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PEDOT:PSS

April 28, 2023

poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a polymer mixture of two ionomers. One component in this mixture is made up of polystyrene sulfonate which is a sulfonated polystyrene. Part of the sulfonyl groups are deprotonated and carry a negative charge. The other component poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conjugated polymer and carries positive charges and is based on polythiophene. Together the charged macromolecules form a macromolecular salt.[2]

PEDOT:PSS
Electrochromic switching in two PEDOT:PSS electrodes connected by a piece of PhastGel SDS buffer strips. The electrodes were reversibly and repeatedly oxidized and reduced by switching the polarity of an applied 1 V potential. This was observed by a color change between dark (reduced PEDOT) and light (oxidized PEDOT) blue within the electrodes, demonstrating the transport of ions between and into the electrodes.[1]

Synthesis

PEDOT:PSS can be prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of PSS with EDOT monomer, and to the resulting mixture, a solution of sodium persulfate and ferric sulfate.[3][4]

Applications

PEDOT:PSS has the highest efficiency among conductive organic thermoelectric materials (ZT~0.42) and thus can be used in flexible and biodegradable thermoelectric generators.[5] Yet its largest application is as a transparent, conductive polymer with high ductility. For example, AGFA coats 200 million photographic films per year[citation needed] with a thin, extensively-stretched layer of virtually transparent and colorless PEDOT:PSS as an antistatic agent to prevent electrostatic discharges during production and normal film use, independent of humidity conditions, and as electrolyte in polymer electrolytic capacitors.[clarification needed]

If organic compounds, including high boiling solvents like methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, sorbitol, ionic liquids and surfactants, are added conductivity increases by many orders of magnitude.[6][7][8][9][10] This makes it also suitable as a transparent electrode, for example in touchscreens, organic light-emitting diodes,[11] flexible organic solar cells[12][13] and electronic paper to replace the traditionally used indium tin oxide (ITO). Owing to the high conductivity (up to 4600 S/cm),[14] it can be used as a cathode material in capacitors replacing manganese dioxide or liquid electrolytes. It is also used in organic electrochemical transistors.

The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can also be significantly improved by a post-treatment with various compounds, such as ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), salts, zwitterions, cosolvents, acids, alcohols, phenol, geminal diols and amphiphilic fluoro-compounds.[15][16][17][18][19] This conductivity is comparable to that of ITO, the popular transparent electrode material, and it can triple that of ITO after a network of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires is embedded into PEDOT:PSS[20] and used for flexible organic devices.[21]

PEDOT:PSS is generally applied as a dispersion of gelled particles in water. A conductive layer on glass is obtained by spreading a layer of the dispersion on the surface usually by spin coating and driving out the water by heat. Special PEDOT:PSS inks and formulations were developed for different coating and printing processes. Water-based PEDOT:PSS inks are mainly used in slot die coating, flexography, rotogravure and inkjet printing. If a high viscous paste and slow drying is required like in screen-printing processes PEDOT:PSS can also be supplied in high boiling solvents like propanediol. Dry PEDOT:PSS pellets can be produced with a freeze drying method which are redispersable in water and different solvents, for example ethanol to increase drying speed during printing. Finally, to overcome degradation to ultraviolet light and high temperature or humidity conditions PEDOT:PSS UV-stabilizers are available.

Mechanical Properties

Since PEDOT:PSS is most frequently used in thin film architectures, several methods have been developed to accurately probe its mechanical properties; for example, water-supported tensile testing, four-point bend tests to measure adhesive and cohesive fracture energy, buckling tests to measure modulus, and bending tests on PDMS and polyethylene supports to probe the crack onset strain.[22] Though PEDOT:PSS has a lower electrical mobility than silicon, which can also be incorporated into flexible electronics through the incorporation of stress-relief structures, sufficiently flexible PEDOT:PSS can enable lower cost-processing, such as roll-to-roll processing.[23] The most important characteristics for an organic semiconductor used in thin-film architectures are low modulus in the elastic regime and high stretchability prior to fracture.[23] These properties have been found to be highly correlated to relative humidity.[24] At high relative humidity (>40%) hydrogen bonds are weakened in the PSS due to the uptake of water which leads to higher strain before fracture and lower elastic modulus. At low relative humidity (<23%) the presence of strong bonding between PSS grains leads to higher modulus and lower strain before fracture. Films at higher relative humidity are presumed to fail by intergranular fracture, whereas lower relative humidity leads to transgranular fracture. Additives like 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS) can drastically improve the mechanical stability in aqueous media even at low concentrations of 1 wt% without significantly impeding the electrical properties.[25]

