The Pacific pygmy owl or Peruvian pygmy owl (Glaucidium peruanum) is a small "typical owl" in subfamily Surniinae. It is found in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.[3][4]
The Peruvian pygmy owl was first described as a species by Claus König, a German ornithologist, in 1991. Until then it had been treated as a subspecies of the widespread ferruginous pygmy owl (G. brasilianum). König separated the two primarily by their vocal differences; their ranges do not overlap.[5][6] The Pacific pygmy owl is monotypic.[3]
Description
The Pacific pygmy owl is 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) long. Males weigh about 60 g (2.1 oz) and females about 65 g (2.3 oz). In addition to being heavier, females also have slightly longer wings and tails than males, but both sexes have the same plumage. The species has gray, brown, and rufous color morphs, with the first two predominating. The upperparts of gray morph adults are grayish brown with buff streaks on the forecrown and buff spots on the crown and nape. An incomplete white "collar" and oval black spots on the neck give the appearance of eyes. The shoulders and back have whitish spots. The tail is also grayish brown, with up to seven whitish bars across it. The throat is white, the sides of the breast grayish brown, and the rest of the underparts whitish with rufuous streaks. The other morphs replace the grayish brown with dark brown or rufous respectively. In addition, the bars on the rufous morph's tail are rusty brown or orange-buff and the streaking on the underparts is more diffuse than on the other two morphs. In all morphs the eye is lemon yellow and the bill and feet yellow-green. Juveniles have essentially the same plumage as adults but their crown has no streaks or spots.[6][7]
Distribution and habitat
The Pacific pygmy owl is found on the western slope of the Andes from Manabí, Pichincha, and Los Ríos provinces in north-central Ecuador south through Peru into Chile as far as the Antofagasta Region. It also is found in several semiarid valleys within the western Andes. In Ecuador it usually occurs from sea level to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) of elevation but is locally found as high as 2,400 m (7,900 ft). In Peru it occurs up to 3,300 m (10,800 ft) and in Chile up to 3,500 m (11,500 ft). The species inhabits a variety of moist to arid landscapes including deciduous and riparian forest, arid lowland and montane scrublands, agricultural areas with large trees, and gardens in built-up areas.[6]
Behavior
Movement
The Pacific pygmy owl is a year-round resident throughout its range.[6]
Feeding
The Pacific pygmy owl hunts both day and night, generally from the forest's mid-level to the canopy. Its diet has not been defined in detail but is known to include birds, small mammals and other vertebrates, and large arthropods.[6]
Breeding
Almost nothing is known about the Pacific pygmy-owl's breeding phenology, although it is assumed to be like that of other members of genus Glaucidium. It is known to nest in tree cavities and has been recorded breeding in old nests of the pale-legged hornero (Furnarius leucopus) and in holes in walls and river banks.[6]
Songs and calls
Listen to Pacific pygmy owl on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The Pacific pygmy owl's song has been described as "a series of rapidly delivered pü notes" and also as "rapid...rising hoots: poop'poop'poop'poop....." It also makes "chirping and thin warbling notes." Vocal differences enable it to be separated from the similar Yungas pygmy owl (G. bolivianum) where their ranges overlap.[6]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the Pacific pygmy owl as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No specific threats have been identified.[1] It is considered common in Ecuador and fairly common to common in Peru. "It tolerates human presence, as long as cavities are available for nesting, and even occurs in town plazas and in gardens."[6]
References
^ abBirdLife International (2016). "Peruvian Pygmy-owl Glaucidium peruanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689253A93223829. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689253A93223829.en. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 January 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved February 1, 2022
^ abcdefghSchulenberg, T. S. and H. Batcheller (2020). Peruvian Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium peruanum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pepowl1.01 retrieved March 8, 2022
^"Peruvian Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium peruanum)". Peru Aves. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
Further reading
Athanas, Nick; Greenfield, Paul J. (2016). Birds of Western Ecuador: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press. pp. 144–151. ISBN9781400880706.
