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Orbiting Geophysical Observatory

December 15, 2023

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) Program [1] of NASA refers to the six satellites launched by the United States that were in use from September 1964 to 1972, designed to study the Earth's magnetosphere.[2] The satellites successfully studied the interactions between the Earth and the Sun, despite a number of technical problems. Each satellite had 20 to 25 instruments. OGO 1, OGO 3, and OGO 5 were in equatorial orbits; OGO 2, OGO 4, and OGO 6 were in lower polar orbits.[3]

  • WW2 Cargo Pilot Wilfred "Bill" Scull was the project manager for all 6 OGO projects. His biography is detailed in a 3-book series. WW2 Cargo Pilots series along with many other photos of the projects, including hand-drawn sketches of the satellites.
Artist's concept of OGO 1
OGO 1 components

OGO launch chronology edit

  • OGO 1 1964-054A NORAD ID: 00879 Launched: 4 September 1964 On-orbit dry mass: 487 kg (decayed 29 August 2020)
  • OGO 2 1965-081A NORAD ID: 01620 Launched: 14 October 1965 On-orbit dry mass: 507 kg (decayed 17 September 1981)
  • OGO 3 1966-049A NORAD ID: 02195 Launched: 7 June 1966 On-orbit dry mass: 515 kg (decayed 14 September 1981)
  • OGO 4 1967-073A NORAD ID: 02895 Launched: 28 July 1967 On-orbit dry mass: 562 kg (decayed 16 August 1972)
  • OGO 5 1968-014A NORAD ID: 03138 Launched: 4 March 1968 On-orbit dry mass: 611 kg (decayed 2 July 2011)
  • OGO 6 1969-051A NORAD ID: 03986 Launched: 5 June 1969 On-orbit dry mass: 632 kg (decayed 12 October 1979)

OGO 1 edit

The purpose of the OGO 1 spacecraft, the first of a series of six Orbiting Geophysical Observatories, was to conduct diversified geophysical experiments to obtain a better understanding of the Earth as a planet and to develop and operate a standardized observatory-type satellite. OGO 1 consisted of a main body that was parallelepipedal in form, two solar panels, each with a solar-oriented experiment package (SOEP), two orbital plane experiment packages (OPEP) and six appendages EP-1 through EP-6 supporting the boom experiment packages. One face of the main body was designed to point toward the Earth (+Z axis), and the line connecting the two solar panels (X axis) was intended to be perpendicular to the Earth-Sun-spacecraft plane. The solar panels were able to rotate about the X axis. The OPEPs were mounted on and could rotate about an axis which was parallel to the Z axis and attached to the main body. Due to a boom deployment failure shortly after orbital injection, the spacecraft was put into a permanent spin mode of 5 rpm about the Z axis. This spin axis remained fixed with a declination of about -10 deg and right ascension of about 40 deg at launch. The initial local time of apogee was 2100 h. OGO 1 carried 20 experiments. Twelve of these were particle studies and two were magnetic field studies. In addition, there was one experiment for each of the following types of studies: interplanetary dust, VLF, Lyman-alpha, gegenschein, atmospheric mass, and radio astronomy. Real-time data were transmitted at 1, 8, or 64 kbs depending on the distance of the spacecraft from the Earth. Playback data were tape recorded at 1 kbs and transmitted at 64 kbs. Two wideband transmitters, one feeding into an omnidirectional antenna and the other feeding into a directional antenna, were used to transmit data. A special-purpose telemetry system, feeding into either antenna, was also used to transmit wideband data in real time only. Tracking was accomplished by using radio beacons and a range and range-rate S-band transponder. Because of the boom deployment failure, the best operating mode for the data handling system was the use of one of the wideband transmitters and the directional antenna. All data received from the omnidirectional antenna were noisy. During September 1964, acceptable data were received over 70% of the orbital path. By June 1969, data acquisition was limited to 10% of the orbital path. The spacecraft was placed in a standby status November 25, 1969, and all support was terminated November 1, 1971. By April 1970 the spacecraft perigee had increased to 46,000 km and the inclination had increased to 58.8 deg. [4]

OGO-1 reentry edit

The University of Arizona’s Catalina Sky Survey (CSS), funded by NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO), detected an object late in the evening of 25 August 2020 which appeared to be on an impact trajectory with Earth.[5] Two Maui middle school students also observed the 250-pound object. Maui Waena Intermediate School eighth-graders Holden Suzuki and Wilson Chau, with mentor outreach astronomer J.D. Armstrong of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy (IfA), used data from the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) Faulkes Telescope North on Haleakala to track OGO-1.[6] The University of Hawaii’s Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), also funded by PDCO, independently observed the object. Further observations were conducted by CSS to confirm the object’s trajectory. Precision orbit calculations were conducted by the Center for Near-Earth Object (NEO) Studies (CNEOS) at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and compared to data from the European Space Agency’s NEO Coordination Center. The object was confirmed to be not an asteroid, but in fact Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-1 (OGO-1). OGO-1 reentered Earth’s atmosphere and disintegrated on Saturday evening, 29 August 2020 over Southern French Polynesia.[5][7] Video of reentry