PEDOT:PSS can also show self-healing properties if submerged in water after sustaining mechanical damage.[26] This self-healing capability is proposed to be enabled by the hygroscopic property of PSS−.[27] Common PEDOT:PSS additives that improve the electrical conductivity have varying effects on self-healing. While ethylene glycol improves electrical and mechanical self-healing, sulfuric acid reduces the former but improves the latter, presumably because it undergoes autoprotolysis. Polyethylene glycol improves the electrical and thermoelectric self-healing, but reduces the mechanical self-healing.[27]

PEDOT:PSS is also attractive for conductive textile applications. Though it results in inferior thermoelectric properties, wet-spinning has been shown to result in high conductivity and stiff fibers due to preferential alignment of polymer chains during fiber drawing.[28]

References

  1. ^ Bengtsson K, Nilsson S, Robinson N (2014). "Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Gel Electrophoresis". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e89416. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089416. PMC 3929695. PMID 24586761.
  2. ^ Groenendaal, L.; Jonas, F.; Freitag, D.; Pielartzik, H.; Reynolds, J. R. (2000). "Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future". Advanced Materials. 12 (7): 481–494. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200004)12:7<481::AID-ADMA481>3.0.CO;2-C.
  3. ^ Geoghegan, Mark; Hadziioannou, Georges (2013). Polymer electronics (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780199533824.
  4. ^ Yoo, Dohyuk; Kim, Jeonghun; Kim, Jung Hyun (2014). "Direct synthesis of highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/graphene composites and their applications in energy harvesting systems" (PDF). Nano Research. 7 (5): 717–730. doi:10.1007/s12274-014-0433-z. S2CID 95642579. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  5. ^ Satoh, Norifusa; Otsuka, Masaji; Ohki, Tomoko; Ohi, Akihiko; Sakurai, Yasuaki; Yamashita, Yukihiko; Mori, Takao (2018). "Organic π-type thermoelectric module supported by photolithographic mold: A working hypothesis of sticky thermoelectric materials". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 19 (1): 517–525. doi:10.1080/14686996.2018.1487239. PMC 6052422. PMID 30034560.
  6. ^ Kim, Yong Hyun; Sachse, Christoph; Machala, Michael L.; May, Christian; Müller-Meskamp, Lars; Leo, Karl (2011-03-22). "Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Electrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post-Treatment for ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells". Advanced Functional Materials. 21 (6): 1076–1081. doi:10.1002/adfm.201002290. S2CID 136583700.
  7. ^ Kim, J. Y.; Jung, J. H.; Lee, D. E.; Joo, J. (2002). "Enhancement of electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) by a change of solvents". Synthetic Metals. 126 (2–3): 311–316. doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00576-8.
  8. ^ Ouyang, J.; Xu, Q.; Chu, C. W.; Yang, Y.; Li, G.; Shinar, J. (2004). "On the mechanism of conductivity enhancement in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) film through solvent treatment". Polymer. 45 (25): 8443–8450. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.001.
  9. ^ Döbbelin, M.; Marcilla, R.; Salsamendi, M.; Pozo-Gonzalo, C.; Carrasco, P. M.; Pomposo, J. A.; Mecerreyes, D. (2007). "Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Electrical Conductivity and Morphology of PEDOT:PSS Films". Chemistry of Materials. 19 (9): 2147–2149. doi:10.1021/cm070398z.
  10. ^ Xia, Y; Ouyang, J (2010). "Significant conductivity enhancement of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrenesulfonate) films through a treatment with organic carboxylic acids and inorganic acids". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2 (2): 474–83. doi:10.1021/am900708x. PMID 20356194.
  11. ^ Kim, Yong Hyun; Lee, Jonghee; Hofmann, Simone; Gather, Malte C.; Müller-Meskamp, Lars; Leo, Karl (2013). "Achieving High Efficiency and Improved Stability in ITO-Free Transparent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Conductive Polymer Electrodes". Advanced Functional Materials. 23 (30): 3763–3769. doi:10.1002/adfm.201203449. S2CID 137196552.
  12. ^ Park, Yoonseok; Berger, Jana; Tang, Zheng; Müller-Meskamp, Lars; Lasagni, Andrés Fabián; Vandewal, Koen; Leo, Karl (2016). "Flexible, light trapping substrates for organic photovoltaics". Applied Physics Letters. 109 (9): 093301. Bibcode:2016ApPhL.109i3301P. doi:10.1063/1.4962206.
  13. ^ Park, Yoonseok; Nehm, Frederik; Müller-Meskamp, Lars; Vandewal, Koen; Leo, Karl (2016). "Optical display film as flexible and light trapping substrate for organic photovoltaics". Optics Express. 24 (10): A974-80. Bibcode:2016OExpr..24A.974P. doi:10.1364/OE.24.00A974. PMID 27409970.
