Parallel computation thesis

In computational complexity theory, the parallel computation thesis is a hypothesis which states that the time used by a (reasonable) parallel machine is polynomially related to the space used by a sequential machine. The parallel computation thesis was set forth by Chandra and Stockmeyer in 1976.^[1]

In other words, for a computational model which allows computations to branch and run in parallel without bound, a formal language which is decidable under the model using no more than ${\displaystyle t(n)}$ steps for inputs of length n is decidable by a non-branching machine using no more than ${\displaystyle t(n)^{k}}$ units of storage for some constant k. Similarly, if a machine in the unbranching model decides a language using no more than ${\displaystyle s(n)}$ storage, a machine in the parallel model can decide the language in no more than ${\displaystyle s(n)^{k}}$ steps for some constant k.

The parallel computation thesis is not a rigorous formal statement, as it does not clearly define what constitutes an acceptable parallel model. A parallel machine must be sufficiently powerful to emulate the sequential machine in time polynomially related to the sequential space; compare Turing machine, non-deterministic Turing machine, and alternating Turing machine. N. Blum (1983) introduced a model for which the thesis does not hold.^[2] However, the model allows ${\displaystyle 2^{2^{O(T(n))}}}$ parallel threads of computation after ${\displaystyle T(n)}$ steps. (See Big O notation.) Parberry (1986) suggested a more "reasonable" bound would be ${\displaystyle 2^{O(T(n))}}$ or ${\displaystyle 2^{T(n)^{O(1)}}}$, in defense of the thesis.^[3] Goldschlager (1982) proposed a model which is sufficiently universal to emulate all "reasonable" parallel models, which adheres to the thesis.^[4] Chandra and Stockmeyer originally formalized and proved results related to the thesis for deterministic and alternating Turing machines, which is where the thesis originated.^[5]

References

1. Chandra, Ashok K.; Stockmeyer, Larry J. (1976). "Alternation". FOCS'76: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. pp. 98–108. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1976.4.
2. Blum, Norbert (1983). "A note on the 'parallel computation thesis'". Information Processing Letters. 17 (4): 203–205. doi:10.1016/0020-0190(83)90041-8.
3. Parberry, I. (1986). "Parallel speedup of sequential machines: a defense of parallel computation thesis". ACM SIGACT News. 18 (1): 54–67. doi:10.1145/8312.8317.
4. Goldschlager, Leslie M. (1982). "A universal interconnection pattern for parallel computers". Journal of the ACM. 29 (3): 1073–1086. doi:10.1145/322344.322353.
5. Chandra, Ashok K.; Kozen, Dexter C.; Stockmeyer, Larry J. (1981). "Alternation". Journal of the ACM. 28 (1): 114–133. doi:10.1145/322234.322243.