Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the host.[1] They are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals.[2] This allows the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus, protect the host from infection.[3]: 494
Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature. The recognition of PAMPs by the PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of interferons (IFNs)[4] or other cytokines.[5]
A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including glycans and glycoconjugates.[6] Flagellin is also another PAMP that is recognized via the constant domain, D1 by TLR5.[7] Despite being a protein, its N- and C-terminal ends are highly conserved, due to its necessity for function of flagella.[8]Nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), are recognized by TLR3 and unmethylated CpG motifs are recognized by TLR9.[9] The CpG motifs must be internalized in order to be recognized by TLR9.[8] Viral glycoproteins, as seen in the viral-envelope, as well as fungal PAMPS on the cell surface or fungi are recognized by TLR2 and TLR4.[8]
Gram-negative bacteriaedit
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), also known as endotoxins, are found on the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria,[10] are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs. The lipid portion of LPS, lipid A, contains a diglycolamine backbone with multiple acyl chains. This is the conserved structural motif that is recognized by TLR4, particularly the TLR4-MD2 complex.[11][12] Microbes have two main strategies in which they try to avoid the immune system, either by masking lipid A or directing their LPS towards an immunomodulatory receptor.[11]
Peptidoglycan (PG) is also found within the membrane walls of gram-negative bacteria[13] and is recognized by TLR2, which is usually in a heterodimer of with TLR1 or TLR6.[14][8]
First introduced by Charles Janeway in 1989, PAMP was used to describe microbial components that would be considered foreign in a multicellular host.[11] The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP),[15][16][17] has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.[18] Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.[19]
In mycobacteriaedit
Mycobacteria are intracellular bacteria which survive in host macrophages. The mycobacterial wall is composed of lipids and polysaccharides and also contains high amounts of mycolic acid. Purified cell wall components of mycobacteria activate mainly TLR2 and also TLR4. Lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan are strong immunomodulatory lipoglycans.[20]TLR2 with association of TLR1 can recognize cell wall lipoprotein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which also induce production of cytokines by macrophages.[21] TLR9 can be activated by mycobacterial DNA.
^Tang, Daolin; Kang, Rui; Coyne, Carolyn B.; Zeh, Herbert J.; Lotze, Michael T. (September 2012). "PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity". Immunological Reviews. 249 (1): 158–175. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01146.x. PMC3662247. PMID 22889221.
^Ingle RA, Carstens M, Denby KJ (September 2006). "PAMP recognition and the plant-pathogen arms race". BioEssays. 28 (9): 880–889. doi:10.1002/bies.20457. PMID 16937346. S2CID 26861625.
^Levinson W (2016). Review of medical microbiology and immunology (14th ed.). New York. ISBN978-0-07-184574-8. OCLC 951918628.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C (September 2007). "Innate recognition of viruses". Immunity. 27 (3): 370–383. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012. PMID 17892846.
^Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (February 2006). "Pathogen recognition and innate immunity". Cell. 124 (4): 783–801. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015. PMID 16497588.
^Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review". Journal of Autoimmunity. 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC4340844. PMID 25578468.
^ abcdeJaneway, Charles A.; Medzhitov, Ruslan (April 2002). "Innate Immune Recognition". Annual Review of Immunology. 20 (1): 197–216. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359. ISSN 0732-0582. PMID 11861602. S2CID 39036433.
^Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H (September 2013). "Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology". Frontiers in Immunology. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248. PMC3759294. PMID 24032031.
^Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S (May 2010). "The bacterial cell envelope". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (5): a000414. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414. PMC2857177. PMID 20452953.
^ abcdSilva-Gomes, Sandro; Decout, Alexiane; Nigou, Jérôme (2014), "Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)", in Parnham, Michael (ed.), Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases, Basel: Springer Basel, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_35-1, ISBN978-3-0348-0620-6, retrieved 2023-03-10
^Ahmad-Nejad, Parviz; Häcker, Hans; Rutz, Mark; Bauer, Stefan; Vabulas, Ramunas M; Wagner, Hermann (June 20, 2002). "Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate Toll-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments". European Journal of Immunology. 32 (7): 1819–2094. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200207)32:7<1958::AID-IMMU1958>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 12115616. S2CID 31631310.
^Silhavy, Thomas J.; Kahne, Daniel; Walker, Suzanne (May 2010). "The bacterial cell envelope". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (5): a000414. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC2857177. PMID 20452953.
^ abDammermann W, Wollenberg L, Bentzien F, Lohse A, Lüth S (October 2013). "Toll like receptor 2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan are able to enhance antigen specific IFNγ release in whole blood during recall antigen responses". Journal of Immunological Methods. 396 (1–2): 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.004. PMID 23954282.
^Koropatnick TA, Engle JT, Apicella MA, Stabb EV, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai MJ (November 2004). "Microbial factor-mediated development in a host-bacterial mutualism". Science. 306 (5699): 1186–1188. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1186K. doi:10.1126/science.1102218. PMID 15539604. S2CID 41603462.