  14. ^ Worfolk, Brian J.; Andrews, Sean C.; Park, Steve; Reinspach, Julia; Liu, Nan; Toney, Michael F.; Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B.; Bao, Zhenan (2015-11-17). "Ultrahigh electrical conductivity in solution-sheared polymeric transparent films". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (46): 14138–14143. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214138W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509958112. PMC 4655535. PMID 26515096.
  15. ^ Bießmann, Lorenz; Kreuzer, Lucas Philipp; Widmann, Tobias; Hohn, Nuri; Moulin, Jean-François; Müller-Buschbaum, Peter (2018-03-21). "Monitoring the Swelling Behavior of PEDOT:PSS Electrodes under High Humidity Conditions". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 10 (11): 9865–9872. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b00446. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 29484879.
  16. ^ Ouyang, J.; Chu, C. -W.; Chen, F. -C.; Xu, Q.; Yang, Y. (2005). "High-Conductivity Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonate) Film and Its Application in Polymer Optoelectronic Devices". Advanced Functional Materials. 15 (2): 203–208. doi:10.1002/adfm.200400016. S2CID 95522337.
  17. ^ Saghaei, Jaber; Fallahzadeh, Ali; Saghaei, Tayebeh (2015). "ITO-free organic solar cells using highly conductive phenol-treated PEDOT:PSS anodes". Organic Electronics. 24: 188–194. doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2015.06.002.
  18. ^ Fallahzadeh, Ali; Saghaei, Jaber; Yousefi, Mohammad Hassan (2014). "Effect of alcohol vapor treatment on electrical and optical properties of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) films for indium tin oxide-free organic light-emitting diodes". Applied Surface Science. 320: 895–900. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.09.143.
  19. ^ Saghaei, Jaber; Fallahzadeh, Ali; Yousefi, Mohammad Hassan (2015). "Improvement of electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films by 2-Methylimidazole post treatment". Organic Electronics. 19: 70–75. doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2015.01.026.
  20. ^ Stapleton, A. J.; Yambem, S. D.; Johns, A. H.; Afre, R. A.; Ellis, A. V.; Shapter, J. G.; Andersson, G. G.; Quinton, J. S.; Burn, P. L.; Meredith, P.; Lewis, D. A. (2015). "Planar silver nanowire, carbon nanotube and PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite transparent electrodes". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (2): 025002. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/025002. PMC 5036479. PMID 27877771.
  21. ^ Entifar, Siti Aisyah Nurmaulia; Han, Joo Won; Lee, Dong Jin; Ramadhan, Zeno Rizqi; Hong, Juhee; Kang, Moon Hee; Kim, Soyeon; Lim, Dongchan; Yun, Changhun; Kim, Yong Hyun (2019). "Simultaneously enhanced optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of highly stretchable transparent silver nanowire electrodes using organic surface modifier". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 20 (1): 116–123. doi:10.1080/14686996.2019.1568750. PMC 6383608. PMID 30815043.
  22. ^ Lipomi, Darren J.; Bao, Zhenan (2017-02-02). "Stretchable and ultraflexible organic electronics". MRS Bulletin. 42 (2): 93–97. doi:10.1557/mrs.2016.325. ISSN 0883-7694.
  23. ^ a b Root, Samuel E.; Savagatrup, Suchol; Printz, Adam D.; Rodriquez, Daniel; Lipomi, Darren J. (2017-03-25). "Mechanical Properties of Organic Semiconductors for Stretchable, Highly Flexible, and Mechanically Robust Electronics". Chemical Reviews. 117 (9): 6467–6499. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00003. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 28343389.
  24. ^ Lang, Udo; Naujoks, Nicola; Dual, Jurg (2008-12-30). "Mechanical characterization of PEDOT:PSS thin films". Synthetic Metals. 159 (5–6): 473–479. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.11.005. ISSN 0379-6779.
  25. ^ ElMahmoudy, Mohammed; Inal, Sahika; Charrier, Anne; Uguz, Ilke; Malliaras, George G.; Sanaur, Sébastien (2017-02-20). "Tailoring the Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films for Bioelectronics". Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 302 (5): 1600497. doi:10.1002/mame.201600497. hdl:10754/623061. ISSN 1438-7492. S2CID 136269465.
  26. ^ Zhang, Shiming; Cicoira, Fabio (2017-08-28). "Self-Healing: Water-Enabled Healing of Conducting Polymer Films (Adv. Mater. 40/2017)". Advanced Materials. 29 (40). doi:10.1002/adma.201770291. ISSN 0935-9648.
  27. ^ a b Xin, Xing; Xue, Zexu; Gao, Nan; Yu, Jiarui; Liu, Hongtao; Zhang, Wenna; Xu, Jingkun; Chen, Shuai (October 2020). "Effects of conductivity-enhancement reagents on self-healing properties of PEDOT:PSS films". Synthetic Metals. 268: 116503. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116503. ISSN 0379-6779. S2CID 224922736.
  28. ^ Sarabia-Riquelme, Ruben; Shahi, Maryam; Brill, Joseph W.; Weisenberger, Matthew C. (2019-07-08). "Effect of Drawing on the Electrical, Thermoelectrical, and Mechanical Properties of Wet-Spun PEDOT:PSS Fibers". ACS Applied Polymer Materials. 1 (8): 2157–2167. doi:10.1021/acsapm.9b00425. ISSN 2637-6105. S2CID 199176952.

