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Nipah virus

December 20, 2023

Not to be confused with Nepovirus.

Nipah virus is a bat-borne, zoonotic virus that causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other animals, a disease with a very high mortality rate (40-75%). Numerous disease outbreaks caused by Nipah virus have occurred in South East Africa and Southeast Asia. Nipah virus belongs to the genus Henipavirus along with the Hendra virus, which has also caused disease outbreaks.[1]

Nipah virus
False-color electron micrograph showing a Nipah virus particle (purple) by an infected Vero cell (brown)
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Henipavirus
Species:
Nipah virus

Virology edit

Like other henipaviruses, the Nipah virus genome is a single (non-segmented) negative-sense, single-stranded RNA of over 18 kb, which is substantially longer than that of other paramyxoviruses.[2][3] The enveloped virus particles are variable in shape, and can be filamentous or spherical; they contain a helical nucleocapsid.[2] Six structural proteins are generated: N (nucleocapsid), P (phosphoprotein), M (matrix), F (fusion), G (glycoprotein) and L (RNA polymerase). The P open reading frame also encodes three nonstructural proteins, C, V and W.

There are two envelope glycoproteins. The G glycoprotein ectodomain assembles as a homotetramer to form the viral anti-receptor or attachment protein, which binds to the receptor on the host cell. Each strand in the ectodomain consists of four distinct regions: at the N-terminal and connecting to the viral surface is the helical stalk, followed by the beta-sandwich neck domain, the linker region and finally, at the C-terminal, four heads which contain host cell receptor binding domains.[4] Each head consists of a beta-propeller structure with six blades. There are three unique folding patterns of the heads, resulting in a 2-up/2-down configuration where two heads are positioned distal to the virus and two heads are proximal. Due to the folding patterns and subsequent arrangement of the heads, only one of the four heads is positioned with its binding site accessible to associate with the host B2/B3 receptor.[4] The G protein head domain is also highly antigenic, inducing head-specific antibodies in primate models. As such, it is a prime target for vaccine development as well as antibody therapy. One head-specific antibody, m102.4, has been used in compassionate use cases and has completed Phase 1 clinical trials.[5] The F glycoprotein forms a trimer, which mediates membrane fusion.[2][3]

Tropism edit

Ephrins B2 and B3 have been identified as the main receptors for Nipah virus.[2][3][6] Ephrin sub-types have a complex distribution of expression throughout the body, where the B3 is noted to have particularly high expression in some forebrain sub-regions.[7]

Evolution edit

The most likely origin of this virus was in 1947 (95% credible interval: 1888–1988).[8] There are two clades of this virus—one with its origin in 1995 (95% credible interval: 1985–2002) and a second with its origin in 1985 (95% credible interval: 1971–1996). The mutation rate was estimated to be 6.5 × 10−4 substitution/site/year (95% credible interval: 2.3 × 10−4 –1.18 × 10−3), similar to other RNA viruses.[citation needed]

Geographic distribution edit

 
Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox), one of the natural reservoirs of Nipah virus

Nipah virus has been isolated from Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei) in Cambodia[9] and viral RNA found in urine and saliva from P. lylei and Horsfield's roundleaf bat (Hipposideros larvatus) in Thailand.[10] Ineffective forms of the virus has also been isolated from environmental samples of bat urine and partially eaten fruit in Malaysia.[11] Antibodies to henipaviruses have also been found in fruit bats in Madagascar (Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum)[12] and Ghana (Eidolon helvum)[13] indicating a wide geographic distribution of the viruses. No infection of humans or other species have been observed in Cambodia, Thailand or Africa as of May 2018. In September 2023, India reported at least five infections and two deaths.[14]

Symptoms edit

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle pain (myalgia)
  • Vomiting
  • Sore throat

These symptoms can be followed by more serious conditions including:

  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness
  • Altered consciousness
  • Acute encephalitis
  • Atypical pneumonia
  • Severe respiratory distress
  • Seizures[15]

