An open system is a system that has external interactions. Such interactions can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary, depending on the discipline which defines the concept. An open system is contrasted with the concept of an isolated system which exchanges neither energy, matter, nor information with its environment. An open system is also known as a flow system.
Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with its surroundings.
Properties of isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter.
In the natural sciences an open system is one whose border is permeable to both energy and mass.[2] By contrast, a closed system is permeable to energy but not to matter.
The definition of an open system assumes that there are supplies of energy that cannot be depleted; in practice, this energy is supplied from some source in the surrounding environment, which can be treated as infinite for the purposes of study. One type of open system is the radiant energy system, which receives its energy from solar radiation – an energy source that can be regarded as inexhaustible for all practical purposes.
In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital and information with its environment. French/Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the "world system" as inherently open (though unified) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences, including that of praxis (the relation of knowledge to practice), so that various social scientific disciplines would work together rather than create monopolies whereby the world appears only sociological, political, historical, or psychological. Axelos argues that theorizing a closed system contributes to making it closed, and is thus a conservative approach.[3][need quotation to verify] The Althusserian concept of overdetermination (drawing on Sigmund Freud) posits that there are always multiple causes in every event.[4]
David Harvey uses this to argue that when systems such as capitalism enter a phase of crisis, it can happen through one of a number of elements, such as gender roles, the relation to nature/the environment, or crises in accumulation.[5] Looking at the crisis in accumulation, Harvey argues that phenomena such as foreign direct investment, privatization of state-owned resources, and accumulation by dispossession act as necessary outlets when capital has overaccumulated too much in private hands and cannot circulate effectively in the marketplace. He cites the forcible displacement of Mexican and Indian peasants since the 1970s and the Asian and South-East Asian financial crisis of 1997-8, involving "hedge fund raising" of national currencies, as examples of this.[6]
^Luhmann, Niklas. Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995; pp. 6-7
^Glossary 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Maxwell Demon, 1998.
^Axelos, K. ([2006] 1984). "The World: Being Becoming Totality," from Systematique ouverte (Trans. Gerald Moore, Les Editions de Minuit: Paris). Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 24, 643-651.
^Althusser, L. ([2005] 1969). For Marx. London: Verso Books, Ch. 3: "Contradiction and Overdetermination," [1].
^RSA Animate - David Harvey, The Crises of Capitalism: [2].
^Harvey, D. (2005). The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press USA, Ch. 3: "Accumulation by Dispossession," 137-182.
^ Henderson, Ian H.; Oegema, Gerbern S.; Parks Ricker, Sara, eds. (2006). The Changing Face of Judaism, Christianity, and Other Greco-Roman Religions in Antiquity. Volume 2 of Studien zu den Jüdischen Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. p. 21. ISBN9783579053615. Retrieved 11 June 2021. The example of setting up new cults demonstrates how widely spread religious competence is in this open system [...].
^ Rich, John Martin (1971). Humanistic Foundations of Education. C. A. Jones Publishing Company. p. 31. Retrieved 11 June 2021. No matter how definitive the evidence produced to the contrary, religionists deny that it in any way falsifies their knowledge-claims. Religion is not an open system.
^Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2021). Thermodynamics of Complex Systems: Principles and applications. IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK. Bibcode:2020tcsp.book.....P.
Further readingEdit
Khalil, E.L. (1995). Nonlinear thermodynamics and social science modeling: fad cycles, cultural development and identificational slips. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 54, Issue 4, pp. 423–438.
