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Ancient synagogues in Palestine

April 10, 2024

Ancient synagogues in Palestine refers to synagogues and their remains in the Palestine region (today's Israel, Palestinian territories, and Golan Heights), built by the Jewish and Samaritan communities from the time of the Hasmonean dynasty during the Late Hellenistic period, to the Late Byzantine period.

Capital depicting a menorah from the Eshtemoa synagogue, as-Samu, West Bank, dating from around the 4th–5th century CE

Numerous inscriptions have been found in the ancient synagogues of the Land of Israel; the vast majority of these, c.140, are in Aramaic, with another c.50 in Greek and only a few in Hebrew.[1]

History edit

Most of the synagogues unearthed in archaeological excavations in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights date from the Roman and Byzantine periods, from the third to seventh centuries. Synagogues from before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE include Gamla, Masada and Herodium.[2] The oldest remains of a synagogue date from the 1st century CE.[3][dubious – discuss] After the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, the local synagogue became its substitute[3] and from Late Antiquity onward, the number of synagogues discovered rise significantly, with over one hundred being unearthed in Palestine alone.[2] Over fifty of these are situated in Galilee and on the Golan Heights.[4]

 
Arbel Synagogue, dating from the 4th century CE

A survey conducted in the 1970s found that of the known synagogue inscriptions, 67 were in Greek and found in the coastal and major inland cities. Another 54 were in Aramaic, and 14 in Hebrew.[5] The vast majority of inscriptions are dedicatory, while the remainder feature literary sources or are short labels for images.[6] Decorations used on mosaic floors, capitals and lintels were symbolic of the Temple service and included the menorah, lulav and etrog.[7] Lions were depicted to represent the power of God.[8][dubious – discuss] Aside from remains found in-situ, architectural elements of the synagogues are often found to have been reused in the houses of adjacent villages.[9] Sometimes dressed stones were transferred further afield and lintels from the doorways of ancient Palestinian synagogues are also to be found in contemporary homes in Syria.[10]

The earliest synagogue inscription uncovered to date is the Theodotus inscription; it is in Greek and dates to the first century BCE or the first century CE. It was discovered in the City of David, just south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

All of the early synagogues were purpose-built[7] and many synagogues dating to the talmudic era onwards had annexes attached to the main structure, indicating that synagogues additionally functioned as a communal centres.[11]

Some modern-day synagogue architects have relied upon synagogue architecture in ancient Judea in an attempt to create an "identifiably Jewish style" of synagogue design. The Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue in Philadelphia was inspired by the remains of the synagogue at Kfar Bar'am.[12]

Second Temple period synagogues edit

Synagogues had a different function prior to the Second Temple's destruction in 70 CE than they did afterwards. Several examples of such early synagogues from the time and territory of the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties until 70 CE have been excavated in pre-1967 Israel, on the West Bank, and one on the Golan Heights. A significant portion of the scientific community agrees that some of these are synagogues, while some are debated. They all share only a certain number of architectural characteristics with the better-accepted post-destruction synagogues.[13]

Here is a list of all the structures from the Land of Israel/Palestine region discovered as of July 2018 and interpreted by some as Second Temple period synagogues. The list includes following data:

Location – Built; in use till – Discovered by – Comments/reservations

Widely accepted edit

Golan Heights edit

On the Golan Heights:

Galilee edit

In the Galilee:

  • Capernaum, the basalt structure underneath the later "white synagogue" – 1st century CE – not excavated, contested
  • Migdal Synagogue (Magdala) – between 50 BCE – 100 CE – discovered 2009; another synagogue from the same period was discovered at Magdala in 2021.
  • Khirbet Wadi Hamam (Nahal Arbel) – 1st half of the 1st century CE – excavated 2007–2012; near Hamaam, Israel[14]
  • Tel Rekhesh/Tell el-Mukharkhash in Tabor Valley – destroyed in Bar Kochba revolt (?) – "first rural synagogue" of the period discovered as of 2016; at a Jewish farmstead from the Second Temple Period, 8 km SE of Mount Tabor[15][16]