April 28, 2023
pedot, poly, ethylenedioxythiophene, polystyrene, sulfonate, polymer, mixture, ionomers, component, this, mixture, made, polystyrene, sulfonate, which, sulfonated, polystyrene, part, sulfonyl, groups, deprotonated, carry, negative, charge, other, component, po. poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate PEDOT PSS is a polymer mixture of two ionomers One component in this mixture is made up of polystyrene sulfonate which is a sulfonated polystyrene Part of the sulfonyl groups are deprotonated and carry a negative charge The other component poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene PEDOT is a conjugated polymer and carries positive charges and is based on polythiophene Together the charged macromolecules form a macromolecular salt 2 PEDOT PSS source source source source source source Electrochromic switching in two PEDOT PSS electrodes connected by a piece of PhastGel SDS buffer strips The electrodes were reversibly and repeatedly oxidized and reduced by switching the polarity of an applied 1 V potential This was observed by a color change between dark reduced PEDOT and light oxidized PEDOT blue within the electrodes demonstrating the transport of ions between and into the electrodes 1 Contents 1 Synthesis 2 Applications 3 Mechanical Properties 4 ReferencesSynthesis EditPEDOT PSS can be prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of PSS with EDOT monomer and to the resulting mixture a solution of sodium persulfate and ferric sulfate 3 4 Applications EditPEDOT PSS has the highest efficiency among conductive organic thermoelectric materials ZT 0 42 and thus can be used in flexible and biodegradable thermoelectric generators 5 Yet its largest application is as a transparent conductive polymer with high ductility For example AGFA coats 200 million photographic films per year citation needed with a thin extensively stretched layer of virtually transparent and colorless PEDOT PSS as an antistatic agent to prevent electrostatic discharges during production and normal film use independent of humidity conditions and as electrolyte in polymer electrolytic capacitors clarification needed If organic compounds including high boiling solvents like methylpyrrolidone dimethyl sulfoxide sorbitol ionic liquids and surfactants are added conductivity increases by many orders of magnitude 6 7 8 9 10 This makes it also suitable as a transparent electrode for example in touchscreens organic light emitting diodes 11 flexible organic solar cells 12 13 and electronic paper to replace the traditionally used indium tin oxide ITO Owing to the high conductivity up to 4600 S cm 14 it can be used as a cathode material in capacitors replacing manganese dioxide or liquid electrolytes It is also used in organic electrochemical transistors The conductivity of PEDOT PSS can also be significantly improved by a post treatment with various compounds such as ethylene glycol dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO salts zwitterions cosolvents acids alcohols phenol geminal diols and amphiphilic fluoro compounds 15 16 17 18 19 This conductivity is comparable to that of ITO the popular transparent electrode material and it can triple that of ITO after a network of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires is embedded into PEDOT PSS 20 and used for flexible organic devices 21 PEDOT PSS is generally applied as a dispersion of gelled particles in water A conductive layer on glass is obtained by spreading a layer of the dispersion on the surface usually by spin coating and driving out the water by heat Special PEDOT PSS inks and formulations were developed for different coating and printing processes Water