History edit

Emergence edit

The first cases of Nipah virus infection were identified in 1998, when an outbreak of neurological and respiratory disease on pig farms in peninsular Malaysia caused 265 human cases, with 108 deaths.[16][17][18] The virus was isolated the following year in 1999.[1] This outbreak resulted in the culling of one million pigs. In Singapore, 11 cases, including one death, occurred in abattoir workers exposed to pigs imported from the affected Malaysian farms. The Nipah virus has been classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category C agent.[19] The name "Nipah" refers to the place, Sungai Nipah (literally nipah river') in Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, the source of the human case from which Nipah virus was first isolated.[20][21] Nipah virus is one of several viruses identified by WHO as a likely cause of a future epidemic in a new plan developed after the Ebola epidemic for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic toward new diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines.[22][23]

The outbreak was originally mistaken for Japanese encephalitis, but physicians in the area noted that persons who had been vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis were not protected in the epidemic, and the number of cases among adults was unusual.[24] Although these observations were recorded in the first month of the outbreak, the Ministry of Health failed to take them into account, and launched a nationwide campaign to educate people on the dangers of Japanese encephalitis and its vector, Culex mosquitoes.[citation needed]

Symptoms of infection from the Malaysian outbreak were primarily encephalitic in humans and respiratory in pigs. Later outbreaks have caused respiratory illness in humans, increasing the likelihood of human-to-human transmission and indicating the existence of more dangerous strains of the virus.

During the 1999 outbreak of Nipah virus, which occurred among pig farmers, the majority of human infections stemmed from direct contact with sick pigs and the unprotected handling of secretions from the pigs.

Based on seroprevalence data and virus isolations, the primary reservoir for Nipah virus was identified as Pteropid fruit bats, including Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox), and Pteropus hypomelanus (small flying fox), both found in Malaysia.[25]

The transmission of Nipah virus from flying foxes to pigs is thought to be due to an increasing overlap between bat habitats and piggeries in peninsular Malaysia. At the index farm, fruit orchards were in close proximity to the piggery, allowing the spillage of urine, faeces and partially eaten fruit onto the pigs.[26] Retrospective studies demonstrate that viral spillover into pigs may have been occurring, undetected, in Malaysia since 1996.[16] During 1998, viral spread was aided by the transfer of infected pigs to other farms, where new outbreaks occurred.[15]

Treatment edit

Presently, there are no dedicated drugs or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of Nipah virus infection.The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated Nipah virus as a priority disease within the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. In cases of severe respiratory and neurological complications resulting from Nipah virus infection, healthcare professionals advise intensive supportive care as the primary treatment approach.[15]

Outbreaks of disease edit

Main article: Nipah virus infection § Outbreaks

Nipah virus infection outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh and India. The highest mortality due to Nipah virus infection has occurred in Bangladesh, where outbreaks are typically seen in winter.[27] Nipah virus first appeared in 1998, in peninsular Malaysia in pigs and pig farmers. By mid-1999, more than 265 human cases of encephalitis, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of either encephalitis or respiratory illness with one fatality were reported in Singapore.[28] In 2001, Nipah virus was reported from Meherpur District, Bangladesh[29][30] and Siliguri, India.[29] The outbreak again appeared in 2003, 2004 and 2005 in Naogaon District, Manikganj District, Rajbari District, Faridpur District and Tangail District.[30] In Bangladesh there were also outbreaks in subsequent years.[31] In September 2021, Nipah virus resurfaced in Kerala, India claiming the life of a 12-year-old boy.[32] The most recent outbreak of Nipah virus occurred during January and February 2023 in Bangladesh with a total of 11 cases (ten confirmed, one probable) resulting in 8 deaths, a case fatality rate of 73%.[33] This outbreak resulted in the highest number of cases reported since 2015 in Bangladesh, and ten of the 11 cases during the 2023 outbreak had a confirmed history of consuming date palm sap.[33]

