Norbert Zongo
Norbert Zongo (31 July 1949 – 13 December 1998), also known under the pen name of Henri Segbo or H.S., was a Burkinabé investigative journalist who managed the newspaper L'Indépendant in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Under Zongo's supervision, L'Indépendant exposed extortion and impunity within the government of Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré. He was assassinated after his newspaper began investigating the murder of a driver who had worked for the brother of Compaoré.[1][2][3][4]
Norbert Zongo | |
|---|---|
| Born | 31 July 1949 Koudougou region, French Upper Volta |
| Died | 13 December 1998 (aged 49) Near Sapouy, Ziro Province, Burkina Faso |
| Cause of death | Assassination |
| Writing career | |
| Pen name | Henri Segbo |
| Occupation | Investigative journalist |
| Alma mater |
|
| Notable works |
|
| Notable awards | Integrity Award |
| Spouse | Genevieve Zongo |
| Children | 2 sons |
| Relatives | Ernest Zongo (Brother) |
Early life and education edit
Norbert Zongo was born in the Koudougou region, French Upper Volta on 31 July 1949 into the Gnougnoossi family, a prominent subset of the Mossi people.[5] While in secondary school in 1964, he created a newspaper, La Voix du Cours Normal, writing bulletins on his exercise sheets with information gleaned from morning broadcasts from Radio France Internationale, BBC World Service, and other international radio stations. School officials eventually banned his publication after it discussed political topics.[6] After high school, Zongo pursued legal studies at University of Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire and journalism at the University of Benin in Togo. The latter university expelled him and he was imprisoned in Burkina Faso after he published his political novel Le Parachutage. He was able to finish his education in journalism at the University of Yaoundé in Cameroon.[7]
Zongo was a supporter of human rights and also helped found the Movement for Human and Peoples' Rights, an organization in Burkina Faso.[7]
Norbert Zongo's remains are buried in Gounghin Military Cemetery located just east of Ouagadougou.[8]
Career edit
In 1971, Norbert Zongo began his career as a teacher in Ouagadougou, Kadiogo Province.[9]
Zongo was also a writer. His first novel Le Parachutage was a thinly disguised political critique of Togo's President Gnassingbé Eyadema set in the post-colonial era. In the preface of the novel in 1988, Zongo mentions being arrested and beaten for writing it. He followed this novel with the colonial setting for Rougebeinga two years later, which was also political satire of leadership.[10]
In 1991, Zongo, after working for the national daily paper Sidwaya, founded La Clef with Saturnin Ki. It was the first newspaper in Burkina Faso to openly criticism the government, with Zongo contributing under the pseudonym Henri Sebgo[11] (or H.S.[10]). The paper folded in 1993. That June, Zongo founded the weekly L'Indépendant, which primarily covered government corruption.[11] In 1996, he began investigating a series of fraud and graft cases involving several mining and manufacturing companies with ties to top political officials and President Blaise Compaoré's family. His resulting work severely embarrassed the government. The following year, Zongo directly criticized the Parliament's decision to amend the Constitution to allow Compaoré to seek a third term.[12]
Death edit
In December 1997, a suspicious disappearance and possible murder of David Ouedraogo, the driver of François Compaoré (President Blaise Campaoré's brother), prompted Zongo to investigate. Ouedrago was tortured and killed for allegedly stealing large sums of money.[7][13] Zongo reported the case and wrote small excerpts every week for his newspaper. He began getting death threats and the government ignored them.[7] His wife, Genevieve Zongo, confirmed that he was receiving death threats from 1997 to his death in 1998. She was told that Norbert would often be followed by a car while on his motorbike. Zongo was also approached to convince him to drop his investigation, but he continued until his death.[7]
On December 13, 1998, four bodies were found shot and burned in a Toyota Land cruiser on the side of the road in Sapouy, Ziro Province.[14] The remains were identified as Norbert Zongo; Zongo's brother Yembi Ernest Zongo; Blaise Ilboudo, a colleague; and Abdouleye Ablassé Nikiema, who was Zongo's driver.[10][15][16] Zongo's death triggered a national crisis and violent protests within Burkina Faso.[1][17]
In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with murder and harboring the body of the victim in connection with the death of Ouedraogo. The charges were later dropped by a military tribunal after François Compaoré appealed against them.
