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The Order to expel barbarians (攘夷勅命 or 攘夷実行の勅命, jōi chokumei or jōi jikkō no chokumei) was an edict issued by the Japanese Emperor Kōmei in 1863 against the Westernization of Japan following the opening of the country by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854.
An 1861 image expressing the Joi (攘夷, "Expel the Barbarians") sentiment.Choshu cannons firing on Western shipping in Shimonoseki. Japanese painting.
The edict was based on widespread anti-foreign and legitimist sentiment, called the "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians" movement. Emperor Kōmei personally agreed with such sentiments, and – breaking with centuries of imperial tradition – began to take an active role in matters of state: as opportunities arose, he fulminated against the treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession. His efforts culminated on March 11, 1863 with his "Order to expel barbarians". A deadline for the expulsion was set two months later to May 11.
Consequencesedit
The Tokugawa shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, and the edict inspired attacks against the shogunate itself as well as against foreigners in Japan. The most famous incident was the firing on foreign shipping in the Shimonoseki Strait off Chōshū Province as soon as the deadline was reached.[1] Masterless samurai (rōnin) rallied to the cause, assassinating shogunate officials and Westerners. The killing of the English trader Charles Lennox Richardson is sometimes considered as a result of this policy. The Tokugawa government was required to pay an indemnity of a hundred thousand British pounds for Richardson's death.[2]
But this turned out to be the zenith of the sonnō jōi movement, since the Western powers responded to Japanese attacks on western shipping with the Bombardment of Shimonoseki. Heavy reparations had earlier been demanded from Satsuma for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson – the Namamugi Incident. When these were not forthcoming, a squadron of Royal Navy vessels went to the Satsuma port of Kagoshima to coerce the daimyō into paying. Instead, he opened fire on the ships from his shore batteries, and the squadron retaliated. This was later referred to, inaccurately, as the Bombardment of Kagoshima. These incidents clearly showed that Japan was no match for Western military might, and that brutal confrontation could not be the solution.
These events, however, also served to further weaken the shogunate, which appeared too powerless and compromising in its relations with Western powers. Ultimately the rebel provinces allied and overthrew the shogunate in the Boshin War and the subsequent Meiji Restoration.
order, expel, barbarians, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, japanese, june, 2021, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, japanese, article, machine, translation, l. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese June 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Japanese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 700 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ja 攘夷実行の勅命 see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated ja 攘夷実行の勅命 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Order to expel barbarians 攘夷勅命 or 攘夷実行の勅命 jōi chokumei or jōi jikkō no chokumei was an edict issued by the Japanese Emperor Kōmei in 1863 against the Westernization of Japan following the opening of the country by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854 An 1861 image expressing the Joi 攘夷 Expel the Barbarians sentiment Choshu cannons firing on Western shipping in Shimonoseki Japanese painting Contents 1 The order 2 Consequences 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksThe order editThe edict was based on widespread anti foreign and legitimist sentiment called the Revere the Emperor Expel the Barbarians movement Emperor Kōmei personally agreed with such sentiments and breaking with centuries of imperial tradition began to take an active role in matters of state as opportunities arose he fulminated against the treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession His efforts culminated on March 11 1863 with his Order to expel barbarians A deadline for the expulsion was set two months later to May 11 Consequences editThe Tokugawa shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order and the edict inspired attacks against the shogunate itself as well as against foreigners in Japan The most famous incident was the firing on foreign shipping in the Shimonoseki Strait off Chōshu Province as soon as the deadline was reached 1 Masterless samurai rōnin rallied to the cause assassinating shogunate officials and Westerners The killing of the English trader Charles Lennox Richardson is sometimes considered as a result of this policy The Tokugawa government was required to pay an indemnity of a hundred thousand British pounds for Richardson s death 2 But this turned out to be the zenith of the sonnō jōi movement since the Western powers responded to Japanese attacks on western shipping with the Bombardment of Shimonoseki Heavy reparations had earlier been demanded from Satsuma for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson the Namamugi Incident When these were not forthcoming a squadron of Royal Navy vessels went to the Satsuma port of Kagoshima to coerce the daimyō into paying Instead he opened fire on the ships from his shore batteries and the squadron retaliated This was later referred to inaccurately as the Bombardment of Kagoshima These incidents clearly showed that Japan was no match for Western military might and that brutal confrontation could not be the solution These events however also served to further weaken the shogunate which appeared too powerless and compromising in its relations with Western powers Ultimately the rebel provinces allied and overthrew the shogunate in the Boshin War and the subsequent Meiji Restoration See also editBakumatsu XenelasiaNotes edit Hagiwara p 35 Jansen pp 314 315 References editSaigō Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi Japanese ISBN 4 309 76041 4External links editOrder to expel barbarians Japanese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Order to expel barbarians amp oldid 1212870381, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