Judaean hills and desert edit

In the Judaean hills and desert:

Shephelah edit

In the Shephelah (Judaean foothills):

Also suggested edit

  • Wadi Qelt Synagogue at Tulul Abu el-Alayiq, Jericho – 70–50 BCE (Hasmonean); destroyed by earthquake- Ehud Netzer – strongly contested
  • Chorazin – described in detail in 1926 by Jacob Ory, who found it 200 metres west of 3rd-century CE synagogue; exact location not rediscovered until now
  • Qumran, where the two gathering rooms might be defined as a synagogue – around 100 BCE (?) – highly contested; if indeed a synagogue: of a sectarian type
  • Shu'afat near Jerusalem – structure excavated in 1991 by the late Alexander Onn, who dated it to early 1st century-31 BCE; insufficiently published, some claim the "case evaporated" and the "claim should be withdrawn"

Chronological list edit

The same sites listed in a tentatively chronological order according to the excavators' estimate of the time of construction.

Very controversial:

Ancient synagogue sites edit

A

B

C

D

E

G

H

J

K

M

N

P

Q

  • Qision
  • Qiyuma
  • Qumran-the gathering hall might be defined as a synagogue

R

S

T

U

W

  • Wadi Hamam (Khirbet Wadi Hamam/Kh. el-Wereidat/H. Vradim)

Y

Z

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Rachel Hachlili (4 October 2013). Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research. BRILL. pp. 517–. ISBN 978-90-04-25772-6. The majority of the inscriptions revealed in synagogues in the land of israel are in aramaic (about 140). There are, in addition , a few Hebrew inscriptions and about fifty Greek inscriptions
  2. ^ a b Lee I. Levine (1998). Judaism and Hellenism in antiquity: conflict or confluence. University of Washington Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-295-97682-2.
  3. ^ a b Philip Khuri Hitti (2004). History of Syria: Including Lebanon And Palestine. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 365. ISBN 978-1-59333-119-1.
  4. ^ Lee I. Levine (May 1982). Ancient synagogues revealed. Israel Exploration Society. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8143-1706-8.
  5. ^ Lee I. Levine (1975). Caesarea under Roman rule. Brill Archive. p. 198. ISBN 978-90-04-04013-7.
  6. ^ Eric M. Meyers; American Schools of Oriental Research (1997). The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-511219-1.
  7. ^ a b John S. Kloppenborg; Stephen G. Wilson; Canadian Society of Biblical Studies (1996). Voluntary associations in the Graeco-Roman world. Psychology Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-415-13593-1.
  8. ^ Gail Saul (1984). "The Lion in Ancient Jewish Art: Symbol or Decoration". Jewish Affairs. South African Jewish Board of Deputies. p. 53. Kohl and Watzinger, the first scholars to embark upon serious research of Palestinian synagogue architecture and decoration, held the view that the lion was possibly the only genuine symbolic motif representing the power of G-d.
  9. ^ Raphael Greenberg, Adi Keinan. Israeli Archaeological Activity in the West Bank 1967–2007: A Sourcebook 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ostracon 2009. pg. 136. ISBN 978-965-91468-0-2.
  10. ^ Julian Lincoln Simon (1 January 1990). Population matters: people, resources, environment, and immigration. Transaction Publishers. p. 460. ISBN 978-1-56000-895-8. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  11. ^ Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld; Joseph Menirav; Chava Cassel (2005). Markets and marketing in Roman Palestine. BRILL. p. 223. ISBN 978-90-04-14049-3.
  12. ^ David E. Kaufman (2012). "Modern Architecture and the Jewish Problem: "Jewish Architecture" Reconsidered". In Ruth Weisberg (ed.). Jewish Cultural Aspirations. Purdue University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-55753-635-8. ...one of the earliest of a growing number of Jewish architects, made direct reference to the archaeological remains of ancient synagogues in Palestine, only recently excavated.
  13. ^ a b Rachel Hachlili, "Synagogues: Before and After the Roman Destruction of the Temple" 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Biblical Archaeology Review 41:03, May/June 2015
  14. ^ Uzi Leibner, Institute of Archaeology at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Khirbet Wadi Hamam Excavations 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine website
  15. ^ Nir Hasson, "Archaeologists in Israel Find Ancient Synagogue Predating Second Temple Ruin 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine", Haaretz, 15 August 2016
  16. ^ "Rekhesh Project". Rekhesh.com. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  17. ^ הר–אבן, בנימין; Har-Even, B. (2016). "בית כנסת מימי בית שני בחורבת דיאב שבמערב בנימין - A Second Temple Period Synagogue at Ḥorvat Diab in Western Benjamin". Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands / קדמוניות: כתב-עת לעתיקות ארץ-ישראל וארצות המקרא. מ"ט (151): 49–53. ISSN 0033-4839. JSTOR 26749325.
  18. ^ John L. Mckenzie (1 October 1995). The Dictionary of the Bible. Simon and Schuster. p. 855. ISBN 978-0-684-81913-6. The synagogue of Capernaum is the best preserved Palestinian synagogue; like the others, it comes from the 3rd century AD.
  19. ^ Chad S. Spigel (2012). Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits. Mohr Siebeck. p. 75. ISBN 978-3-16-151879-9. The synagogue building in Gamla, which was constructed in the early first century CE, is the oldest positively identified synagogue in Palestine.
  20. ^ Stephen K. Catto (2007). Reconstructing the first-century synagogue: a critical analysis of current research. T & T Clark. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-567-04561-4. I estimate that it had the largest seating capacity of the Palestinian synagogue buildings and could have accommodated 360.
  21. ^ Ancient Mosaic Pavements: Themes, Issues, and Trends: Selected Studies
  22. ^ Maon at The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues Website