Six presidential body guards were identified as suspects in the murder.[15][18][19] In August 2000, five members of the presidential security were charged for the murder of Ouedraogo. Marcel Kafando, Edmond Koama and Ousseini Yaro, who are also suspects in the Norbert Zongo case, were convicted and sentenced to lengthy prison terms. Edmond Koama died on January 4, 2001. Marcel Kafando was the only one who was charged for the crime, but the charges were later dropped on July 19, 2006. Marcel Kafando died three years later, in 2009.[20] The judgment was called "scandalous" by Reporters Without Borders.
Businessman Oumarou Kanazoé, who had also been implicated in documents brought forward by Reporters Without Borders,[21] died in October 2011.[22]
In 2013, the case was appealed for the family to have justice for their loss under a court system that was not under control of Burkina Faso. It was believed by the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights that Burkina Faso's government covered up the case and violated the revised treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) which allows freedom of expression and journalism.[3][15][23] The ACHPR determined that the case should be reopened in order for the victim's families to be compensated for their losses.[2][24]
Impact edit
During his funeral, about 20,000 people walked ten kilometres (6.2 mi) from the mortuary to the cemetery to pay tribute to him and solidarity with his cause.[25][14] In 2006, Zongo's case was determined closed with no one found guilty, which enraged civil rights defenders and citizens of Burkino Faso.[18][26]
Norbert Zongo's widowed wife, Genevieve continued to keep his newspaper, the L'Indépendant, alive after his death. She remains the primary publisher and editor in memory of her late husband.[27][23]
In 2014, it was determined that Norbert Zongo's case was unfairly excused due to a bias in government.[2]
On the morning of October 29, 2017, François Compaoré was arrested at Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle airport, based on a May 2017 international arrest warrant.[28] A French ministerial decree authorized the extradition of Compaoré in March 2020.[29] However, the extradition was suspended in 2021 by the European Court of Human Rights.[30] Subsequently, in the aftermath of the 2022 coup, on December 13, 2023, France made the 2020 ministerial decree obsolete.[31]
Reactions edit
The Committee to Protect Journalists' Africa program coordinator, Sue Valentine, stated "We praise Burkinabe authorities for taking this step (arresting three presidential soldiers involved in Zongo's murder) and call on them to ensure that the mastermind of this murder is identified and prosecuted. After 17 long years, the family, friends, and colleagues of Norbert Zongo deserve a thorough and transparent investigation leading to full justice."[16]
Reporters Without Borders' head of its Africa desk, Cléa Kahn-Sriber, said, "This ruling constitutes a major turning-point in the Zongo case, which has suffered appallingly from the impunity tolerated for all these years by Burkina Faso's justice system."[2]
Reporters Without Borders, who avidly campaigned for Zongo's case, stated, "This has always been a highly political case. Zongo was killed by members of the presidential guard. François Compaoré, the brother of President Blaise Compaoré, is implicated. The authorities never stopped protecting the killers. The president has got what he always wanted – injustice."[32]
The Independent Commission of Inquiry released the following statement: "Norbert Zongo was assassinated for purely political motives because he practiced investigative journalism. He defended a democratic ideal and had chosen to become involved, with his newspaper, in the struggle for the respect of human rights and justice, and against the poor management of the public sector and impunity."[19]
Legacy and commemoration edit
Many Burkinabé journalists accredit Zongo with being the first writer in the country to practice investigative journalism.[12]
- The singer Alpha Blondy wrote a song, Journalistes en danger, about the assassination of Zongo.
- In 2012, a memorial was erected at the Highway N6 (Ouagadougou – Léo) near Sapouy, at the site of his murder.
Awards edit
In 2001 Zongo was posthumously given the Integrity Award for his work to expose government corruption.[7][33]
References edit
- ^ a b "How Burkina Faso's Blaise Compaore sparked his own downfall". BBC News. 31 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d LUCAS BARASA (12 June 2015). "Ruling over Zongo case praised".