based PEDOT PSS inks are mainly used in slot die coating flexography rotogravure and inkjet printing If a high viscous paste and slow drying is required like in screen printing processes PEDOT PSS can also be supplied in high boiling solvents like propanediol Dry PEDOT PSS pellets can be produced with a freeze drying method which are redispersable in water and different solvents for example ethanol to increase drying speed during printing Finally to overcome degradation to ultraviolet light and high temperature or humidity conditions PEDOT PSS UV stabilizers are available Mechanical Properties EditSince PEDOT PSS is most frequently used in thin film architectures several methods have been developed to accurately probe its mechanical properties for example water supported tensile testing four point bend tests to measure adhesive and cohesive fracture energy buckling tests to measure modulus and bending tests on PDMS and polyethylene supports to probe the crack onset strain 22 Though PEDOT PSS has a lower electrical mobility than silicon which can also be incorporated into flexible electronics through the incorporation of stress relief structures sufficiently flexible PEDOT PSS can enable lower cost processing such as roll to roll processing 23 The most important characteristics for an organic semiconductor used in thin film architectures are low modulus in the elastic regime and high stretchability prior to fracture 23 These properties have been found to be highly correlated to relative humidity 24 At high relative humidity gt 40 hydrogen bonds are weakened in the PSS due to the uptake of water which leads to higher strain before fracture and lower elastic modulus At low relative humidity lt 23 the presence of strong bonding between PSS grains leads to higher modulus and lower strain before fracture Films at higher relative humidity are presumed to fail by intergranular fracture whereas lower relative humidity leads to transgranular fracture Additives like 3 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane GOPS can drastically improve the mechanical stability in aqueous media even at low concentrations of 1 wt without significantly impeding the electrical properties 25 PEDOT PSS can also show self healing properties if submerged in water after sustaining mechanical damage 26 This self healing capability is proposed to be enabled by the hygroscopic property of PSS 27 Common PEDOT PSS additives that improve the electrical conductivity have varying effects on self healing While ethylene glycol improves electrical and mechanical self healing sulfuric acid reduces the former but improves the latter presumably because it undergoes autoprotolysis Polyethylene glycol improves the electrical and thermoelectric self healing but reduces the mechanical self healing 27 PEDOT PSS is also attractive for conductive textile applications Though it results in inferior thermoelectric properties wet spinning has been shown to result in high conductivity and stiff fibers due to preferential alignment of polymer chains during fiber drawing 28 References Edit Bengtsson K Nilsson S Robinson N 2014 Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Gel Electrophoresis PLOS ONE 9 2 e89416 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0089416 PMC 3929695 PMID 24586761 Groenendaal L Jonas F Freitag D Pielartzik H Reynolds J R 2000 Poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene and Its Derivatives Past Present and Future Advanced Materials 12 7 481 494 doi 10 1002 SICI 1521 4095 200004 12 7 lt 481 AID ADMA481 gt 3 0 CO 2 C Geoghegan Mark Hadziioannou Georges 2013 Polymer electronics First ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 