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Olavi Erämetsä

February 11, 2024

Olavi Erämetsä (born Enwald; 10 October 1906 Lahti, Finland - 3 January 1974 Helsinki, Finland) was a Finnish chemist at the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK, now part of Aalto University). He served as a lecturer in analytical chemistry (1940-1946) before succeeding Yrjö Kauko as professor of inorganic chemistry (1947-1973).[1]

Kurt Heikki Olavi Erämetsä
Born
Kurt Heikki Olavi Enwald

(1906-10-10)10 October 1906
Lahti, Finland
Died3 January 1974(1974-01-03) (aged 67)
Helsinki, Finland
Alma materHelsinki University of Technology
Known forPromethium
SpouseElvi Kaarina Pakarinen (1904-1978)
Scientific career
FieldsGeochemistry, Environmental chemistry
InstitutionsHelsinki University of Technology

Erämetsä was a major initiator of geochemical research in rare earths and trace elements at TKK from 1947 to 1973.[2][3] In 1965, he reported the isolation of the element promethium from natural sources.[4][5][3]

Erämetsä studied the presence of trace elements including rare earths in soils and plants such as lichens and mosses. He also studied their presence in the human body, gathering epidemiological evidence about environmental factors and their possible effects on human health.

Erämetsä was the Chairman of the Finnish Chemistry Society in 1945–1946, a Founding Member of the Finnish Academy of Engineering in 1957 and a Member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences as of 1961.[3]

Early life edit

Kurt Heikki Olavi Erämetsä was borh to Kurt H. Enwald and Ingrid Viola Ryberg on October 10, 1906.[6] The Enwald family changed its name to Erämetsä in 1936.[7] Kurt H. Enwald and Ingrid Viola Ryberg were teachers of science at the Kuopio Lyseo.

Education edit

Erämetsä attended Kuopio Lyseo as an undergraduate in 1925. He continued to study chemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology, where he graduated with a M.Sc. in engineering in 1934[8] and a Ph.D. in technology in 1938. His Ph.D. work dealt with detection of the presence of indium in Finnish minerals.[3]

Career edit

Erämetsä was an assistant geologist for the Geological Commission and made five exploration trips to Lapland.[3] He carried out a number of diamond surveys in the Paatsjoki area of Petsamo in the 1930s, trying to verify reports of diamonds in the sands in that area. He concluded that what had been discovered was likely to have been spinel octahedra.[9]

In 1939 Erämetsä and Thure Georg Sahama developed a new method for the separation of rare earths using chromatography. Their chromatographic separation method became a standard for the separation of rare earth and radioactive actinides into ion exchange resins.[3][10][11]

Erämetsä worked as a lecturer in analytical chemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) from 1940 to 1946 and then as a professor of inorganic chemistry from 1947 to 1973. During his time there, the department received new hardware including a spectrograph, Finland's first equipment for spark source mass spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescence equipment.[3]

Large-scale industrial production of rare earths occurred in the 1960s at the Typpi Oy mills in Oulu, where lanthanide ores of the Kola Peninsula were being refined.[12] Erämetsä's most well-known, though controversial achievement, was the isolation of the element promethium from these natural sources. In 1965, he published a report stating that in 1964 he had successfully isolated isotopes of promethium from natural ores.[4][5] Erämetsä separated out traces of 147Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from apatite,[13] resulting in an upper limit of 10−21 for the abundance of promethium in nature; this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission of uranium, or by cosmic ray spallation of 146Nd.[14] The international scientific community was initially suspicious of the findings, as promethium had previously only be produced as a degradation product from the fission of uranium ore.[3] Due to promethium's short half-life, its concentration in natural minerals was thought to be too small to be isolated. Subsequent findings were in line with those of Erämetsä.[13][15]

Erämetsä and Allan Johansson used praseodymium to experiment with the development of a solid electrolyte fuel cell.[12]

