.[citation needed]

China edit

Main article: Petroyuan

In March 2018, China opened a futures market denominated in Yuan which could encourage the use of its currency as a petrocurrency.[26]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Definition of 'petrodollars'". www.investopedia.com. Investopedia. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  2. ^ Amadeo, Kimberley (2 August 2018). "Petrodollar and the system that created it". The Balance. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b . Xinhua Net. 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  4. ^ Nsouli, Saleh M. (March 23, 2006). "Petrodollar Recycling and Global Imbalances". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  5. ^ "Petrodollar Profusion". The Economist. April 28, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  6. ^ Sterling and the EMS In for a penny
  7. ^ "Is the Canadian dollar a petrocurrency?". UBC News. 16 April 2015.
  8. ^ Bloomberg, B. N. N. (2022-03-08). "Canadian dollar no longer oiled up by crude: CIBC - BNN Bloomberg". BNN. Retrieved 2022-04-25.Vachon, Hendrix. Is the Canadian Dollar Still a Petro-Currency? (PDF).Alexander, Patrick; Reza, Abeer (2022-04-04), Exports and the Exchange Rate: A General Equilibrium Perspective, retrieved 2022-04-25
  9. ^ Orton, Tyler. "Why the loonie's still 'stuck in the mud' even as oil prices surge". Business in Vancouver. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  10. ^ Wearden, Graeme (6 October 2009). "US rivals 'plotting to end oil trading in dollars'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  11. ^ Meyer, Gregory (29 January 2018). "Oil traders keep weaker dollar in their sights". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10.
  12. ^ Cooper, Andrew Scott (11 September 2012). The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439155189.
  13. ^ Adelman, M. A. (1972). The World Petroleum Market, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Chapter 5.
  14. ^ "Oil, Petrodollars and Gold". 30 May 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  15. ^ Wong, Andrea (May 30, 2016). "The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia's 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  16. ^ . Iran-Daily.com. Iran Daily. January 24, 2006. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006.
  17. ^ . Asia Times. March 22, 2006. Archived from the original on March 23, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ "If OPEC is dead, how is Saudi Arabia still calling the shots in the oil market?". Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  19. ^ Krauss, Clifford (22 April 2015). "New Balance of Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  20. ^ Hinckley, Elias (January 20, 2015). "Everything Has Changed: Oil and the End of OPEC". Energy Trends Insider. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  21. ^ "Oil prices: How are countries being affected?". BBC.com. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  22. ^ Alban, Kitous; Saveyn, Bert; Keramidas, Kimon; Vandyck, Toon; Los Santos, Luis Rey; Wojtowicz, Krzysztof (2016). "JRC SCIENCE FOR POLICY REPORT: Impact of low oil prices on oil exporting countries" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  23. ^ Norris, Michele (17 December 2008). "Contango In Oil Markets Explained". NPR.org.
  24. ^ Cryptocurrencies as Asset-Backed Instruments: The Venezuelan Petro. Banking and Insurance eJournal. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed 18 February 2018.
  25. ^ (20 February 2018). Venezuela launches the ‘petro,’ its cryptocurrency. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  26. ^ Selway, William; Brody, Ben (26 March 2018). "Mnuchin 'Hopeful' Truce Can Be Reached With China on Trade". Retrieved 4 July 2019.

External links edit

  • PetroTalk.com Portal for petro related Articles, Discussion, Links and more
  • Washington Report
  • A Look At The World's Economy (December 2000) from CBS News
  • IMF warns trade gap could bring down dollar
  • by Bulent Gokay, 15 March 2006.
  • by Rudo de Ruijter, Mathaba News, March 7, 2007.
  • In a graphic illustration of the new world order, Arab states have launched secret moves with China, Russia and France to stop using the US currency for oil trading

