In histology, histopathology, and clinical pathology, Perls Prussian blue is a commonly used method to detect the presence of iron in tissue or cell samples.[1]: 235 [2][3][4] Perls Prussian Blue derives its name from the German pathologist Max Perls (1843–1881), who described the technique in 1867.[2] The method does not involve the application of a dye, but rather causes the pigment Prussian blue to form directly within the tissue.[5] The method stains mostly iron in the ferric state which includes ferritin and hemosiderin, rather than iron in the ferrous state.[6]
Section of liver stained with Perls Prussian blue, showing iron accumulations (blue) consistent with homozygous genetic hemochromatosis
Perls's method is used to indicate "non-heme" iron in tissues such as ferritin and hemosiderin,[6] the procedure does not stain iron that is bound to porphyrin forming heme such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.[2] The stain is an important histochemical stain used to demonstrate the distribution and amount of iron deposits in liver tissue, often in the form of a biopsy.[6][7] Perls's procedure may be used to identify excess iron deposits such as hemosiderin deposits (hemosiderosis) and in conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis.[8] Perls Prussian blue is commonly used on bone marrow aspirates to indicate levels of iron storage[4] and may provide reliable evidence of iron deficiency.[7]
Perls did not publish a detailed procedure other than indicating a dilute potassium ferrocyanide solution was applied to the tissue followed by hydrochloric acid.[2]Ferric iron deposits in tissue (present mostly as ferric iron within the storage protein ferritin) then react with the soluble ferrocyanide in the stain to form the insoluble Prussian blue pigment (a complex hydrated ferric ferrocyanide substance). These deposits are then visualizable microscopically as blue or purple deposits.[9]
Many methods of performing Perls Prussian blue stain for iron have been published, [2] Drury and Wallington (1980) give a protocol that uses a mixture of 1 part 2% hydrochloric acid and 1 part 2% potassium ferrocyanide that is applied to the section for 20–30 minutes followed by a rinse in distilled water and application of a counterstain such as eosin, safranin or neutral red.[5]
Potassium ferrocyanide in the staining solution combines with the ferric iron forming the Prussian blue pigment.[5][2] The addition of hydrochloric acid increases the availability of iron within the tissue for reaction with the potassium ferrocyanide.[2] The chemical reaction for the conversion of iron to Prussian blue is provided as follows in Drury and Wallington[5] (1980): 4FeCl3 + 3K4Fe(CN)6 → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl
^Bancroft, John; Stevens, Alan, eds. (2008). The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (2nd ed.). Longman Group Limited. ISBN9780443102790. OCLC 1057997222.
^ abcdefgMeguro, Reiko; Asano, Yoshiya; Odagiri, Saori; et al. (2007). "Nonheme-iron histochemistry for light and electron microscopy: a historical, theoretical and technical review". Archives of Histology and Cytology. 70 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1679/aohc.70.1. ISSN 0914-9465. PMID 17558140.
^Parmley, R T; Spicer, S S; Alvarez, C J (1978). "Ultrastructural localization of nonheme cellular iron with ferrocyanide". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 26 (9): 729–741. doi:10.1177/26.9.712049. ISSN 0022-1554. PMID 712049.
^ abTheil, Karl S. (2012). "Bone Marrow Processing and Normal Morphology". Laboratory Hematology Practice. pp. 279–299. doi:10.1002/9781444398595.ch22. ISBN9781444398595.
^ abcdDrury, R. A. B.; Wallington, E. A. (1980). Carleton's Histological Technique (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 520. ISBN0-19-261310-3.
^ abcIezzoni, Julia C. (2018). "Diagnostic histochemistry in hepatic pathology". Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 35 (6): 381–389. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2018.10.003. PMID 30409459.
^ abGarcia-Casal, Maria N; Pasricha, Sant-Rayn; Martinez, Ricardo X; et al. (2015). "Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011817.
^Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2013). Robbins basic pathology (9th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders. p. 910. ISBN978-1-4377-1781-5.
