Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Osmolytes are a class of organic molecules that play a significant role in regulating osmotic pressure and maintaining cellular homeostasis in various organisms, particularly in response to environmental stressors.[1] Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity, melting point, and ionic strength of the aqueous solution. When a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure, membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes carrying water, restoring normal cell volume.
These molecules are involved in counteracting the effects of osmotic stress, which occurs when there are fluctuations in the concentration of solutes (such as ions and sugars) inside and outside cells. Osmolytes help cells adapt to changing osmotic conditions, thereby ensuring their survival and functionality.[2] Osmolytes also interact with the constituents of the cell, e.g., they influence protein folding.[3][4] Common osmolytes include amino acids, sugars and polyols, methylamines, methylsulfonium compounds, and urea.
Osmolytes are present in the cells of fish, and function to protect the cells from water pressure. As the osmolyte concentration in fish cells scales linearly with pressure and therefore depth, osmolytes have been used to calculate the maximum depth where a fish can survive. Fish cells reach a maximum concentration of osmolytes at depths of approximately 26,900 feet (8,200 meters), with no fish ever being observed beyond 27,349 feet (8,336 meters).[9][10]
Referencesedit
^Paul H. Yancey (2005). "Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses". Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (15): 2819–2830. doi:10.1242/jeb.01730. PMID 16043587.
^Review of Medical Physiology, William F. Ganong, McGraw-Hill Medical, ISBN978-0-07-144040-0.
^Bolen DW, Baskakov IV (2001). "The osmophobic effect: natural selection of a thermodynamic force in protein folding". Journal of Molecular Biology. 310 (5): 955–963. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4819. PMID 11502004.
^author, Su, Zhaoqian (2017). Roles of cosolvents on protein stability. OCLC 1245504372. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Neuhofer, W.; Beck, F. X. (2006). "Survival in Hostile Environments: Strategies of Renal Medullary Cells". Physiology. 21 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1152/physiol.00003.2006. PMID 16714475.
^ abArakawa T, Timasheff SN (1985). "The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes". Biophysical Journal. 47 (3): 411–414. Bibcode:1985BpJ....47..411A. doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(85)83932-1. PMC1435219. PMID 3978211.
^Gallazzini, M.; Burg, M. B. (2009). "What's New About Osmotic Regulation of Glycerophosphocholine". Physiology. 24 (4): 245–249. doi:10.1152/physiol.00009.2009. PMC2943332. PMID 19675355.
^Yancey PH, Gerringer ME, Drazen JC, Rowden AA, Jamieson A (2014). "Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths". PNAS. 111 (12): 4461–4465. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4461Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1322003111. PMC3970477. PMID 24591588.
^Lu, Donna (3 April 2023). "Scientists find deepest fish ever recorded at 8,300 metres underwater near Japan". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
Further readingedit
Rose GD, Fleming PJ, Banavar JR, Maritan A (November 2006). "A backbone-based theory of protein folding". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (45): 16623–33. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10316623R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606843103. PMC1636505. PMID 17075053.
Holthauzen LM, Bolen DW (February 2007). "Mixed osmolytes: the degree to which one osmolyte affects the protein stabilizing ability of another". Protein Sci. 16 (2): 293–8. doi:10.1110/ps.062610407. PMC2203298. PMID 17189473.
Harries, Daniel; Rösgen, Jörg (2008). "A Practical Guide on How Osmolytes Modulate Macromolecular Properties". Meth. Cell Bio. Methods in Cell Biology. 84: 679–735. doi:10.1016/S0091-679X(07)84022-2. ISBN9780123725202. PMID 17964947.
