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Ongoing Nakba

March 02, 2023

"Ongoing Nakba" (Arabic: النکبة المستمرة, romanized: al-nakba al-mustamirra) is a term used to describe the still unfolding Palestinian "Nakba" or "catastrophe" in the wake of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and concurrent expulsion and flight of Palestinians. The phrase emerged in the late 1990s and its first public usage is widely credited to Hanan Ashrawi, who referred to it in a speech at the 2001 World Conference against Racism. The term was later adopted by scholars such as Joseph Massad and Elias Khoury. As an intellectual framework, the "ongoing Nakba" narrative reflects the conceptualisation of the Palestinian experience not as a series of isolated events, but as "a continuous experience of violence and dispossession", or as other have termed it, the "recurring loss" (Arabic: الفقدان المتكرر, romanized: al-fuqdan al-mutakarrir) of the Palestinian people.

Conceptual emergence

The phrase “ongoing Nakba” (Arabic: النکبة المستمرة, romanized: al-nakba al-mustamirra) emerged conceptually in the late 1990s and early 2000 as part of the narrative framework for expressing the “sense of stagnant and suspended historicity” in the Palestinian experience of dispossession over the past century.[1]

Contributing factors to the precipitation of this narrative included the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)’s “shift from anti-colonial resistance to statecraft”, as well as the failure of the 1993 Oslo Accords to realize an independent Palestinian state.[1] It was also a response to the normalization of the violence inflicted on Palestinians, both within Israel and in the West Bank.[1]

The first usage of the term “ongoing Nakba” is typically credited to the Palestinian scholar, activist and politician Hanan Ashrawi in her speech at the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances.[1][2] In it, Ashrawi referred to the Palestinian people as "a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, apartheid, racism, and victimization”.[2]

The term then saw sporadic usage in English and Arabic up until 2008, when Joseph Massad outlined the concept in greater detail in an article in al-Ahram Weekly in 2008, defining the Nakba as an ongoing process rather than a 1948 event.[1][3] Massad argued that the Palestinians were not living in a “post-Nakba world”, but experiencing (and resisting) the Nakba as an “ongoing historical epoch”.[3]

Elias Khoury reiterated this in a 2012 article in both Arabic and English, presenting the “al-Nakba al-Mustamirra” or “continuous Nakba” as both “a regime of material violence” and “ongoing battle of interpretation, a system aimed at silencing and erasing the Palestinian story by relegating it to the past”.[1][4][5]

Shir Alon describes the “ongoing Nakba” as “a means of understanding the Palestinian historical present” that “reconfigures the meaning of the 1948 expulsion: rather than a traumatic rupture ushering in a new period, it posits the Nakba as an ongoing process … a continuous experience of violence and dispossession.”[1]

As a framework it is “a relatively recent historiographic narrative through which to comprehend decades of Zionist settler colonialism and Palestinian dispossession”, that, according to Alon, replaces both the Nakba and the subsequent Naksa (the 1967 “setback”, or further displacement) narrative, and the anti-imperialist liberation struggle.[1]

As an emergent paradigm, the sense of “ongoing Nakba” is also coterminous with what Esmail Nashif has identified as al-fuqdan al-mutakarrir (Arabic: الفقدان المتكررة; literally: the recurring loss) of the Palestinians.[1][6]

Ilan Pappé references the term in the conclusion to his essay Everyday Evil in Palestine: The View from Lucifer’s Hill, which examines daily occurrences of "incremental colonization, ethnic cleansing, and oppression" in Palestine from the perspective of events at Masafer Yatta.[7] He notes that this "ongoing catastrophe of the Palestinians" is today also quite often referred to by Palestinian people themselves as the "ongoing Nakba".[8]

Narrative embodiments

One of the key ways in which the Nakba is understood to be an ongoing and continuing process of dispossession is in the continuation of "Zionist settler colonial violence" to this day, seventy years after the violence that originally drove hundreds of thousands of Palestinians from their land.[9]

Rana Barakat asks what it means for the Arab villages that were destroyed in 1948 yet live on in the memories created among the displaced by that same destructive process - one that is ongoing. She notes that with the Nakba, the symbolic value of a "lost past" became not only a settler narrative, but one that now frames the Palestinian experience.[9]

Barakat gives the example of the village of Lifta, a depopulated Arab village neither destroyed nor repopulated since 1948, as one that embodies both past and present narratives, noting: "Lifta is not only a static symbol of the settler desire to come to terms with the past but also an active symbol for Palestinians who survived (or did not survive) this unending past—the ongoing Nakba."[9]