125 ISBN 9780199533824 Yoo Dohyuk Kim Jeonghun Kim Jung Hyun 2014 Direct synthesis of highly conductive poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene poly 4 styrenesulfonate PEDOT PSS graphene composites and their applications in energy harvesting systems PDF Nano Research 7 5 717 730 doi 10 1007 s12274 014 0433 z S2CID 95642579 Retrieved 31 August 2017 Satoh Norifusa Otsuka Masaji Ohki Tomoko Ohi Akihiko Sakurai Yasuaki Yamashita Yukihiko Mori Takao 2018 Organic p type thermoelectric module supported by photolithographic mold A working hypothesis of sticky thermoelectric materials Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 19 1 517 525 doi 10 1080 14686996 2018 1487239 PMC 6052422 PMID 30034560 Kim Yong Hyun Sachse Christoph Machala Michael L May Christian Muller Meskamp Lars Leo Karl 2011 03 22 Highly Conductive PEDOT PSS Electrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post Treatment for ITO Free Organic Solar Cells Advanced Functional Materials 21 6 1076 1081 doi 10 1002 adfm 201002290 S2CID 136583700 Kim J Y Jung J H Lee D E Joo J 2002 Enhancement of electrical conductivity of poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene poly 4 styrenesulfonate by a change of solvents Synthetic Metals 126 2 3 311 316 doi 10 1016 S0379 6779 01 00576 8 Ouyang J Xu Q Chu C W Yang Y Li G Shinar J 2004 On the mechanism of conductivity enhancement in poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene poly styrene sulfonate film through solvent treatment Polymer 45 25 8443 8450 doi 10 1016 j polymer 2004 10 001 Dobbelin M Marcilla R Salsamendi M Pozo Gonzalo C Carrasco P M Pomposo J A Mecerreyes D 2007 Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Electrical Conductivity and Morphology of PEDOT PSS Films Chemistry of Materials 19 9 2147 2149 doi 10 1021 cm070398z Xia Y Ouyang J 2010 Significant conductivity enhancement of conductive poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene Poly styrenesulfonate films through a treatment with organic carboxylic acids and inorganic acids ACS Applied Materials amp Interfaces 2 2 474 83 doi 10 1021 am900708x PMID 20356194 Kim Yong Hyun Lee Jonghee Hofmann Simone Gather Malte C Muller Meskamp Lars Leo Karl 2013 Achieving High Efficiency and Improved Stability in ITO Free Transparent Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Conductive Polymer Electrodes Advanced Functional Materials 23 30 3763 3769 doi 10 1002 adfm 201203449 S2CID 137196552 Park Yoonseok Berger Jana Tang Zheng Muller Meskamp Lars Lasagni Andres Fabian Vandewal Koen Leo Karl 2016 Flexible light trapping substrates for organic photovoltaics Applied Physics Letters 109 9 093301 Bibcode 2016ApPhL 109i3301P doi 10 1063 1 4962206 Park Yoonseok Nehm Frederik Muller Meskamp Lars Vandewal Koen Leo Karl 2016 Optical display film as flexible and light trapping substrate for organic photovoltaics Optics Express 24 10 A974 80 Bibcode 2016OExpr 24A 974P doi 10 1364 OE 24 00A974 PMID 27409970 Worfolk Brian J Andrews Sean C Park Steve Reinspach Julia Liu Nan Toney Michael F Mannsfeld Stefan C B Bao Zhenan 2015 11 17 Ultrahigh electrical conductivity in solution sheared polymeric transparent films Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 46 14138 14143 Bibcode 2015PNAS 11214138W doi 10 1073 pnas 1509958112 PMC 4655535 PMID 26515096 Biessmann Lorenz Kreuzer Lucas Philipp Widmann Tobias Hohn Nuri Moulin Jean Francois Muller Buschbaum Peter 2018 03 21 Monitoring the Swelling Behavior of PEDOT PSS Electrodes under High Humidity Conditions ACS Applied Materials amp Interfaces 10 11 9865 9872 doi 10 1021 acsami 8b00446 ISSN 1944 8244 PMID 29484879 Ouyang J Chu C W Chen F C Xu Q Yang Y 2005 