Hochachka, P.W.; Somero, G. N (2002). Biochemical Adaptation. Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
osmolyte, molecular, weight, organic, compounds, that, influence, properties, biological, fluids, class, organic, molecules, that, play, significant, role, regulating, osmotic, pressure, maintaining, cellular, homeostasis, various, organisms, particularly, res. Osmolytes are low molecular weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids Osmolytes are a class of organic molecules that play a significant role in regulating osmotic pressure and maintaining cellular homeostasis in various organisms particularly in response to environmental stressors 1 Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity melting point and ionic strength of the aqueous solution When a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes carrying water restoring normal cell volume These molecules are involved in counteracting the effects of osmotic stress which occurs when there are fluctuations in the concentration of solutes such as ions and sugars inside and outside cells Osmolytes help cells adapt to changing osmotic conditions thereby ensuring their survival and functionality 2 Osmolytes also interact with the constituents of the cell e g they influence protein folding 3 4 Common osmolytes include amino acids sugars and polyols methylamines methylsulfonium compounds and urea Case studies editNatural osmolytes that can act as osmoprotectants include trimethylamine N oxide TMAO dimethylsulfoniopropionate sarcosine betaine glycerophosphorylcholine myo inositol taurine glycine and others 5 6 Bacteria accumulate osmolytes for protection against a high osmotic environment 7 The osmolytes are neutral non electrolytes except in bacteria that can tolerate salts 6 In humans osmolytes are of particular importance in the renal medulla 8 Osmolytes are present in the cells of fish and function to protect the cells from water pressure As the osmolyte concentration in fish cells scales linearly with pressure and therefore depth osmolytes have been used to calculate the maximum depth where a fish can survive Fish cells reach a maximum concentration of osmolytes at depths of approximately 26 900 feet 8 200 meters with no fish ever being observed beyond 27 349 feet 8 336 meters 9 10 References edit Paul H Yancey 2005 Organic osmolytes as compatible metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses Journal of Experimental Biology 208 15 2819 2830 doi 10 1242 jeb 01730 PMID 16043587 Review of Medical Physiology William F Ganong McGraw Hill Medical ISBN 978 0 07 144040 0 Bolen DW Baskakov IV 2001 The osmophobic effect natural selection of a thermodynamic force in protein folding Journal of Molecular Biology 310 5 955 963 doi 10 1006 jmbi 2001 4819 PMID 11502004 author Su Zhaoqian 2017 Roles of cosolvents on protein stability OCLC 1245504372 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Neuhofer W Beck F X 2006 Survival in Hostile Environments Strategies of Renal Medullary Cells Physiology 21 3 171 180 doi 10 1152 physiol 00003 2006 PMID 16714475 a b Arakawa T Timasheff SN 1985 The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes Biophysical Journal 47 3 411 414 Bibcode 1985BpJ 47 411A doi 10 1016 s0006 3495 85 83932 1 PMC 1435219 PMID 3978211 Csonka LN 1989 Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 53 1 121 147 doi 10 1128 mr 53 1 121 147 1989 PMC 372720 PMID 2651863 Gallazzini M Burg M B 2009 What s New About Osmotic Regulation of Glycerophosphocholine Physiology 24 4 245 249 doi 10 1152 physiol 00009 2009 PMC 2943332 PMID 19675355 Yancey PH Gerringer ME Drazen JC Rowden AA Jamieson A 2014 Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths PNAS 111 12 4461 4465 Bibcode 2014PNAS 111 4461Y doi 10 1073 pnas 1322003111 PMC 3970477 PMID 24591588 Lu Donna 3 April 2023 Scientists find deepest fish ever recorded at 8 300 metres underwater near Japan The Guardian London Retrieved 25 May 2023 Further reading editRose GD Fleming PJ Banavar JR Maritan A November 2006 A backbone based theory of protein folding Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 45 16623 33 Bibcode 2006PNAS 10316623R doi 10 1073 pnas 0606843103 PMC 1636505 PMID 17075053 Holthauzen LM Bolen DW February 2007 Mixed osmolytes the degree to which one osmolyte affects the protein stabilizing ability of another Protein Sci 16 2 293 8 doi 10 1110 ps 062610407 PMC 2203298 PMID 17189473 Harries Daniel Rosgen Jorg 2008 A Practical Guide on How Osmolytes Modulate Macromolecular Properties Meth Cell Bio Methods in Cell Biology 84 679 735 doi 10 1016 S0091 679X 07 84022 2 ISBN 9780123725202 PMID 17964947 Hochachka P W Somero G N 2002 Biochemical Adaptation Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution Oxford Oxford University Press nbsp This biochemistry article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Osmolyte amp oldid 1174447973, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