Researchers at the Australian Institute of International Affairs have called the Nakba "a historical starting point for still ongoing experiences of occupation and exile" and tied the ongoing nature of the Nakba directly to the nature of Israel's ethno-nationalist statehood, noting that "settler colonialism is not an event; it is a structure, which manifests in cycles of violence, displacement, and dispossession of the native local population ... Israel’s settler colonial structure is maintained by a continued drive to dominate and – at times – eliminate the native population of Palestine."[10]

The terminology of "ongoing catastrophe" has also been related to the experience of Palestinians in resettled camp environments, where the al-Nabka remains perceived as a phenomenon that never stopped. It has assumed the role of "a reverse national myth, a figure of un-becoming", whose impact continues in the erosion of the lives of those displaced.[11]

Karma Nabulsi has noted that it is due to "the relentless and dynamic nature of the Catastrophe" and the lived daily experience of the Nakba that "the current attempts to destroy the Palestinian collectivity today bind this generation directly to the older one, and bind the exile to the core of the Palestinian body politics". Nabulsi observed in 2006 that the preceding years had "witnessed a phase of violent acceleration in this process of attempted destruction" that had only strengthened the sense of the Nakba's continuation.[12]

A central aspect of the ongoing Nakba is the "systematic, ongoing and arbitrary forced displacement of Palestinians",[13] including what has been described as the ghettoization of the Palestinian population through transfers, land confiscation and the concentration and confinement "of as many as possible of those who remain in the smallest possible areas of land".[13] One example is Israel's creation of seven "concentration towns" for Palestinian Negev Bedouins, which sat alongside a policy of ruling 45 other communities (as of 2008) illegal and the pressuring of their residents (sometime violently) to move to the concentration towns.[13]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Alon 2019, p. 93-94.
  2. ^ a b Ashrawi 2002, p. 98.
  3. ^ a b Massad 2008.
  4. ^ Khoury 2012a.
  5. ^ Khoury 2012b.
  6. ^ Nashif 2013.
  7. ^ Pappé 2021, p. 70.
  8. ^ Pappé 2021, p. 80.
  9. ^ a b c Barakat 2018, p. 5.
  10. ^ Dunning & Iqtait 2020.
  11. ^ Kublitz 2016.
  12. ^ Nabulsi 2006, p. 14.
  13. ^ a b c Jamjoum 2008, p. 3.

Sources

  • Alon, Shir (2019). "No One to See Here: Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba". Arab Studies Journal. Georgetown University. 27 (1): 91–117.
  • Ashrawi, Hanan (2002). "Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances". Islamic Studies. International Islamic University, Islamabad. 41 (1): 97–104. JSTOR 20837166.
  • Barakat, Rana (2018). "Lifta, the Nakba, and the Museumification of Palestine's History". Native American and Indigenous Studies. 5 (2): 1–15. doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.5.2.0001. JSTOR 10.5749/natiindistudj.5.2.0001. S2CID 166652210.
  • Dunning, Tristan; Iqtait, Anas (15 May 2020). "Palestine's ongoing Nakba". Australian Outlook. Australian Institute of International Affairs.
  • Jamjoum, Hazem (2008). Gaza: The Latest Chapter in a Sixty-Year Nakba (PDF). Al-Majdal. BADIL. pp. 2–4.
  • Khoury, Elias (2012a). "Al-Nakba al-Mustamirra" [The Continuous Nakba]. Majallat Al-Dirasat Al-Filastiniyya (in Arabic). Institute for Palestine Studies. 89: 37–50.
  • Khoury, Elias (2012b). "Rethinking the Nakba". Critical Inquiry. The University of Chicago. 38 (2): 250–66. doi:10.1086/662741. JSTOR 662741. S2CID 162316338.
  • Kublitz, Anja (2016). "The Ongoing Catastrophe: Erosion of Life in the Danish Camps". Journal of Refugee Studies. Oxford University Press. 29 (2): 229–249. doi:10.1093/jrs/fev019.
  • Massad, Joseph (16 May 2008). "Resisting the Nakba". Al-Ahram Weekly. Al-Ahram Publishing House.
  • Nabulsi, Karma (2006). Mac Allister, Karine (ed.). From Generation to Generation (PDF). Al-Majdal. BADIL. p. 12-18.
  • Nashif, Esmail (2013). "Mawt al-Nas" [Death of the people]. Majallat Al-Dirasat Al-Filastiniyya (in Arabic). Institute for Palestine Studies. 96: 96–117.
  • Pappé, Ilan (2021). "Everyday Evil in Palestine: The View from Lucifer's Hill". Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1 (1): 70–82. ISSN 2564-2154.