Weber, B.H. (1989). Ethical Implications Of The Interface Of Natural And Artificial Systems. Delicate Balance: Technics, Culture and Consequences: Conference Proceedings for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
open, system, systems, theory, open, system, system, that, external, interactions, such, interactions, take, form, information, energy, material, transfers, into, system, boundary, depending, discipline, which, defines, concept, open, system, contrasted, with,. An open system is a system that has external interactions Such interactions can take the form of information energy or material transfers into or out of the system boundary depending on the discipline which defines the concept An open system is contrasted with the concept of an isolated system which exchanges neither energy matter nor information with its environment An open system is also known as a flow system Open systems have input and output flows representing exchanges of matter energy or information with its surroundings The concept of an open system was formalized within a framework that enabled one to interrelate the theory of the organism thermodynamics and evolutionary theory 1 This concept was expanded upon with the advent of information theory and subsequently systems theory Today the concept has its applications in the natural and social sciences Properties of isolated closed and open systems in exchanging energy and matter In the natural sciences an open system is one whose border is permeable to both energy and mass 2 By contrast a closed system is permeable to energy but not to matter The definition of an open system assumes that there are supplies of energy that cannot be depleted in practice this energy is supplied from some source in the surrounding environment which can be treated as infinite for the purposes of study One type of open system is the radiant energy system which receives its energy from solar radiation an energy source that can be regarded as inexhaustible for all practical purposes Contents 1 Social sciences 2 Thermodynamics 3 Systems engineering 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksSocial sciences EditIn the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material energy people capital and information with its environment French Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the world system as inherently open though unified would solve many of the problems in the social sciences including that of praxis the relation of knowledge to practice so that various social scientific disciplines would work together rather than create monopolies whereby the world appears only sociological political historical or psychological Axelos argues that theorizing a closed system contributes to making it closed and is thus a conservative approach 3 need quotation to verify The Althusserian concept of overdetermination drawing on Sigmund Freud posits that there are always multiple causes in every event 4 David Harvey uses this to argue that when systems such as capitalism enter a phase of crisis it can happen through one of a number of elements such as gender roles the relation to nature the environment or crises in accumulation 5 Looking at the crisis in accumulation Harvey argues that phenomena such as foreign direct investment privatization of state owned resources and accumulation by dispossession act as necessary outlets when capital has overaccumulated too much in private hands and cannot circulate effectively in the marketplace He cites the forcible displacement of Mexican and Indian peasants since the 1970s and the Asian and South East Asian financial crisis of 1997 8 involving hedge fund raising of national currencies as examples of this 6 Structural functionalists such as Talcott Parsons and neofunctionalists such as Niklas Luhmann have incorporated system theory to describe society and its components The sociology of religion finds both open and closed systems within the field of religion 7 8 Thermodynamics EditSee the book 9 See also Thermodynamic system Open system and Thermodynamics System modelsSystems engineering EditSee also Systems engineering Signal processing Control theory and Black boxSee also EditBusiness process Complex system Dynamical system Glossary of systems theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy Maximum power principle Non equilibrium thermodynamics Open system computing Open System Environment Reference Model Openness Open and Closed Systems in Social Science Phantom loop Thermodynamic systemReferences Edit Luhmann Niklas Social Systems Stanford Stanford University Press 1995 pp 6 7 Glossary Archived 2007 08 17 at the Wayback Machine Maxwell Demon 1998 Axelos K 2006 1984 The World Being Becoming Totality from Systematique ouverte Trans Gerald Moore Les Editions de Minuit Paris Environment and Planning D Society and Space Vol 24 643 651 Althusser L 2005 1969 For Marx London Verso Books Ch 3 Contradiction and Overdetermination 1 RSA Animate David Harvey The Crises of Capitalism 2 Harvey D 2005 The New Imperialism New York Oxford University Press USA Ch 3 Accumulation by Dispossession 137 182 Henderson Ian H Oegema Gerbern S Parks Ricker Sara eds 2006 The Changing Face of Judaism Christianity and Other Greco Roman Religions in Antiquity Volume 2 of Studien zu den Judischen Schriften aus hellenistisch romischer Zeit Gutersloh Gutersloher Verlagshaus p 21 ISBN 9783579053615 Retrieved 11 June 2021 The example of setting up new cults demonstrates how widely spread religious competence is in this open system Rich John Martin 1971 Humanistic Foundations of Education C A Jones Publishing Company p 31 Retrieved 11 June 2021 No matter how definitive the evidence produced to the contrary religionists deny that it in any way falsifies their knowledge claims Religion is not an open system Pokrovskii Vladimir 2021 Thermodynamics of Complex Systems Principles and applications IOP Publishing Bristol UK Bibcode 2020tcsp book P Further reading EditKhalil E L 1995 Nonlinear thermodynamics and social science modeling fad cycles cultural development and identificational slips The American Journal of Economics and Sociology Vol 54 Issue 4 pp 423 438 Weber B H 1989 Ethical Implications Of The Interface Of Natural And Artificial Systems Delicate Balance Technics Culture and Consequences Conference Proceedings for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers External links EditOPEN SYSTEM Principia Cybernetica Web 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open system systems theory amp oldid 1160638734, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
