Northern Wars

For the New Zealand Northern War of 1845, see Flagstaff War.

"Northern Wars" is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. An internationally agreed-on nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.^[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.^[2]

Conflicts of the Northern Wars

Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:

• The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti^[2]
• The Livonian War (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack^[2]
  • The Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians^[2]
• The Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
• The Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), also known as the "Thirteen Years' War"; "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians^[2]
• The Second Northern War (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography, in Poland known as Swedish Deluge^[2]
• The Scanian War (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
• The Great Northern War (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War"^[2] or "Second Northern War"^[3]

See also

• War in the North (1937), a campaign in the Spanish Civil War
• Russo-Swedish Wars
• Polish–Swedish wars
• Dano-Swedish War
• Polish–Russian wars
• Polish–Teutonic War
• Early modern warfare

Sources

References

1. Frost (2000), pp. 12–13
2. Frost (2000), p. 13
3. "Second Northern War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

Bibliography

• Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.