December 15, 2023
petrocurrency, petrodollar, word, used, with, three, distinct, meanings, often, confused, dollars, paid, producing, nations, petrodollar, recycling, term, invented, 1970s, meaning, trading, surpluses, producing, nations, currencies, producing, nations, which, . Petrocurrency or petrodollar is a word used with three distinct meanings often confused Dollars paid to oil producing nations petrodollar recycling a term invented in the 1970s meaning trading surpluses of oil producing nations 1 Currencies of oil producing nations which tend to rise in value against other currencies when the price of oil rises and fall when it falls 2 Pricing of oil in US dollars currencies used as a unit of account to price oil in the international market 3 Contents 1 Oil producers trading surpluses 2 Currencies correlated with oil prices 3 Currencies used to trade oil 3 1 World War II to 1970 3 2 1970 to 2000 3 3 Iran 3 4 OPEC and shale oil boom 3 5 Venezuela 3 6 China 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksOil producers trading surpluses editMain article Petrodollar recycling Petrocurrency or more commonly petrodollars are popular shorthand for revenues from petroleum exports mainly from the OPEC members plus Russia and Norway Especially during periods of historically expensive oil the associated financial flows can reach a scale of hundreds of billions of US dollar equivalents per year including a wide range of transactions in a variety of currencies some pegged to the US dollar and some not 4 5 Currencies correlated with oil prices editThe pound sterling has sometimes been regarded as a petrocurrency as a result of North Sea oil exports 6 The Dutch guilder was once regarded as a petrocurrency due to its large quantities of natural gas and North Sea oil exports The Dutch Guilder strengthened greatly in the 1970s after OPEC began a series of price hikes throughout the decade that consequently increased the value of all oil producing nations currencies However as a result of the appreciation of the Guilder industrial manufacturing and services in the Netherlands during the 1970s and into the 1980s were crowded out of the larger national economy and the country became increasingly non competitive on world markets due to the high cost of Dutch industrial and service exports This phenomenon is often referred to in economics literature as Dutch disease The Canadian dollar is sometimes viewed as a petrocurrency citation needed but this status is controversial In theory as the price of oil rises oil related export revenues rise for an oil exporting nation and thus constitute a larger monetary component of exports As their oil sands deposits have been increasingly exploited and sold on the international market movements of the Canadian dollar have sometimes been correlated with the price of oil In 2015 University of British Columbia Professor Werner Antweiler predicted that if the share of oil and gas exports increases further the link between oil prices and the exchange rate may become even stronger 7 However in recent years the opposite trend has become apparent with the Bank of Canada and major Canadian financial institutions reporting that there is a disconnect between oil demand and the Canadian dollar s movement having been virtually static within foreign exchange markets throughout the 2021 2022 global energy crisis 8 There is no conclusive explanation for this disparity but speculated reasons include weak investor interest in Canadian oilsands due to the growing rise of ESG investment the increasing size of the US petroleum industry and the relative reputation of the US Dollar 9 Currencies used to trade oil editAs the world s dominant reserve currency the United States dollar has been a major currency for trading oil sometimes the term petrodollar is mistakenly used to refer to this concept 10 11 In August 2018 Venezuela joined the group of countries that allow their oil to be purchased in currencies other than US dollars thus allowing purchases in Euros Yuan Petroyuan and other directly convertible currencies 3 Other nations that permit this include Iran 12 World War II to 1970 edit After WWII international oil prices were for some time based on discounts or premiums relative to that for oil in the Gulf of Mexico 13 After the Bretton Woods conference in the year 1944 the UK and its allies discontinued linking their currencies with gold however the US dollar continued to be pegged to gold at 35 per ounce from 1941 to 1971 1970 to 2000 edit President Nixon cancelled the fixed rate convertibility of US dollars to gold in 1971 In the absence of fixed value convertibility to gold compared to other currencies the US dollar subsequently deteriorated in value for several years making fixed USD to local currency exchange rates unsustainable for most countries 14 Since the agreements 15 of 1971 and 1973 OPEC oil is generally quoted in US dollars sometimes referred to as petrodollars In October 1973 OPEC declared an oil embargo in response to the United States and Western Europe s support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War Iran edit See also Central Bank of Iran Payment systems Since the beginning of 2003 Iran has required payment in euros for exports to Asia and Europe The government opened an Iranian Oil Bourse on the free trade zone on the island of Kish 16 17 for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies including euros OPEC and shale oil boom edit The unconventional tight oil shale oil boom in the USA starting in the early 2000s through 2010s as well as increased production