Bibliography edit

  • Lester L. Grabbe. Synagogues in Pre-70 Palestine: A Re- Assessment, JTS 39 (1988).
  • S. Krauss. Nouvelles decouvertes archeologiques de synagogues en Palestine, REJ 89 (1930).
  • LI Levine. The Nature and Origins of Palestinian Synagogues, JBL 115 (1996).
  • Jodi Magness. Heaven on Earth: Helios and the Zodiac Cycle in Ancient Palestinian Synagogues, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 59, (2005), pp. 1–52.
  • EL Sukenik. Ancient Synagogues of Palestine and Greece, (London, 1934).
  • Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher. Ancient synagogues: historical analysis and archaeological discovery, BRILL, 1998.

External links edit

  • The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website, created by scholars of the Kinneret College
    • Synagogues Interactive Map

April 10, 2024
ancient, synagogues, palestine, refers, synagogues, their, remains, palestine, region, today, israel, palestinian, territories, golan, heights, built, jewish, samaritan, communities, from, time, hasmonean, dynasty, during, late, hellenistic, period, late, byza. Ancient synagogues in Palestine refers to synagogues and their remains in the Palestine region today s Israel Palestinian territories and Golan Heights built by the Jewish and Samaritan communities from the time of the Hasmonean dynasty during the Late Hellenistic period to the Late Byzantine period Capital depicting a menorah from the Eshtemoa synagogue as Samu West Bank dating from around the 4th 5th century CENumerous inscriptions have been found in the ancient synagogues of the Land of Israel the vast majority of these c 140 are in Aramaic with another c 50 in Greek and only a few in Hebrew 1 Contents 1 History 2 Second Temple period synagogues 2 1 Widely accepted 2 1 1 Golan Heights 2 1 2 Galilee 2 1 3 Judaean hills and desert 2 1 4 Shephelah 2 2 Also suggested 2 3 Chronological list 3 Ancient synagogue sites 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksHistory editMost of the synagogues unearthed in archaeological excavations in Israel the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights date from the Roman and Byzantine periods from the third to seventh centuries Synagogues from before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE include Gamla Masada and Herodium 2 The oldest remains of a synagogue date from the 1st century CE 3 dubious discuss After the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem the local synagogue became its substitute 3 and from Late Antiquity onward the number of synagogues discovered rise significantly with over one hundred being unearthed in Palestine alone 2 Over fifty of these are situated in Galilee and on the Golan Heights 4 nbsp Arbel Synagogue dating from the 4th century CEA survey conducted in the 1970s found that of the known synagogue inscriptions 67 were in Greek and found in the coastal and major inland cities Another 54 were in Aramaic and 14 in Hebrew 5 The vast majority of inscriptions are dedicatory while the remainder feature literary sources or are short labels for images 6 Decorations used on mosaic floors capitals and lintels were symbolic of the Temple service and included the menorah lulav and etrog 7 Lions were depicted to represent the power of God 8 dubious discuss Aside from remains found in situ architectural elements of the synagogues are often found to have been reused in the houses of adjacent villages 9 Sometimes dressed stones were transferred further afield and lintels from the doorways of ancient Palestinian synagogues are also to be found in contemporary homes in Syria 10 The earliest synagogue inscription uncovered to date is the