Further reading

  • AbuZavyad, Ziad (2017). "After 50 years of occupation, it is time for justice and peace: If not sharing the state, then a fair sharing of the land". Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture. 22 (2): 34–43. ProQuest 1908322831.
  • Al-Issa, Ferdoos Abed Rabo (2020). "Psychological Resilience among Palestinian Adolescent Ex-detainees in Israeli Jails". Bethlehem University Journal. 37: 85–104. doi:10.13169/bethunivj.37.2020.0085. S2CID 235040419.
  • Franklin, Cynthia G. (2017). "Against Erasures: Why Life-Writing Scholars Should Address the Nakba". A/B: Auto/Biography Studies. 32 (2): 311–314. doi:10.1080/08989575.2017.1288958. S2CID 157259967.
  • Khader, Jamil (2019). "Dystopian dark tourism, fan subculture and the Ongoing Nakba in Banksy's Walled Off heterotopia (chapter 10)". In Isaac, Rami K.; Çakmak, Erdinç; Butler, Richard (eds.). Tourism and Hospitality in Conflict-Ridden Destinations. Routledge. ISBN 9780429872013.
  • Khoury, Elias (2022). "Finding a New Idiom: Language, Moral Decay, and the Ongoing Nakba". Journal of Palestine Studies. 51 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1080/0377919X.2021.2013024. S2CID 246384429.
  • Sayigh, Rosemary (2013). "On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the "Trauma Genre"". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51.
  • Wermenbol, Grace (2017). A battlefield of memory : the Nakba and the Holocaust as exclusive victimhood narratives. University of Oxford (Thesis).
  • Wermenbol, Grace (2018). "Preserving the Part, Mobilizing the Past: The Nakba as a Prospective Media Realm" (PDF). Arab Media & Society (25): 51–89.
  • Zubi, Himmat (2018). "The ongoing Nakba: urban Palestinian survival in Haifa (chapter 8)". In Abdo, Nahla; Masalha, Nur (eds.). An Oral History of the Palestinian Nakba. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786993519.

External links

  • Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Nadera (2020). The Nakba Law and the Ongoing Nakba (video submission). 7th Annual Conference on Genocide.
  • Mac Allister, Karine (2006). Ongoing Nakba. Al-Majdal (magazine). Issue 29. BADIL Resource Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights.
  • Jamjoum, Hazem (2008/2009). Palestine’s Ongoing Nakba. Al-Majdal (magazine). Issue 39/40. BADIL Resource Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights.