Erämetsä studied the presence of trace elements including rare earths in soils and plants such as lichens and mosses.[8][16] He also studied of the presence of rare earths in the human body, over a period of many years. Results were negative from 1945 to 1969, when x-ray emission spectroscopy was introduced. With the new instruments, the researchers detected yttrium[17] and other lanthanides.[18] In one study, autopsies were performed on the bodies of people who had died in Helsinki hospitals. Yttrium was found in varying amounts and locations in the bodies of almost half of those examined (37/80).[19][18] Erämetsä was concerned with epidemiologic evidence of environmental factors affecting human health, cf. the presence of metals in drinking water and their possible relationships to coronary heart disease.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ "Archive materials". Aalto University. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Helsinki University of Technology - Rare earth synthesis and analysis" (PDF). Rare Earth Information Center News. Vol. X, no. 4. Ames, Iowa. Iowa State University. December 1, 1975. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Niinistö, L. (2000). "Erämetsä, Olavi (1906-1974)". Suomen kemian historia (History of Finnish Chemistry. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  4. ^ a b Jorpes, Erik J. (1970). Jac. Berzelius: his life and work. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780520016286. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  5. ^ a b Erämetsä, Olavi (1965). Separation of promethium from a natural lanthanide mixture. Helsinki: The Finnish Academy of Technical Sciences.
  6. ^ "SUKUSELVITYKSEN KOHDE". Web Archive. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  7. ^ "Kurt Heikki Olavi (Enwald-1936) Erämetsä". Geneanet. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  8. ^ a b Erametsa, O.; Yliruokanen, I. (1971). "The Rare Earths in Lichens and Mosses". Finnish Chemical Journal (Suom. Kemistil.). 44B: 67, 121–128.
  9. ^ Karanko, Anu, ed. (2017). Suomen Korukivet Gemstones of Finland (PDF). Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. pp. 176, 227. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  10. ^ Olavi Erämetsä, Th. G. Sahama, Viljo Kanula (1940): Chromato-graphische Trennung der seltenen Erden I. Ann. Acad. Sei. Fenn., Ser. A, 57, No. 3, 1—20.
  11. ^ Olavi Erämetsä, Th. G. Sahama, Viljo Kanula (1941) Spektro-graphische Bestimmungen an Rubidium und Caesium in einigen finnischen Mineralen und Gesteinen. Bull. Comm. géol. Finlande 128, 80—86.
  12. ^ a b Parker, John G. (1969). "Rare-earth minerals and metals" (PDF). Bureau of Mines / Minerals Yearbook Metals, Minerals, and Fuels 1969. 1–2: 951–958. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  13. ^ a b Meier, H.; Zimmerhackl, E.; Albrecht, W.; Bösche, D.; Hecker, W.; Menge, P.; Unger, E.; Zeitler, G. (1 January 1970). "Zum Vorkommen von Promethium in der Natur". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A. 25 (12): 1945–1954. Bibcode:1970ZNatA..25.1945M. doi:10.1515/zna-1970-1225. S2CID 3460087. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  14. ^ McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 188. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_607. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  15. ^ Gschneidner, Karl A. (2005). Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths. Volume 35. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier North Holland. ISBN 0-444-52028-7. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  16. ^ Kabata-Pendias, Alina (Oct 18, 2010). Trace elements in soils and plants (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. p. 365. ISBN 9781420093704.
  17. ^ "Rare Earths Common in Body" (PDF). Rare-Earth Information Center News. Vol. IV, no. 1. Ames, Iowa. Iowa State University. March 1, 1969. p. 2. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  18. ^ a b Erämetsä, O; Sihvonen, ML (1971). "Rare earths in the human body. II. Yttrium and lanthanides in the spleen". Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae. 49 (1): 35–7. PMID 5576240.
  19. ^ Erämetsä, O; Sihvonen, ML; Forssén, A (1968). "Rare earths in the human body. I. Yttrium". Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae. 46 (2): 179–84. PMID 5753710.
  20. ^ Punsar, Sven; Erämetsä, Olavi; Karvonen, Martti J.; Ryhänen, Aulis; Hilska, Päivi; Vornamo, Hannu (June 1975). "Coronary heart disease and drinking water". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 28 (5–6): 259–287. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(75)90009-0. PMID 1141423.