capacity in many other countries greatly limited OPEC s ability to control oil prices 18 19 Consequently due to a drastic fall in Nymex crude oil price to as low as 35 35 dollars per barrel in 2015 many oil exporting countries have had severe problems in balancing their budget Thirty years from now there will be a huge amount of oil and no buyers Oil will be left in the ground The Stone Age came to an end not because we had a lack of stones and the oil age will come to an end not because we have a lack of oil Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani former oil minister of Saudi Arabia and an active minister in OPEC for 25 years in 2000 20 By 2016 many oil exporting countries had been adversely affected by low oil prices including Russia Saudi Arabia Azerbaijan Venezuela and Nigeria 21 22 Venezuela edit Main article Petro cryptocurrency The petro or petromoneda 23 launched in February 2018 is a cryptocurrency developed by the government of Venezuela 24 25 Announced in December 2017 it is claimed to be backed by the country s oil and mineral reserves and it is intended to supplement Venezuela s plummeting bolivar fuerte currency purportedly as a means of circumventing U S sanctions and accessing international financing citation needed China edit Main article Petroyuan In March 2018 China opened a futures market denominated in Yuan which could encourage the use of its currency as a petrocurrency 26 See also edit nbsp Money portalBretton Woods system collapse Contango Green economists Petro cryptocurrency Petrobourse Petroleum politics Petro Islam Monetary hegemony Reserve currencyReferences edit Definition of petrodollars www investopedia com Investopedia Retrieved 19 October 2018 Amadeo Kimberley 2 August 2018 Petrodollar and the system that created it The Balance Retrieved 19 October 2018 a b US dollars no longer a quote currency in Venezuela Xinhua Net 18 October 2018 Archived from the original on October 19 2018 Retrieved 19 October 2018 Nsouli Saleh M March 23 2006 Petrodollar Recycling and Global Imbalances International Monetary Fund Retrieved January 14 2017 Petrodollar Profusion The Economist April 28 2012 Retrieved February 7 2016 Sterling and the EMS In for a penny Is the Canadian dollar a petrocurrency UBC News 16 April 2015 Bloomberg B N N 2022 03 08 Canadian dollar no longer oiled up by crude CIBC BNN Bloomberg BNN Retrieved 2022 04 25 Vachon Hendrix Is the Canadian Dollar Still a Petro Currency PDF Alexander Patrick Reza Abeer 2022 04 04 Exports and the Exchange Rate A General Equilibrium Perspective retrieved 2022 04 25 Orton Tyler Why the loonie s still stuck in the mud even as oil prices surge Business in Vancouver Retrieved 2022 04 25 Wearden Graeme 6 October 2009 US rivals plotting to end oil trading in dollars The Guardian Retrieved 4 July 2019 Meyer Gregory 29 January 2018 Oil traders keep weaker dollar in their sights Financial Times Archived from the original on 2022 12 10 Cooper Andrew Scott 11 September 2012 The Oil Kings How the U S Iran and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East New York Simon and Schuster ISBN 9781439155189 Adelman M A 1972 The World Petroleum Market Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press Chapter 5 Oil Petrodollars and Gold 30 May 2014 Retrieved 17 November 2015 Wong Andrea May 30 2016 The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia s 41 Year U S Debt Secret Bloomberg News Retrieved 17 July 2018 Kish Oil Exchange Planned Iran Daily com Iran Daily January 24 2006 Archived from the original on May 17 2006 A frenzied Persian new year Asia Times March 22 2006 Archived from the original on March 23 2006 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link If OPEC is dead how is Saudi Arabia still calling the shots in the oil market Retrieved 17 November 2015 Krauss Clifford 22 April 2015 New Balance of Power The New York Times Retrieved 17 July 2018 Hinckley Elias January 20 2015 Everything Has Changed Oil and the End of OPEC Energy Trends Insider Retrieved 17 July 2018 Oil prices How are countries being affected BBC com 18 January 2016 Retrieved 4 July 2019 Alban Kitous Saveyn Bert Keramidas Kimon Vandyck Toon Los Santos Luis Rey Wojtowicz Krzysztof 2016 JRC SCIENCE FOR POLICY REPORT Impact of low oil prices on oil exporting countries PDF European Commission Retrieved 4 July 2019 Norris Michele 17 December 2008 Contango In Oil Markets Explained NPR org Cryptocurrencies as Asset Backed Instruments The Venezuelan Petro Banking and Insurance eJournal Social Science Research Network SSRN Accessed 18 February 2018 20 February 2018 Venezuela launches the petro its cryptocurrency Retrieved 3 March 2018 Selway William Brody Ben 26 March 2018 Mnuchin Hopeful Truce Can Be Reached With China on Trade Retrieved 4 July 2019 External links editPetroTalk com Portal for petro related Articles Discussion Links and more Washington Report A Look At The World s Economy December 2000 from CBS News IMF warns trade gap could bring down dollar Petrodollar Warfare Dollars Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Bourse The beginning of the end for petrodollar by Bulent Gokay 15 March 2006 Cost abuse and danger of the dollar by Rudo de Ruijter Mathaba News March 7 2007 In a graphic illustration of the new world order Arab states have launched secret moves with China Russia and France to stop using the US currency for oil trading Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Petrocurrency amp oldid 1187778020, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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