^dreyngerous. "Perl'S / Prussian Blue Staining: stained films of marrow and blood. The formalin". Scribd. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
January 01, 1970
perls, prussian, blue, histology, histopathology, clinical, pathology, commonly, used, method, detect, presence, iron, tissue, cell, samples, perls, prussian, blue, derives, name, from, german, pathologist, perls, 1843, 1881, described, technique, 1867, method. In histology histopathology and clinical pathology Perls Prussian blue is a commonly used method to detect the presence of iron in tissue or cell samples 1 235 2 3 4 Perls Prussian Blue derives its name from the German pathologist Max Perls 1843 1881 who described the technique in 1867 2 The method does not involve the application of a dye but rather causes the pigment Prussian blue to form directly within the tissue 5 The method stains mostly iron in the ferric state which includes ferritin and hemosiderin rather than iron in the ferrous state 6 Cerebrospinal fluid specimen stained with Perls Prussian blue showing iron containing macrophage stained blue surrounded by erythrocytes stained red Contents 1 Uses 2 Method of application 3 Mode of action 4 ReferencesUses edit nbsp Section of liver stained with Perls Prussian blue showing iron accumulations blue consistent with homozygous genetic hemochromatosis Perls s method is used to indicate non heme iron in tissues such as ferritin and hemosiderin 6 the procedure does not stain iron that is bound to porphyrin forming heme such as hemoglobin and myoglobin 2 The stain is an important histochemical stain used to demonstrate the distribution and amount of iron deposits in liver tissue often in the form of a biopsy 6 7 Perls s procedure may be used to identify excess iron deposits such as hemosiderin deposits hemosiderosis and in conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis 8 Perls Prussian blue is commonly used on bone marrow aspirates to indicate levels of iron storage 4 and may provide reliable evidence of iron deficiency 7 Method of application edit nbsp Perls Prussian blue components potassium ferrocyanide and hydrochloric acid Perls did not publish a detailed procedure other than indicating a dilute potassium ferrocyanide solution was applied to the tissue followed by hydrochloric acid 2 Ferric iron deposits in tissue present mostly as ferric iron within the storage protein ferritin then react with the soluble ferrocyanide in the stain to form the insoluble Prussian blue pigment a complex hydrated ferric ferrocyanide substance These deposits are then visualizable microscopically as blue or purple deposits 9 Many methods of performing Perls Prussian blue stain for iron have been published 2 Drury and Wallington 1980 give a protocol that uses a mixture of 1 part 2 hydrochloric acid and 1 part 2 potassium ferrocyanide that is applied to the section for 20 30 minutes followed by a rinse in distilled water and application of a counterstain such as eosin safranin or neutral red 5 Mode of action edit nbsp Perls Prussian blue stained section of liver biopsy showing hemosiderosis Potassium ferrocyanide in the staining solution combines with the ferric iron forming the Prussian blue pigment 5 2 The addition of hydrochloric acid increases the availability of iron within the tissue for reaction with the potassium ferrocyanide 2 The chemical reaction for the conversion of iron to Prussian blue is provided as follows in Drury and Wallington 5 1980 4FeCl3 3K4Fe CN 6 Fe4 Fe CN 6 3 12KCl ferric iron potassium ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide or Prussian blue References edit Bancroft John Stevens Alan eds 2008 The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 2nd ed Longman Group Limited ISBN 9780443102790 OCLC 1057997222 a b c d e f g Meguro Reiko Asano Yoshiya Odagiri Saori et al 2007 Nonheme iron histochemistry for light and electron microscopy a historical theoretical and technical review Archives of Histology and Cytology 70 1 1 19 doi 10 1679 aohc 70 1 ISSN 0914 9465 PMID 17558140 Parmley R T Spicer S S Alvarez C J 1978 Ultrastructural localization of nonheme cellular iron with ferrocyanide Journal of Histochemistry amp Cytochemistry 26 9 729 741 doi 10 1177 26 9 712049 ISSN 0022 1554 PMID 712049 a b Theil Karl S 2012 Bone Marrow Processing and Normal Morphology Laboratory Hematology Practice pp 279 299 doi 10 1002 9781444398595 ch22 ISBN 9781444398595 a b c d Drury R A B Wallington E A 1980 Carleton s Histological Technique 5th ed Oxford University Press p 520 ISBN 0 19 261310 3 a b c Iezzoni Julia C 2018 Diagnostic histochemistry in hepatic pathology Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 35 6 381 389 doi 10 1053 j semdp 2018 10 003 PMID 30409459 a b Garcia Casal Maria N Pasricha Sant Rayn Martinez Ricardo X et al 2015 Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews doi 10 1002 14651858 CD011817 Kumar Vinay Abbas Abul K Aster Jon C 2013 Robbins basic pathology 9th ed Elsevier Saunders p 910 ISBN 978 1 4377 1781 5 dreyngerous Perl S Prussian Blue Staining stained films of marrow and blood The formalin Scribd Retrieved April 2 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Perls Prussian blue amp oldid 1170297114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