February 11, 2024
olavi, erämetsä, born, enwald, october, 1906, lahti, finland, january, 1974, helsinki, finland, finnish, chemist, helsinki, university, technology, part, aalto, university, served, lecturer, analytical, chemistry, 1940, 1946, before, succeeding, yrjö, kauko, p. Olavi Erametsa born Enwald 10 October 1906 Lahti Finland 3 January 1974 Helsinki Finland was a Finnish chemist at the Helsinki University of Technology TKK now part of Aalto University He served as a lecturer in analytical chemistry 1940 1946 before succeeding Yrjo Kauko as professor of inorganic chemistry 1947 1973 1 Kurt Heikki Olavi ErametsaBornKurt Heikki Olavi Enwald 1906 10 10 10 October 1906Lahti FinlandDied3 January 1974 1974 01 03 aged 67 Helsinki FinlandAlma materHelsinki University of TechnologyKnown forPromethiumSpouseElvi Kaarina Pakarinen 1904 1978 Scientific careerFieldsGeochemistry Environmental chemistryInstitutionsHelsinki University of TechnologyErametsa was a major initiator of geochemical research in rare earths and trace elements at TKK from 1947 to 1973 2 3 In 1965 he reported the isolation of the element promethium from natural sources 4 5 3 Erametsa studied the presence of trace elements including rare earths in soils and plants such as lichens and mosses He also studied their presence in the human body gathering epidemiological evidence about environmental factors and their possible effects on human health Erametsa was the Chairman of the Finnish Chemistry Society in 1945 1946 a Founding Member of the Finnish Academy of Engineering in 1957 and a Member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences as of 1961 3 Contents 1 Early life 2 Education 3 Career 4 ReferencesEarly life editKurt Heikki Olavi Erametsa was borh to Kurt H Enwald and Ingrid Viola Ryberg on October 10 1906 6 The Enwald family changed its name to Erametsa in 1936 7 Kurt H Enwald and Ingrid Viola Ryberg were teachers of science at the Kuopio Lyseo Education editErametsa attended Kuopio Lyseo as an undergraduate in 1925 He continued to study chemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology where he graduated with a M Sc in engineering in 1934 8 and a Ph D in technology in 1938 His Ph D work dealt with detection of the presence of indium in Finnish minerals 3 Career editErametsa was an assistant geologist for the Geological Commission and made five exploration trips to Lapland 3 He carried out a number of diamond surveys in the Paatsjoki area of Petsamo in the 1930s trying to verify reports of diamonds in the sands in that area He concluded that what had been discovered was likely to have been spinel octahedra 9 In 1939 Erametsa and Thure Georg Sahama developed a new method for the separation of rare earths using chromatography Their chromatographic separation method became a standard for the separation of rare earth and radioactive actinides into ion exchange resins 3 10 11 Erametsa worked as a lecturer in analytical chemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology TKK from 1940 to 1946 and then as a professor of inorganic chemistry from 1947 to 1973 During his time there the department received new hardware including a spectrograph Finland s first equipment for spark source mass spectrometry and X ray fluorescence equipment 3 Large scale industrial production of rare earths occurred in the 1960s at the Typpi Oy mills in Oulu where lanthanide ores of the Kola Peninsula were being refined 12 Erametsa s most well known though controversial achievement was the isolation of the element promethium from these natural sources In 1965 he published a report stating that in 1964 he had successfully isolated isotopes of promethium from natural ores 4 5 Erametsa separated out traces of 147Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from apatite 13 resulting in an upper limit of 10 21 for the abundance of promethium in nature this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission of uranium or by cosmic ray spallation of 146Nd 14 The international scientific community was initially suspicious of the findings as promethium had previously only be produced as a degradation product from the fission of uranium ore 3 Due to promethium s short half life its concentration in natural minerals was thought to be too small to be isolated Subsequent findings