 
Locations of henipavirus outbreaks (red stars–Hendra virus; blue stars–Nipah virus) and distribution of henipavirus flying fox reservoirs (red shading–Hendra virus; blue shading–Nipah virus)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Nipah Virus (NiV) CDC". www.cdc.gov. CDC. from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Aditi; M. Shariff (2019). "Nipah virus infection: A review". Epidemiology and Infection. 147: E95. doi:10.1017/S0950268819000086. PMC 6518547. PMID 30869046.
  3. ^ a b c Moushimi Amaya; Christopher C. Broder (2020). "Vaccines to emerging viruses: Nipah and Hendra". Annual Review of Virology. 7 (1): 447–473. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-021920-113833. PMC 8782152. PMID 32991264. S2CID 222158412.
  4. ^ a b Wang, Zhaoqian; Amaya, Moushimi; Addetia, Amin; Dang, Ha V.; Reggiano, Gabriella; Yan, Lianying; Hickey, Andrew C.; DiMaio, Frank; Broder, Christopher C.; Veesler, David (2022-03-25). "Architecture and antigenicity of the Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein". Science. 375 (6587): 1373–1378. Bibcode:2022Sci...375.1373W. doi:10.1126/science.abm5561. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 35239409. S2CID 246751048.
  5. ^ Johnson, Kendra; Vu, Michelle; Freiberg, Alexander N (2021-09-29). "Recent advances in combating Nipah virus". Faculty Reviews. 10: 74. doi:10.12703/r/10-74. ISSN 2732-432X. PMC 8483238. PMID 34632460.
  6. ^ Lee B, Ataman ZA; Ataman (2011). "Modes of paramyxovirus fusion: a Henipavirus perspective". Trends in Microbiology. 19 (8): 389–399. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.03.005. PMC 3264399. PMID 21511478.
  7. ^ Hruska, Martin; Dalva, Matthew B. (May 2012). "Ephrin regulation of synapse formation, function and plasticity". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 50 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2012.03.004. ISSN 1044-7431. PMC 3631567. PMID 22449939.
  8. ^ Lo Presti A, Cella E, Giovanetti M, Lai A, Angeletti S, Zehender G, Ciccozzi M (2015). "Origin and evolution of Nipah virus". J Med Virol. 88 (3): 380–388. doi:10.1002/jmv.24345. PMID 26252523. S2CID 24428068.
  9. ^ Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S (2005). "Nipah virus in Lyle's flying foxes, Cambodia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (7): 1042–7. doi:10.3201/eid1107.041350. PMC 3371782. PMID 16022778.
  10. ^ Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K (2005). "Bat Nipah virus, Thailand". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1949–51. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050613. PMC 3367639. PMID 16485487.
  11. ^ Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS (2002). "Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes". Microbes and Infection. 4 (2): 145–51. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01522-2. PMID 11880045.
  12. ^ Lehlé C, Razafitrimo G, Razainirina J (2007). "Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats, Madagascar". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 159–61. doi:10.3201/eid1301.060791. PMC 2725826. PMID 17370536.
  13. ^ Hayman DT, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, McEachern JA, Wang L, Wood JL, Cunningham AA, et al. (2008). Montgomery JM (ed.). "Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): 2739. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2739H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002739. PMC 2453319. PMID 18648649.
  14. ^ "What is Nipah virus? India rushes to contain outbreak". Washington Post. 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  15. ^ a b c "Nipah virus". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  16. ^ a b Field, H; Young, P; Yob, JM; Mills, J; Hall, L; MacKenzie, J (2001). "The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses". Microbes and Infection. 3 (4): 307–14. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3. PMID 11334748.
  17. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (30 April 1999). "Update: outbreak of Nipah virus—Malaysia and Singapore, 1999". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 48 (16): 335–7. PMID 10366143.
  18. ^ Lai-Meng Looi; Kaw-Bing Chua (2007). "Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia" (PDF). The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 29 (2): 63–67. PMID 19108397. (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2019.
  19. ^ . bt.cdc.gov
  20. ^ Siva SR, Chong HT, Tan CT (2009). "Ten year clinical and serological outcomes of Nipah virus infection" (PDF). Neurology Asia. 14: 53–58.
  21. ^ "Spillover – Zika, Ebola & Beyond". pbs.org. PBS. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  22. ^ Kieny, Marie-Paule. "After Ebola, a Blueprint Emerges to Jump-Start R&D". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  23. ^ . World Health Organization. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  24. ^ "Dobbs and the viral encephalitis outbreak".. Archived thread from the Malaysian Doctors Only BBS 18 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Constable, Harriet (2021-01-12). "The other virus that worries Asia". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  26. ^ Chua KB, Chua BH, Wang CW (2002). "Anthropogenic deforestation, El Niño and the emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia". The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 24 (1): 15–21. PMID 16329551.
  27. ^ Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, et al. (February 2006). "Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 235–40. doi:10.3201/eid1202.051247. PMC 3373078. PMID 16494748.
  28. ^ Eaton BT, Broder CC, Middleton D, Wang LF (January 2006). "Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 4 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1323. PMC 7097447. PMID 16357858. S2CID 24764543.
  29. ^ a b Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, et al. (February 2006). "Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 235–40. doi:10.3201/eid1202.051247. PMC 3373078. PMID 16494748.
  30. ^ a b Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I, et al. (December 2004). "Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (12): 2082–7. doi:10.3201/eid1012.040701. PMC 3323384. PMID 15663842.
  31. ^ . South-East Asia Regional Office. WHO. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  32. ^ "India's COVID-battered Kerala state now on alert for Nipah virus". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  33. ^ a b "Nipah virus infection – Bangladesh". who.int. Retrieved 2023-07-19.