^Ausubel FM (October 2005). "Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved?". Nature Immunology. 6 (10): 973–979. doi:10.1038/ni1253. PMID 16177805. S2CID 7451505.
^Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard JC (June 2005). "Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 62 (12): 1285–1287. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4. PMC1865479. PMID 15971103.
^Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl JP, Sirard JC (May 2006). "Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5". FEBS Letters. 580 (12): 2976–2984. CiteSeerX10.1.1.320.8479. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036. PMID 16650409. S2CID 14300007. (Free full text available)
^Quesniaux V, Fremond C, Jacobs M, Parida S, Nicolle D, Yeremeev V, et al. (August 2004). "Toll-like receptor pathways in the immune responses to mycobacteria". Microbes and Infection. 6 (10): 946–959. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.016. PMID 15310472.
^Thoma-Uszynski S, Stenger S, Takeuchi O, Ochoa MT, Engele M, Sieling PA, et al. (February 2001). "Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors". Science. 291 (5508): 1544–1547. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1544T. doi:10.1126/science.291.5508.1544. PMID 11222859.
Further readingedit
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review". Journal of Autoimmunity. 57: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC4340844. PMID 25578468.
April 11, 2024
pathogen, associated, molecular, pattern, pamps, small, molecular, motifs, conserved, within, class, microbes, present, host, they, recognized, toll, like, receptors, tlrs, other, pattern, recognition, receptors, prrs, both, plants, animals, this, allows, inna. Pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes but not present in the host 1 They are recognized by toll like receptors TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors PRRs in both plants and animals 2 This allows the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus protect the host from infection 3 494 Although the term PAMP is relatively new the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades and references to an endotoxin receptor are found in much of the older literature The recognition of PAMPs by the PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of interferons IFNs 4 or other cytokines 5 Contents 1 Common PAMPs 1 1 Gram negative bacteria 1 2 Gram positive bacteria 2 History 3 In mycobacteria 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingCommon PAMPs editA vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs including glycans and glycoconjugates 6 Flagellin is also another PAMP that is recognized via the constant domain D1 by TLR5 7 Despite being a protein its N and C terminal ends are highly conserved due to its necessity for function of flagella 8 Nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses such as double stranded RNA dsRNA are recognized by TLR3 and unmethylated CpG motifs are recognized by TLR9 9 The CpG motifs must be internalized in order to be recognized by TLR9 8 Viral glycoproteins as seen in the viral envelope as well as fungal PAMPS on the cell surface or fungi are recognized by TLR2 and TLR4 8 Gram negative bacteria edit Bacterial lipopolysaccharides LPSs also known as endotoxins are found on the cell membranes of gram negative bacteria 10 are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs The lipid portion of LPS lipid A contains a diglycolamine backbone with multiple acyl chains This is the conserved structural motif that is recognized by TLR4 particularly the TLR4 MD2 complex 11 12 Microbes have two main strategies in which they try to avoid the immune system either by masking lipid A or directing their LPS towards an immunomodulatory receptor 11 Peptidoglycan PG is also found within the membrane walls of gram negative bacteria 13 and is recognized by TLR2 which is usually in a heterodimer of with TLR1 or TLR6 14 8 Gram positive bacteria edit Lipoteichoic acid LTA from gram positive bacteria bacterial lipoproteins sBLP a phenol soluble factor from Staphylococcus epidermidis and a component of yeast walls called zymosan are all recognized by a heterodimer of TLR2 14 and TLR1 or TLR6 8 However LTAs result in a weaker pro inflammatory response compared to lipopeptides as they are only recognized by TLR2 instead of the heterodimer 11 History editFirst introduced by Charles Janeway in 1989 PAMP was used to describe microbial components that would be considered foreign in a multicellular host 11 The term PAMP has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes not only pathogens express the molecules detected the term microbe associated molecular pattern MAMP 15 16 17 has therefore been proposed A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor in combination with a MAMP has been proposed as one way to constitute a pathogen specific PAMP 18 Plant immunology frequently treats the terms PAMP and MAMP interchangeably considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity PTI PAMP triggered immunity a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response 19 In mycobacteria editMycobacteria are intracellular bacteria which survive in host macrophages The mycobacterial wall is composed of lipids and polysaccharides and also contains high amounts of mycolic acid Purified cell wall components of mycobacteria activate mainly TLR2 and also TLR4 Lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan are strong immunomodulatory lipoglycans 20 TLR2 with association of TLR1 can recognize cell wall lipoprotein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis which also induce production of cytokines by macrophages 21 TLR9 can be activated by mycobacterial DNA See also editDAMP Tissue remodelingReferences edit Tang Daolin Kang Rui Coyne Carolyn B Zeh Herbert J Lotze Michael T September 2012 PAMPs and DAMPs signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity Immunological Reviews 249 1 158 175 doi 10 1111 j 1600 065X 2012 01146 x PMC 3662247 PMID 22889221 Ingle RA Carstens M Denby KJ September 2006 PAMP recognition and the plant pathogen arms race BioEssays 28 9 880 889 doi 10 1002 bies 20457 PMID 16937346 S2CID 26861625 Levinson W 2016 Review of medical microbiology and immunology 14th ed New York ISBN 978 0 07 184574 8 OCLC 951918628 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Pichlmair A Reis e Sousa C September 2007 Innate recognition of viruses Immunity 27 3 370 383 doi 10 1016 j immuni 2007 08 012 PMID 17892846 Akira S Uematsu S Takeuchi O February 2006 Pathogen recognition and innate immunity Cell 124 4 783 801 doi 10 1016 j cell 2006 02 015 PMID 16497588 Maverakis E Kim K Shimoda M Gershwin ME Patel F Wilken R et al February 2015 Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity a critical review Journal of Autoimmunity 57 6 1 13 doi 10 1016 j jaut 2014 12 002 PMC 4340844 PMID 25578468 Akira Shizuo Uematsu Satoshi Takeuchi Osamu February 2006 Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity Cell 124 4 783 801 doi 10 1016 j cell 2006 02 015 PMID 16497588 S2CID 14357403 a b c d e Janeway Charles A Medzhitov Ruslan April 2002 Innate Immune Recognition Annual Review of Immunology 20 1 197 216 doi 10 1146 annurev immunol 20 083001 084359 ISSN 0732 0582 PMID 11861602 S2CID 39036433 Mahla RS Reddy MC Prasad DV Kumar H September 2013 Sweeten PAMPs Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology Frontiers in Immunology 4 248 doi 10 3389 fimmu 2013 00248 PMC 3759294 PMID 24032031 Silhavy TJ Kahne D Walker S May 2010 The bacterial cell envelope Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 5 a000414 doi 10 1101 cshperspect a000414 PMC 2857177 PMID 20452953 a b c d Silva Gomes Sandro Decout Alexiane Nigou Jerome 2014 Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns PAMPs in Parnham Michael ed Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases Basel Springer Basel pp 1 16 doi 10 1007 978 3 0348 0620 6 35 1 ISBN 978 3 0348 0620 6 retrieved 2023 03 10 Ahmad Nejad Parviz Hacker Hans Rutz Mark Bauer Stefan Vabulas Ramunas M Wagner Hermann June 20 2002 Bacterial CpG DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate Toll like receptors at distinct cellular compartments European Journal of Immunology 32 7 1819 2094 doi 10 1002 1521 4141 200207 32 7 lt 1958 AID IMMU1958 gt 3 0 CO 2 U PMID 12115616 S2CID 31631310 Silhavy Thomas J Kahne Daniel Walker Suzanne May 2010 The bacterial cell envelope Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 5 a000414 doi 10 1101 cshperspect a000414 ISSN 1943 0264 PMC 2857177 PMID 20452953 a b Dammermann W Wollenberg L Bentzien F Lohse A Luth S October 2013 Toll like receptor 2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan are able to enhance antigen specific IFNg release in whole blood during recall antigen responses Journal of Immunological Methods 396 1 2 107 115 doi 10 1016 j jim 2013 08 004 PMID 23954282 Koropatnick TA Engle JT Apicella MA Stabb EV Goldman WE McFall Ngai MJ November 2004 Microbial factor mediated development in a host bacterial mutualism Science 306 5699 1186 1188 Bibcode 2004Sci 306 1186K doi 10 1126 science 1102218 PMID 15539604 S2CID 41603462 Ausubel FM October 2005 Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved Nature Immunology 6 10 973 979 doi 10 1038 ni1253 PMID 16177805 S2CID 7451505 Didierlaurent A Simonet M Sirard JC June 2005 Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62 12 1285 1287 doi 10 1007 s00018 005 5032 4 PMC 1865479 PMID 15971103 Rumbo M Nempont C Kraehenbuhl JP Sirard JC May 2006 Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria lessons from flagellin and Toll like receptor 5 FEBS Letters 580 12 2976 2984 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 320 8479 doi 10 1016 j febslet 2006 04 036 PMID 16650409 S2CID 14300007 Free full text available Jones JD Dangl JL November 2006 The plant immune system Nature 444 7117 323 329 Bibcode 2006Natur 444 323J doi 10 1038 nature05286 PMID 17108957 Quesniaux V Fremond C Jacobs M Parida S Nicolle D Yeremeev V et al August 2004 Toll like receptor pathways in the immune responses to mycobacteria Microbes and Infection 6 10 946 959 doi 10 1016 j micinf 2004 04 016 PMID 15310472 Thoma Uszynski S Stenger S Takeuchi O Ochoa MT Engele M Sieling PA et al February 2001 Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll like receptors Science 291 5508 1544 1547 Bibcode 2001Sci 291 1544T doi 10 1126 science 291 5508 1544 PMID 11222859 Further reading editMaverakis E Kim K Shimoda M Gershwin ME Patel F Wilken R et al February 2015 Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity a critical review Journal of Autoimmunity 57 1 13 doi 10 1016 j jaut 2014 12 002 PMC 4340844 PMID 25578468 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pathogen associated molecular pattern amp oldid 1195339555, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