March 02, 2023
ongoing, nakba, arabic, النکبة, المستمرة, romanized, nakba, mustamirra, term, used, describe, still, unfolding, palestinian, nakba, catastrophe, wake, 1948, arab, israeli, concurrent, expulsion, flight, palestinians, phrase, emerged, late, 1990s, first, public. Ongoing Nakba Arabic النکبة المستمرة romanized al nakba al mustamirra is a term used to describe the still unfolding Palestinian Nakba or catastrophe in the wake of the 1948 Arab Israeli War and concurrent expulsion and flight of Palestinians The phrase emerged in the late 1990s and its first public usage is widely credited to Hanan Ashrawi who referred to it in a speech at the 2001 World Conference against Racism The term was later adopted by scholars such as Joseph Massad and Elias Khoury As an intellectual framework the ongoing Nakba narrative reflects the conceptualisation of the Palestinian experience not as a series of isolated events but as a continuous experience of violence and dispossession or as other have termed it the recurring loss Arabic الفقدان المتكرر romanized al fuqdan al mutakarrir of the Palestinian people Contents 1 Conceptual emergence 2 Narrative embodiments 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 Sources 4 Further reading 5 External linksConceptual emergence EditThe phrase ongoing Nakba Arabic النکبة المستمرة romanized al nakba al mustamirra emerged conceptually in the late 1990s and early 2000 as part of the narrative framework for expressing the sense of stagnant and suspended historicity in the Palestinian experience of dispossession over the past century 1 Contributing factors to the precipitation of this narrative included the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO s shift from anti colonial resistance to statecraft as well as the failure of the 1993 Oslo Accords to realize an independent Palestinian state 1 It was also a response to the normalization of the violence inflicted on Palestinians both within Israel and in the West Bank 1 The first usage of the term ongoing Nakba is typically credited to the Palestinian scholar activist and politician Hanan Ashrawi in her speech at the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism Racial Discrimination Xenophobia and Related Intolerances 1 2 In it Ashrawi referred to the Palestinian people as a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism apartheid racism and victimization 2 The term then saw sporadic usage in English and Arabic up until 2008 when Joseph Massad outlined the concept in greater detail in an article in al Ahram Weekly in 2008 defining the Nakba as an ongoing process rather than a 1948 event 1 3 Massad argued that the Palestinians were not living in a post Nakba world but experiencing and resisting the Nakba as an ongoing historical epoch 3 Elias Khoury reiterated this in a 2012 article in both Arabic and English presenting the al Nakba al Mustamirra or continuous Nakba as both a regime of material violence and ongoing battle of interpretation a system aimed at silencing and erasing the Palestinian story by relegating it to the past 1 4 5 Shir Alon describes the ongoing Nakba as a means of understanding the Palestinian historical present that reconfigures the meaning of the 1948 expulsion rather than a traumatic rupture ushering in a new period it posits the Nakba as an ongoing process a continuous experience of violence and dispossession 1 As a framework it is a relatively recent historiographic narrative through which to comprehend decades of Zionist settler colonialism and Palestinian dispossession that according to Alon replaces both the Nakba and the subsequent Naksa the 1967 setback or further displacement narrative and the anti imperialist liberation struggle 1 As an emergent paradigm the sense of ongoing Nakba is also coterminous with what Esmail Nashif has identified as al fuqdan al mutakarrir Arabic الفقدان المتكررة literally the recurring loss of the Palestinians 1 6 Ilan Pappe references the term in the conclusion to his essay Everyday Evil in Palestine The View from Lucifer s Hill which examines daily occurrences of incremental colonization ethnic cleansing and oppression in Palestine from the perspective of events at Masafer Yatta 7 He notes that this ongoing catastrophe of the Palestinians is today also quite often referred to by Palestinian people themselves as the ongoing Nakba 8 Narrative embodiments EditOne of the key ways in which the Nakba is understood to be an ongoing and continuing process of dispossession is in the continuation of Zionist settler colonial violence to this day seventy years after the violence that originally drove hundreds of thousands of Palestinians from their land 9 Rana Barakat asks what it means for the Arab villages that were destroyed in 1948 yet live on in the memories created among the displaced by that same destructive process one that is ongoing She notes that with the Nakba the symbolic value of a lost past became not only a settler narrative but one that now frames the Palestinian experience 9 Barakat gives the example of the village of Lifta a depopulated Arab village neither destroyed nor repopulated since 1948 as one that embodies both past and present narratives noting Lifta is not only a static symbol of the settler desire to come to terms with the past but also an active symbol for Palestinians who survived or did not survive this unending past the ongoing Nakba 9 Researchers at the Australian Institute of International Affairs have called the Nakba a historical starting point for still ongoing experiences of occupation and exile and tied the ongoing nature of the Nakba directly to the nature of Israel s ethno nationalist statehood noting that settler colonialism is not an event it is a structure which manifests in cycles of violence displacement and dispossession of the native local population Israel s settler colonial structure is maintained by a