Non-Earth observations edit

In 1970 OGO-5 used its ultraviolet photometer to observe comets Encke, Tago-Sato-Kosaka (1969 IX) and Bennett (1970 II).[8][9]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Jackson, J. E. and Vette, J. I. (1975) OGO Program Summary, NASA SP-7601
  2. ^ "Scientific Satellite Set For Launching". Kentucky New Era. Hopkinsville, KY. Associated Press. September 4, 1964. p. 7. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  3. ^ "Orbiting Geophysical Observatory series satellites". NASA HEASARC.
  4. ^ "OGO-1 NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1964-054A". NSSDCA.
  5. ^ a b Talbert, Tricia (27 August 2020). "NASA's OGO-1 Spacecraft to Return Home over the Weekend". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  6. ^ Gal, Roy (29 August 2020). "Maui Teens Track Space Satellite Plummeting to Earth". SpaceRef.com. Reston, VA: SpaceRef Interactive Inc. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  7. ^ August 2020, Meghan Bartels 31 (31 August 2020). "Vintage NASA satellite falls to Earth, meets fiery doom after 56 years in space". Space.com. Retrieved 2020-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Sekanina, Z (December 1991). "Encke, the comet". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 85 (6): 324–376. Bibcode:1991JRASC..85..324S. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  9. ^ "A Meeting With The Universe". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved 29 August 2020.

References edit

  • Hartt, Julian (December 26, 1960). "First 'Streetcar' Satellites To Be Built for NASA". Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst Headline Service. p. 4M. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  • "Space 'Streetcar'". The Modesto Bee. December 26, 1960. p. A13. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  • "U.S. to Launch Giant Satellite". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Associated Press. August 30, 1964. p. B8. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  • Biography of Wilfred Scull, OGO project manager
 

This article about one or more spacecraft of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