Theodotus inscription it is in Greek and dates to the first century BCE or the first century CE It was discovered in the City of David just south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem All of the early synagogues were purpose built 7 and many synagogues dating to the talmudic era onwards had annexes attached to the main structure indicating that synagogues additionally functioned as a communal centres 11 Some modern day synagogue architects have relied upon synagogue architecture in ancient Judea in an attempt to create an identifiably Jewish style of synagogue design The Henry S Frank Memorial Synagogue in Philadelphia was inspired by the remains of the synagogue at Kfar Bar am 12 Second Temple period synagogues editSynagogues had a different function prior to the Second Temple s destruction in 70 CE than they did afterwards Several examples of such early synagogues from the time and territory of the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties until 70 CE have been excavated in pre 1967 Israel on the West Bank and one on the Golan Heights A significant portion of the scientific community agrees that some of these are synagogues while some are debated They all share only a certain number of architectural characteristics with the better accepted post destruction synagogues 13 Here is a list of all the structures from the Land of Israel Palestine region discovered as of July 2018 and interpreted by some as Second Temple period synagogues The list includes following data Location Built in use till Discovered by Comments reservations Widely accepted edit Golan Heights edit On the Golan Heights Gamla 1st century BCE Herodian contestedGalilee edit In the Galilee Capernaum the basalt structure underneath the later white synagogue 1st century CE not excavated contested Migdal Synagogue Magdala between 50 BCE 100 CE discovered 2009 another synagogue from the same period was discovered at Magdala in 2021 Khirbet Wadi Hamam Nahal Arbel 1st half of the 1st century CE excavated 2007 2012 near Hamaam Israel 14 Tel Rekhesh Tell el Mukharkhash in Tabor Valley destroyed in Bar Kochba revolt first rural synagogue of the period discovered as of 2016 at a Jewish farmstead from the Second Temple Period 8 km SE of Mount Tabor 15 16 Judaean hills and desert edit In the Judaean hills and desert Jerusalem City of David Silwan 1st century BCE or 1st century CE Theodotus synagogue based only on the Theodotos Inscription mentioning a synagogue and a hostel Herodium contested inside Herodian triclinium theories built either by Zealots First Jewish Revolt or during Bar Kokhba Revolt Horvat Diab 17 Masada contested Sicarii 1st century CE including a genizahShephelah edit In the Shephelah Judaean foothills Umm el Umdan at Modi in end 2nd beginning 1st century BCE Hasmonean till 132 CE 1st century CE mikveh next to it Khirbet Badd Isa at Modi in Illit aka Qiryat Sefer 1st century BCE less published than Umm el Umdan Modi in site near modern Modi in Ascent of Beth Horon Horvat Ethri Hurvat Itri 13 Also suggested edit Wadi Qelt Synagogue at Tulul Abu el Alayiq Jericho 70 50 BCE Hasmonean destroyed by earthquake Ehud Netzer strongly contested Chorazin described in detail in 1926 by Jacob Ory who found it 200 metres west of 3rd century CE synagogue exact location not rediscovered until now Qumran where the two gathering rooms might be defined as a synagogue around 100 BCE highly contested if indeed a synagogue of a sectarian type Shu afat near Jerusalem structure excavated in 1991 by the late Alexander Onn who dated it to early 1st century 31 BCE insufficiently published some claim the case evaporated and the claim should be withdrawn Chronological