continued drive to dominate and at times eliminate the native population of Palestine 10 The terminology of ongoing catastrophe has also been related to the experience of Palestinians in resettled camp environments where the al Nabka remains perceived as a phenomenon that never stopped It has assumed the role of a reverse national myth a figure of un becoming whose impact continues in the erosion of the lives of those displaced 11 Karma Nabulsi has noted that it is due to the relentless and dynamic nature of the Catastrophe and the lived daily experience of the Nakba that the current attempts to destroy the Palestinian collectivity today bind this generation directly to the older one and bind the exile to the core of the Palestinian body politics Nabulsi observed in 2006 that the preceding years had witnessed a phase of violent acceleration in this process of attempted destruction that had only strengthened the sense of the Nakba s continuation 12 A central aspect of the ongoing Nakba is the systematic ongoing and arbitrary forced displacement of Palestinians 13 including what has been described as the ghettoization of the Palestinian population through transfers land confiscation and the concentration and confinement of as many as possible of those who remain in the smallest possible areas of land 13 One example is Israel s creation of seven concentration towns for Palestinian Negev Bedouins which sat alongside a policy of ruling 45 other communities as of 2008 illegal and the pressuring of their residents sometime violently to move to the concentration towns 13 References EditCitations Edit a b c d e f g h i Alon 2019 p 93 94 a b Ashrawi 2002 p 98 a b Massad 2008 Khoury 2012a Khoury 2012b Nashif 2013 Pappe 2021 p 70 Pappe 2021 p 80 a b c Barakat 2018 p 5 Dunning amp Iqtait 2020 Kublitz 2016 Nabulsi 2006 p 14 a b c Jamjoum 2008 p 3 Sources Edit Alon Shir 2019 No One to See Here Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba Arab Studies Journal Georgetown University 27 1 91 117 Ashrawi Hanan 2002 Racism Racial Discrimination Xenophobia and Related Intolerances Islamic Studies International Islamic University Islamabad 41 1 97 104 JSTOR 20837166 Barakat Rana 2018 Lifta the Nakba and the Museumification of Palestine s History Native American and Indigenous Studies 5 2 1 15 doi 10 5749 natiindistudj 5 2 0001 JSTOR 10 5749 natiindistudj 5 2 0001 S2CID 166652210 Dunning Tristan Iqtait Anas 15 May 2020 Palestine s ongoing Nakba Australian Outlook Australian Institute of International Affairs Jamjoum Hazem 2008 Gaza The Latest Chapter in a Sixty Year Nakba PDF Al Majdal BADIL pp 2 4 Khoury Elias 2012a Al Nakba al Mustamirra The Continuous Nakba Majallat Al Dirasat Al Filastiniyya in Arabic Institute for Palestine Studies 89 37 50 Khoury Elias 2012b Rethinking the Nakba Critical Inquiry The University of Chicago 38 2 250 66 doi 10 1086 662741 JSTOR 662741 S2CID 162316338 Kublitz Anja 2016 The Ongoing Catastrophe Erosion of Life in the Danish Camps Journal of Refugee Studies Oxford University Press 29 2 229 249 doi 10 1093 jrs fev019 Massad Joseph 16 May 2008 Resisting the Nakba Al Ahram Weekly Al Ahram Publishing House Nabulsi Karma 2006 Mac Allister Karine ed From Generation to Generation PDF Al Majdal BADIL p 12 18 Nashif Esmail 2013 Mawt al Nas Death of the people Majallat Al Dirasat Al Filastiniyya in Arabic Institute for Palestine Studies 96 96 117 Pappe Ilan 2021 Everyday Evil in Palestine The View from Lucifer s Hill Janus Unbound Journal of Critical Studies Memorial University of Newfoundland 1 1 70 82 ISSN 2564 2154 Further reading EditAbuZavyad Ziad 2017 After 50 years of occupation it is time for justice and peace If not sharing the state then a fair sharing of the land Israel Journal of Politics Economics and Culture 22 2 34 43 ProQuest 1908322831 Al Issa Ferdoos Abed Rabo 2020 Psychological Resilience among Palestinian Adolescent Ex detainees in Israeli Jails Bethlehem University Journal 37 85 104 doi 10 13169 bethunivj 37 2020 0085 S2CID 235040419 Franklin Cynthia G 2017 Against Erasures Why Life Writing Scholars Should Address the Nakba A B Auto Biography Studies 32 2 311 314 doi 10 1080 08989575 2017 1288958 S2CID 157259967 Khader Jamil 2019 Dystopian dark tourism fan subculture and the Ongoing Nakba in Banksy s Walled Off heterotopia chapter 10 In Isaac Rami K Cakmak Erdinc Butler Richard eds Tourism and Hospitality in Conflict Ridden Destinations Routledge ISBN 9780429872013 Khoury Elias 2022 Finding a New Idiom Language Moral Decay and the Ongoing Nakba Journal of Palestine Studies 51 1 50 57 doi 10 1080 0377919X 2021 2013024 S2CID 246384429 Sayigh Rosemary 2013 On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the Trauma Genre Journal of Palestine Studies 43 1 51 60 doi 10 1525 jps 2013 43 1 51 Wermenbol Grace 2017 A battlefield of memory the Nakba and the Holocaust as exclusive victimhood narratives University of Oxford Thesis Wermenbol Grace 2018 Preserving the Part Mobilizing the Past The Nakba as a Prospective Media Realm PDF Arab Media amp Society 25 51 89 Zubi Himmat 2018 The ongoing Nakba urban Palestinian survival in Haifa chapter 8 In Abdo Nahla Masalha Nur eds An Oral History of the Palestinian Nakba Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 9781786993519 External links EditShalhoub Kevorkian Nadera 2020 The Nakba Law and the Ongoing Nakba video submission 7th Annual Conference on Genocide Mac Allister Karine 2006 Ongoing Nakba Al Majdal magazine Issue 29 BADIL Resource Resource Center for Palestinian Residency amp Refugee Rights Jamjoum Hazem 2008 2009 Palestine s Ongoing Nakba Al Majdal magazine Issue 39 40 BADIL Resource Resource Center for Palestinian Residency amp Refugee Rights Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ongoing Nakba amp oldid 1139358815, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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