May 05, 2023
pacific, pygmy, peruvian, pygmy, glaucidium, peruanum, small, typical, subfamily, surniinae, found, chile, ecuador, peru, conservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, cites, appendix, cites, scientific, classificationkingdom, animaliaphylum, chordataclass, avesor. The Pacific pygmy owl or Peruvian pygmy owl Glaucidium peruanum is a small typical owl in subfamily Surniinae It is found in Chile Ecuador and Peru 3 4 Pacific pygmy owlConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder StrigiformesFamily StrigidaeGenus GlaucidiumSpecies G peruanumBinomial nameGlaucidium peruanumKonig 1991Distribution of Pacific pygmy owl Resident Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 References 7 Further readingTaxonomy and systematics EditThe Peruvian pygmy owl was first described as a species by Claus Konig a German ornithologist in 1991 Until then it had been treated as a subspecies of the widespread ferruginous pygmy owl G brasilianum Konig separated the two primarily by their vocal differences their ranges do not overlap 5 6 The Pacific pygmy owl is monotypic 3 Description EditThe Pacific pygmy owl is 15 to 17 cm 5 9 to 6 7 in long Males weigh about 60 g 2 1 oz and females about 65 g 2 3 oz In addition to being heavier females also have slightly longer wings and tails than males but both sexes have the same plumage The species has gray brown and rufous color morphs with the first two predominating The upperparts of gray morph adults are grayish brown with buff streaks on the forecrown and buff spots on the crown and nape An incomplete white collar and oval black spots on the neck give the appearance of eyes The shoulders and back have whitish spots The tail is also grayish brown with up to seven whitish bars across it The throat is white the sides of the breast grayish brown and the rest of the underparts whitish with rufuous streaks The other morphs replace the grayish brown with dark brown or rufous respectively In addition the bars on the rufous morph s tail are rusty brown or orange buff and the streaking on the underparts is more diffuse than on the other two morphs In all morphs the eye is lemon yellow and the bill and feet yellow green Juveniles have essentially the same plumage as adults but their crown has no streaks or spots 6 7 Distribution and habitat EditThe Pacific pygmy owl is found on the western slope of the Andes from Manabi Pichincha and Los Rios provinces in north central Ecuador south through Peru into Chile as far as the Antofagasta Region It also is found in several semiarid valleys within the western Andes In Ecuador it usually occurs from sea level to 1 200 m 3 900 ft of elevation but is locally found as high as 2 400 m 7 900 ft In Peru it occurs up to 3 300 m 10 800 ft and in Chile up to 3 500 m 11 500 ft The species inhabits a variety of moist to arid landscapes including deciduous and riparian forest arid lowland and montane scrublands agricultural areas with large trees and gardens in built up areas 6 Behavior EditMovement Edit The Pacific pygmy owl is a year round resident throughout its range 6 Feeding Edit The Pacific pygmy owl hunts both day and night generally from the forest s mid level to the canopy Its diet has not been defined in detail but is known to include birds small mammals and other vertebrates and large arthropods 6 Breeding Edit Almost nothing is known about the Pacific pygmy owl s breeding phenology although it is assumed to be like that of other members of genus Glaucidium It is known to nest in tree cavities and has been recorded breeding in old nests of the pale legged hornero Furnarius leucopus and in holes in walls and river banks 6 Songs and callsListen to Pacific pygmy owl on xeno canto Vocalization Edit The Pacific pygmy owl s song has been described as a series of rapidly delivered pu notes and also as rapid rising hoots poop poop poop poop It also makes chirping and thin warbling notes Vocal differences enable it to be separated from the similar Yungas pygmy owl G bolivianum where their ranges overlap 6 Status EditThe IUCN has assessed the Pacific pygmy owl as being of Least Concern It has a large range and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable No specific threats have been identified 1 It is considered common in Ecuador and fairly common to common in Peru It tolerates human presence as long as cavities are available for nesting and even occurs in town plazas and in gardens 6 References Edit a b BirdLife International 2016 Peruvian Pygmy owl Glaucidium peruanum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22689253A93223829 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22689253A93223829 en Retrieved 8 March 2022 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds January 2022 Owls IOC World Bird List v 12 1 Retrieved January 15 2022 HBW and BirdLife International 2020 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v5 Dec20 zip xls zipped 1 MB retrieved 27 May 2021 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 31 January 2022 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved February 1 2022 a b c d e f g h Schulenberg T S and H Batcheller 2020 Peruvian Pygmy Owl Glaucidium peruanum version 1 0 In Birds of the World T S Schulenberg Editor Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow pepowl1 01 retrieved March 8 2022 Peruvian Pygmy Owl Glaucidium peruanum Peru Aves Retrieved 2020 10 07 Further reading EditAthanas Nick Greenfield Paul J 2016 Birds of Western Ecuador A Photographic Guide Princeton University Press pp 144 151 ISBN 9781400880706 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pacific pygmy owl amp oldid 1117155074, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