list edit The same sites listed in a tentatively chronological order according to the excavators estimate of the time of construction Modi in end 2nd beginning 1st century BCE Wadi Qelt Synagogue 50 70 BCE Gamla 1st century BCE Modi in Illit 1st century BCE Wadi Hamam Nahal Arbel 1st half of the 1st century CE City of David Theodotus synagogue 1st century CE Migdal Synagogue between 50 BCE 100 CE Masada 1st century BCE Herodium 1st century CE Capernaum 1st century CE Tel Rekhesh 1st century CE Very controversial Chorazin 1st century CE Qumran Shu afat early 1st century 31 BCE Ancient synagogue sites editA Anim Arbel Ashkelon AssaliyyeB Bar am Beit Alfa Beit Guvrin Beit Shean Beit She arim Roman era Jewish village BelvoirC Capernaum the best preserved synagogue 18 Caphra ChorazinD Dabura Dabiyye DannaE Ed Dikke Khirbet Ein Gedi Ein ha Naziv EshtemoaG Gaza Gamla oldest identified synagogue in Palestine 19 and largest estimated seating capacity 20 Gush Halav H Hammat Tiberias Hamat Gader Herodium Horvat Diab Horvat Ethri Hurvat Itri Hurvat Amudim Hurvat Kanaf Hurvat Kishor Hurvat Shema Hurvat Sumaqa Huqoq Huseifa 21 J Jafia Jericho Jericho synagogue Jericho Tulul Abu el Alayiq site in Wadi Qelt so called Wadi Qelt Synagogue Jerusalem City of David the Theodotos Inscription 1st century BCE or 1st century CE mentions a synagogue and a hostelK Kefar Fahma Kafr Kanna Khirbet Rib Khirbet Wadi HamamM Maon Ma on in the South Hebron Hills 22 Maon Ma on in the western Negev Maoz Chaim Masada Meroth Migdal Meron Modi in Umm el Umdan site Modi in Illit Qiryat Sefer Khirbet Badd Isa siteN Naaran Nabratein P Peki inQ Qision Qiyuma Qumran the gathering hall might be defined as a synagogueR Ramah Rehob RimmonS Sasa Sifsula Shura Khirbet SusyaT Tel Rekhesh Tirat Zvi TzipporiU Umm el KanatirW Wadi Hamam Khirbet Wadi Hamam Kh el Wereidat H Vradim Y Yesud HaMa ala YodefatZ ZumeimiraSee also editAncient synagogues in Israel dealing only with the pre 1967 territory Archaeology of Israel Daroma ancient region with own synagogue type List of oldest synagogues in the world Synagogue of the Libertines mentioned in Acts of the Apostles Zodiac Synagogue mosaicReferences edit Rachel Hachlili 4 October 2013 Ancient Synagogues Archaeology and Art New Discoveries and Current Research BRILL pp 517 ISBN 978 90 04 25772 6 The majority of the inscriptions revealed in synagogues in the land of israel are in aramaic about 140 There are in addition a few Hebrew inscriptions and about fifty Greek inscriptions a b Lee I Levine 1998 Judaism and Hellenism in antiquity conflict or confluence University of Washington Press p 139 ISBN 978 0 295 97682 2 a b Philip Khuri Hitti 2004 History of Syria Including Lebanon And Palestine Gorgias Press LLC p 365 ISBN 978 1 59333 119 1 Lee I Levine May 1982 Ancient synagogues revealed Israel Exploration Society p 12 ISBN 978 0 8143 1706 8 Lee I Levine 1975 Caesarea under Roman rule Brill Archive p 198 ISBN 978 90 04 04013 7 Eric M Meyers American Schools of Oriental Research 1997 The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East Oxford University Press p 114 ISBN 978 0 19 511219 1 a b John S Kloppenborg Stephen G Wilson Canadian Society of Biblical Studies 1996 Voluntary associations in the Graeco Roman world Psychology Press p 102 ISBN 978 0 415 13593 1 Gail Saul 1984 The Lion in Ancient Jewish Art Symbol or Decoration Jewish Affairs South African Jewish Board of Deputies p 53 Kohl and Watzinger the first scholars to embark upon serious research of Palestinian synagogue architecture and decoration held the view that the lion was possibly the only genuine symbolic motif representing the power of G d Raphael Greenberg Adi Keinan