- ^ a b "Norbert Zongo". Committee to Protect Journalists. December 13, 1998.
- ^ "Hope of justice for Norbert Zongo at last?". Reporters Without Borders. June 8, 2015.
- ^ Akyeampong et al. 2012, p. 247.
- ^ Soré 2008, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b c d e f Soré 2008.
- ^ "In Norbert Zongo case, 12 years of impunity – Committee to Protect Journalists". cpj.org. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ Soré 2008, p. 30.
- ^ a b c Wise 2001, pp. 157–158.
- ^ a b Soré 2008, p. 16.
- ^ a b Soré 2008, pp. 22–23.
- ^ The Patriotic Vanguard (5 December 2013). "Arusha: Public Hearing on the Norbert Zongo and Others Case". The Patriotic Vanguard.
- ^ a b "Zongo affair shakes Burkina Faso". mondediplo.com. August 1999.
- ^ a b c "Burkina Faso / Norbert Zongo Case : The African Court recognizes the responsibility of the State of Burkina Faso in the denial of justice for the victims". Worldwide Movement for Human Rights.
- ^ a b "Glimmer of hope in Norbert Zongo murder case in Burkina Faso". 14 December 2015.
- ^ "Burkina Faso charges three soldiers with murder of journalist". Yahoo News. 12 December 2015.
- ^ a b Staff (12 December 2015). "Burkina Faso indicts, jails 3 in killing of investigative journalist nearly 2 decades ago". Global News.
- ^ a b "Report on death of journalist Norbert Zongo submitted by Independent Commission of Inquiry". IFEX. 7 May 1999.
- ^ "Burkina Faso: After the revolution". 9 January 2015.
- ^ https://rsf.org/en/reporters-without-borders-provides-new-evidence-zongo-murder-case
- ^ https://lefaso.net/spip.php?page=web-tv-video&id_article=44497&rubrique4
- ^ a b "The Killing of Norbert Zongo: African Court Stresses State Obligation to Protect Journalists". Open Society Foundations.
- ^ "Norbert Zongo's murder: No justice after 10 years". 12 December 2008.
- ^ Soré 2008, p. 9.
- ^ "Burkina Faso coalition campaigns for justice in journalist Zongo's death, 1998-2001".
- ^ "Hope of justice for Norbert Zongo at last?". Reporters Without Borders.
- ^ "Burkina : François Compaoré interpellé à Roissy dans l'affaire Norbert Zongo". Le Monde.fr (in French). 29 October 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
- ^ https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/06/la-france-autorise-l-extradition-de-francois-compaore-vers-le-burkina-faso_6032028_3212.html
- ^ https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210806-la-cedh-suspend-l-extradiction-de-fran%C3%A7ois-compaor%C3%A9-depuis-la-france-vers-le-burkina-faso
- ^ [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231221-burkina-faso-la-france-annule-le-d%C3%A9cret-d-extradition-de-fran%C3%A7ois-compaor%C3%A9 "Afrique Burkina Faso: la France annule le décret d'extradition de François Compaoré"], Radio France Internationale, 21 December 2023 (in French).
- ^ http://www.ifex.org/fr/content/view/full/75827/ Judge dismisses sole suspect in Zongo's Murder
- ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Award winner – Norbert Zongo (Integrity Award)".
References edit
- Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis; Niven, Steven J. (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 9780195382075.
- Soré, Ramata (2008), The Murder of Norbert Zongo : A history of investigative journalism in Burkina Faso (PDF), Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
- Wise, Christopher, ed. (2001). The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel. Vol. 3. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 9780894108679.
External links edit
- Le Parachutage
- Movement for Human and Peoples' Rights
- Economic Community of West African States
- African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
- Sue Valentine 2016-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
- Cléa Kahn-Sriber
- Chrysogone Zougmoré
- Integrity Award 2016-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
- Judge dismisses sole suspect in Zongo's Murder – IFEX
- Amnesty International: "Burkina Faso: Amnesty International Welcomes Progress in the Norbert Zongo Case"[permanent dead link]
- Le Monde (in French)