were in line with those of Erametsa 13 15 Erametsa and Allan Johansson used praseodymium to experiment with the development of a solid electrolyte fuel cell 12 Erametsa studied the presence of trace elements including rare earths in soils and plants such as lichens and mosses 8 16 He also studied of the presence of rare earths in the human body over a period of many years Results were negative from 1945 to 1969 when x ray emission spectroscopy was introduced With the new instruments the researchers detected yttrium 17 and other lanthanides 18 In one study autopsies were performed on the bodies of people who had died in Helsinki hospitals Yttrium was found in varying amounts and locations in the bodies of almost half of those examined 37 80 19 18 Erametsa was concerned with epidemiologic evidence of environmental factors affecting human health cf the presence of metals in drinking water and their possible relationships to coronary heart disease 20 References edit Archive materials Aalto University Retrieved 27 November 2018 Helsinki University of Technology Rare earth synthesis and analysis PDF Rare Earth Information Center News Vol X no 4 Ames Iowa Iowa State University December 1 1975 pp 1 3 Retrieved 27 November 2018 a b c d e f g h Niinisto L 2000 Erametsa Olavi 1906 1974 Suomen kemian historia History of Finnish Chemistry Helsinki Finnish Literature Society Retrieved 27 November 2018 a b Jorpes Erik J 1970 Jac Berzelius his life and work Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press p 78 ISBN 9780520016286 Retrieved 27 November 2018 a b Erametsa Olavi 1965 Separation of promethium from a natural lanthanide mixture Helsinki The Finnish Academy of Technical Sciences SUKUSELVITYKSEN KOHDE Web Archive Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 Retrieved 26 November 2018 Kurt Heikki Olavi Enwald 1936 Erametsa Geneanet Retrieved 26 November 2018 a b Erametsa O Yliruokanen I 1971 The Rare Earths in Lichens and Mosses Finnish Chemical Journal Suom Kemistil 44B 67 121 128 Karanko Anu ed 2017 Suomen Korukivet Gemstones of Finland PDF Espoo Geological Survey of Finland pp 176 227 Retrieved 27 November 2018 Olavi Erametsa Th G Sahama Viljo Kanula 1940 Chromato graphische Trennung der seltenen Erden I Ann Acad Sei Fenn Ser A 57 No 3 1 20 Olavi Erametsa Th G Sahama Viljo Kanula 1941 Spektro graphische Bestimmungen an Rubidium und Caesium in einigen finnischen Mineralen und Gesteinen Bull Comm geol Finlande 128 80 86 a b Parker John G 1969 Rare earth minerals and metals PDF Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook Metals Minerals and Fuels 1969 1 2 951 958 Retrieved 27 November 2018 a b Meier H Zimmerhackl E Albrecht W Bosche D Hecker W Menge P Unger E Zeitler G 1 January 1970 Zum Vorkommen von Promethium in der Natur Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A 25 12 1945 1954 Bibcode 1970ZNatA 25 1945M doi 10 1515 zna 1970 1225 S2CID 3460087 Retrieved 27 November 2018 McGill Ian Rare Earth Elements Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Vol 31 Weinheim Wiley VCH p 188 doi 10 1002 14356007 a22 607 ISBN 978 3527306732 Gschneidner Karl A 2005 Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths Volume 35 Amsterdam the Netherlands Elsevier North Holland ISBN 0 444 52028 7 Retrieved 28 November 2018 Kabata Pendias Alina Oct 18 2010 Trace elements in soils and plants Fourth ed CRC Press p 365 ISBN 9781420093704 Rare Earths Common in Body PDF Rare Earth Information Center News Vol IV no 1 Ames Iowa Iowa State University March 1 1969 p 2 Retrieved 27 November 2018 a b Erametsa O Sihvonen ML 1971 Rare earths in the human body II Yttrium and lanthanides in the spleen Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae 49 1 35 7 PMID 5576240 Erametsa O Sihvonen ML Forssen A 1968 Rare earths in the human body I Yttrium Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae 46 2 179 84 PMID 5753710 Punsar Sven Erametsa Olavi Karvonen Martti J Ryhanen Aulis Hilska Paivi Vornamo Hannu June 1975 Coronary heart disease and drinking water Journal of Chronic Diseases 28 5 6 259 287 doi 10 1016 0021 9681 75 90009 0 PMID 1141423 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Olavi Erametsa amp oldid 1171906398, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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