High Conductivity Poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene Poly styrene sulfonate Film and Its Application in Polymer Optoelectronic Devices Advanced Functional Materials 15 2 203 208 doi 10 1002 adfm 200400016 S2CID 95522337 Saghaei Jaber Fallahzadeh Ali Saghaei Tayebeh 2015 ITO free organic solar cells using highly conductive phenol treated PEDOT PSS anodes Organic Electronics 24 188 194 doi 10 1016 j orgel 2015 06 002 Fallahzadeh Ali Saghaei Jaber Yousefi Mohammad Hassan 2014 Effect of alcohol vapor treatment on electrical and optical properties of poly 3 4 ethylene dioxythiophene poly styrene sulfonate films for indium tin oxide free organic light emitting diodes Applied Surface Science 320 895 900 doi 10 1016 j apsusc 2014 09 143 Saghaei Jaber Fallahzadeh Ali Yousefi Mohammad Hassan 2015 Improvement of electrical conductivity of PEDOT PSS films by 2 Methylimidazole post treatment Organic Electronics 19 70 75 doi 10 1016 j orgel 2015 01 026 Stapleton A J Yambem S D Johns A H Afre R A Ellis A V Shapter J G Andersson G G Quinton J S Burn P L Meredith P Lewis D A 2015 Planar silver nanowire carbon nanotube and PEDOT PSS nanocomposite transparent electrodes Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 16 2 025002 doi 10 1088 1468 6996 16 2 025002 PMC 5036479 PMID 27877771 Entifar Siti Aisyah Nurmaulia Han Joo Won Lee Dong Jin Ramadhan Zeno Rizqi Hong Juhee Kang Moon Hee Kim Soyeon Lim Dongchan Yun Changhun Kim Yong Hyun 2019 Simultaneously enhanced optical electrical and mechanical properties of highly stretchable transparent silver nanowire electrodes using organic surface modifier Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 20 1 116 123 doi 10 1080 14686996 2019 1568750 PMC 6383608 PMID 30815043 Lipomi Darren J Bao Zhenan 2017 02 02 Stretchable and ultraflexible organic electronics MRS Bulletin 42 2 93 97 doi 10 1557 mrs 2016 325 ISSN 0883 7694 a b Root Samuel E Savagatrup Suchol Printz Adam D Rodriquez Daniel Lipomi Darren J 2017 03 25 Mechanical Properties of Organic Semiconductors for Stretchable Highly Flexible and Mechanically Robust Electronics Chemical Reviews 117 9 6467 6499 doi 10 1021 acs chemrev 7b00003 ISSN 0009 2665 PMID 28343389 Lang Udo Naujoks Nicola Dual Jurg 2008 12 30 Mechanical characterization of PEDOT PSS thin films Synthetic Metals 159 5 6 473 479 doi 10 1016 j synthmet 2008 11 005 ISSN 0379 6779 ElMahmoudy Mohammed Inal Sahika Charrier Anne Uguz Ilke Malliaras George G Sanaur Sebastien 2017 02 20 Tailoring the Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of PEDOT PSS Films for Bioelectronics Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 302 5 1600497 doi 10 1002 mame 201600497 hdl 10754 623061 ISSN 1438 7492 S2CID 136269465 Zhang Shiming Cicoira Fabio 2017 08 28 Self Healing Water Enabled Healing of Conducting Polymer Films Adv Mater 40 2017 Advanced Materials 29 40 doi 10 1002 adma 201770291 ISSN 0935 9648 a b Xin Xing Xue Zexu Gao Nan Yu Jiarui Liu Hongtao Zhang Wenna Xu Jingkun Chen Shuai October 2020 Effects of conductivity enhancement reagents on self healing properties of PEDOT PSS films Synthetic Metals 268 116503 doi 10 1016 j synthmet 2020 116503 ISSN 0379 6779 S2CID 224922736 Sarabia Riquelme Ruben Shahi Maryam Brill Joseph W Weisenberger Matthew C 2019 07 08 Effect of Drawing on the Electrical Thermoelectrical and Mechanical Properties of Wet Spun PEDOT PSS Fibers ACS Applied Polymer Materials 1 8 2157 2167 doi 10 1021 acsapm 9b00425 ISSN 2637 6105 S2CID 199176952 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title PEDOT PSS amp oldid 1136349628, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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