Israeli Archaeological Activity in the West Bank 1967 2007 A Sourcebook Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ostracon 2009 pg 136 ISBN 978 965 91468 0 2 Julian Lincoln Simon 1 January 1990 Population matters people resources environment and immigration Transaction Publishers p 460 ISBN 978 1 56000 895 8 Retrieved 24 June 2011 Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld Joseph Menirav Chava Cassel 2005 Markets and marketing in Roman Palestine BRILL p 223 ISBN 978 90 04 14049 3 David E Kaufman 2012 Modern Architecture and the Jewish Problem Jewish Architecture Reconsidered In Ruth Weisberg ed Jewish Cultural Aspirations Purdue University Press p 78 ISBN 978 1 55753 635 8 one of the earliest of a growing number of Jewish architects made direct reference to the archaeological remains of ancient synagogues in Palestine only recently excavated a b Rachel Hachlili Synagogues Before and After the Roman Destruction of the Temple Archived 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Biblical Archaeology Review 41 03 May June 2015 Uzi Leibner Institute of Archaeology at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Khirbet Wadi Hamam Excavations Archived 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine website Nir Hasson Archaeologists in Israel Find Ancient Synagogue Predating Second Temple Ruin Archived 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz 15 August 2016 Rekhesh Project Rekhesh com Retrieved 4 July 2018 הר אבן בנימין Har Even B 2016 בית כנסת מימי בית שני בחורבת דיאב שבמערב בנימין A Second Temple Period Synagogue at Ḥorvat Diab in Western Benjamin Qadmoniot A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz Israel and Bible Lands קדמוניות כתב עת לעתיקות ארץ ישראל וארצות המקרא מ ט 151 49 53 ISSN 0033 4839 JSTOR 26749325 John L Mckenzie 1 October 1995 The Dictionary of the Bible Simon and Schuster p 855 ISBN 978 0 684 81913 6 The synagogue of Capernaum is the best preserved Palestinian synagogue like the others it comes from the 3rd century AD Chad S Spigel 2012 Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities Methodology Analysis and Limits Mohr Siebeck p 75 ISBN 978 3 16 151879 9 The synagogue building in Gamla which was constructed in the early first century CE is the oldest positively identified synagogue in Palestine Stephen K Catto 2007 Reconstructing the first century synagogue a critical analysis of current research T amp T Clark p 96 ISBN 978 0 567 04561 4 I estimate that it had the largest seating capacity of the Palestinian synagogue buildings and could have accommodated 360 Ancient Mosaic Pavements Themes Issues and Trends Selected Studies Maon at The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues WebsiteBibliography editLester L Grabbe Synagogues in Pre 70 Palestine A Re Assessment JTS 39 1988 S Krauss Nouvelles decouvertes archeologiques de synagogues en Palestine REJ 89 1930 LI Levine The Nature and Origins of Palestinian Synagogues JBL 115 1996 Jodi Magness Heaven on Earth Helios and the Zodiac Cycle in Ancient Palestinian Synagogues Dumbarton Oaks Papers Vol 59 2005 pp 1 52 EL Sukenik Ancient Synagogues of Palestine and Greece London 1934 Dan Urman Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher Ancient synagogues historical analysis and archaeological discovery BRILL 1998 External links editThe Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues website created by scholars of the Kinneret College Synagogues Interactive Map Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ancient synagogues in Palestine amp oldid 1217197210, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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