December 15, 2023
orbiting, geophysical, observatory, program, nasa, refers, satellites, launched, united, states, that, were, from, september, 1964, 1972, designed, study, earth, magnetosphere, satellites, successfully, studied, interactions, between, earth, despite, number, t. Orbiting Geophysical Observatory OGO Program 1 of NASA refers to the six satellites launched by the United States that were in use from September 1964 to 1972 designed to study the Earth s magnetosphere 2 The satellites successfully studied the interactions between the Earth and the Sun despite a number of technical problems Each satellite had 20 to 25 instruments OGO 1 OGO 3 and OGO 5 were in equatorial orbits OGO 2 OGO 4 and OGO 6 were in lower polar orbits 3 WW2 Cargo Pilot Wilfred Bill Scull was the project manager for all 6 OGO projects His biography is detailed in a 3 book series WW2 Cargo Pilots series along with many other photos of the projects including hand drawn sketches of the satellites Artist s concept of OGO 1OGO 1 components Contents 1 OGO launch chronology 2 OGO 1 3 OGO 1 reentry 4 Non Earth observations 5 Notes 6 ReferencesOGO launch chronology editOGO 1 1964 054A NORAD ID 00879 Launched 4 September 1964 On orbit dry mass 487 kg decayed 29 August 2020 OGO 2 1965 081A NORAD ID 01620 Launched 14 October 1965 On orbit dry mass 507 kg decayed 17 September 1981 OGO 3 1966 049A NORAD ID 02195 Launched 7 June 1966 On orbit dry mass 515 kg decayed 14 September 1981 OGO 4 1967 073A NORAD ID 02895 Launched 28 July 1967 On orbit dry mass 562 kg decayed 16 August 1972 OGO 5 1968 014A NORAD ID 03138 Launched 4 March 1968 On orbit dry mass 611 kg decayed 2 July 2011 OGO 6 1969 051A NORAD ID 03986 Launched 5 June 1969 On orbit dry mass 632 kg decayed 12 October 1979 OGO 1 editThe purpose of the OGO 1 spacecraft the first of a series of six Orbiting Geophysical Observatories was to conduct diversified geophysical experiments to obtain a better understanding of the Earth as a planet and to develop and operate a standardized observatory type satellite OGO 1 consisted of a main body that was parallelepipedal in form two solar panels each with a solar oriented experiment package SOEP two orbital plane experiment packages OPEP and six appendages EP 1 through EP 6 supporting the boom experiment packages One face of the main body was designed to point toward the Earth Z axis and the line connecting the two solar panels X axis was intended to be perpendicular to the Earth Sun spacecraft plane The solar panels were able to rotate about the X axis The OPEPs were mounted on and could rotate about an axis which was parallel to the Z axis and attached to the main body Due to a boom deployment failure shortly after orbital injection the spacecraft was put into a permanent spin mode of 5 rpm about the Z axis This spin axis remained fixed with a declination of about 10 deg and right ascension of about 40 deg at launch The initial local time of apogee was 2100 h OGO 1 carried 20 experiments Twelve of these were particle studies and two were magnetic field studies In addition there was one experiment for each of the following types of studies interplanetary dust VLF Lyman alpha gegenschein atmospheric mass and radio astronomy Real time data were transmitted at 1 8 or 64 kbs depending on the distance of the spacecraft from the Earth Playback data were tape recorded at 1 kbs and transmitted at 64 kbs Two wideband transmitters one feeding into an omnidirectional antenna and the other feeding into a directional antenna were used to transmit data A special purpose telemetry system feeding into either antenna was also used to transmit wideband data in real time only Tracking was accomplished by using radio beacons and a range and range rate S band transponder Because of the boom deployment failure the best operating mode for the data handling system was the use of one of the wideband transmitters and the directional antenna All data received from the omnidirectional antenna were noisy During September 1964 acceptable data were received over 70 of the orbital path By June 1969 data acquisition was limited to 10 of the orbital path The spacecraft was placed in a standby status November 25 1969 and all support was terminated November 1 1971 By April 1970 the spacecraft perigee had increased to 46 000 km and the inclination had increased to 58 8 deg 4 OGO 1 reentry editThe University of Arizona s Catalina Sky Survey CSS funded by NASA s Planetary Defense Coordination Office PDCO detected an object late in the evening of 25 August 2020 which appeared to be on an impact trajectory with Earth 5 Two Maui middle school students also observed the 250 pound object Maui Waena Intermediate School eighth graders Holden Suzuki and Wilson Chau with mentor outreach astronomer J D Armstrong of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy IfA used data from the Las Cumbres Observatory LCO Faulkes Telescope North on Haleakala to track OGO 1 6 The University of Hawaii s Asteroid Terrestrial impact Last Alert System ATLAS also funded by PDCO independently observed the object Further observations were conducted by CSS to confirm the object s trajectory Precision orbit calculations were conducted by the Center for Near Earth Object NEO Studies CNEOS at NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and compared to data from the European Space Agency s NEO Coordination Center The object was confirmed to be not an asteroid but in fact Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 1 OGO 1 OGO 1 reentered Earth s atmosphere and disintegrated on Saturday evening 29 August 2020 over Southern French Polynesia 5 7 Video of reentryNon Earth observations editIn 1970 OGO 5 used its ultraviolet photometer to observe comets Encke Tago Sato Kosaka 1969 IX and Bennett 1970 II 8 9 Notes edit Jackson J E and Vette J I 1975 OGO Program Summary NASA SP 7601 Scientific Satellite Set For Launching Kentucky New Era Hopkinsville KY Associated Press September 4 1964 p 7 Retrieved December 6 2010 Orbiting Geophysical Observatory series satellites NASA HEASARC OGO 1 NSSDCA COSPAR ID 1964 054A NSSDCA a b Talbert Tricia 27 August 2020 NASA s OGO 1 Spacecraft to Return Home over the Weekend NASA gov NASA Retrieved 29 August 2020 Gal Roy 29 August 2020 Maui Teens Track Space Satellite Plummeting to Earth SpaceRef com Reston VA SpaceRef Interactive Inc Retrieved 29 August 2020 August 2020 Meghan Bartels 31 31 August 2020 Vintage NASA satellite falls to Earth meets fiery doom after 56 years in space Space com Retrieved 2020 08 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Sekanina Z December 1991 Encke the comet Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 85 6 324 376 Bibcode 1991JRASC 85 324S Retrieved 25 July 2020 A Meeting With The Universe NASA gov NASA Retrieved 29 August 2020 References editHartt Julian December 26 1960 First Streetcar Satellites To Be Built for NASA Milwaukee Sentinel Hearst Headline Service p 4M Retrieved December 6 2010 Space Streetcar The Modesto Bee December 26 1960 p A13 Retrieved December 6 2010 U S to Launch Giant Satellite Spartanburg Herald Journal Associated Press August 30 1964 p B8 Retrieved December 6 2010 Biography of Wilfred Scull OGO project manager nbsp This article about one or more spacecraft of the United States is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orbiting Geophysical Observatory amp oldid 1169196175, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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