External links edit

  • "Analytics". OIE World Animal Health Information Database.
  • "Fighting Nipah virus". Research: Animals: Livestock. CSIRO.
  • Enserink M (February 2009). . Science Now. AAAS. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009.

December 20, 2023
nipah, virus, confused, with, nepovirus, borne, zoonotic, virus, that, causes, infection, humans, other, animals, disease, with, very, high, mortality, rate, numerous, disease, outbreaks, caused, have, occurred, south, east, africa, southeast, asia, belongs, g. Not to be confused with Nepovirus Nipah virus is a bat borne zoonotic virus that causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other animals a disease with a very high mortality rate 40 75 Numerous disease outbreaks caused by Nipah virus have occurred in South East Africa and Southeast Asia Nipah virus belongs to the genus Henipavirus along with the Hendra virus which has also caused disease outbreaks 1 Nipah virusFalse color electron micrograph showing a Nipah virus particle purple by an infected Vero cell brown Virus classification unranked VirusRealm RiboviriaKingdom OrthornaviraePhylum NegarnaviricotaClass MonjiviricetesOrder MononegaviralesFamily ParamyxoviridaeGenus HenipavirusSpecies Nipah virus Contents 1 Virology 1 1 Tropism 1 2 Evolution 2 Geographic distribution 3 Symptoms 4 History 4 1 Emergence 4 2 Treatment 4 3 Outbreaks of disease 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksVirology editLike other henipaviruses the Nipah virus genome is a single non segmented negative sense single stranded RNA of over 18 kb which is substantially longer than that of other paramyxoviruses 2 3 The enveloped virus particles are variable in shape and can be filamentous or spherical they contain a helical nucleocapsid 2 Six structural proteins are generated N nucleocapsid P phosphoprotein M matrix F fusion G glycoprotein and L RNA polymerase The P open reading frame also encodes three nonstructural proteins C V and W There are two envelope glycoproteins The G glycoprotein ectodomain assembles as a homotetramer to form the viral anti receptor or attachment protein which binds to the receptor on the host cell Each strand in the ectodomain consists of four distinct regions at the N terminal and connecting to the viral surface is the helical stalk followed by the beta sandwich neck domain the linker region and finally at the C terminal four heads which contain host cell receptor binding domains 4 Each head consists of a beta propeller structure with six blades There are three unique folding patterns of the heads resulting in a 2 up 2 down configuration where two heads are positioned distal to the virus and two heads are proximal Due to the folding patterns and subsequent arrangement of the heads only one of the four heads is positioned with its binding site accessible to associate with the host B2 B3 receptor 4 The G protein head domain is also highly antigenic inducing head specific antibodies in primate models As such it is a prime target for vaccine development as well as antibody therapy One head specific antibody m102 4 has been used in compassionate use cases and has completed Phase 1 clinical trials 5 The F glycoprotein forms a trimer which mediates membrane fusion 2 3 Tropism edit Ephrins B2 and B3 have been identified as the main receptors for Nipah virus 2 3 6 Ephrin sub types have a complex distribution of expression throughout the body where the B3 is noted to have particularly high expression in some forebrain sub regions 7 Evolution edit The most likely origin of this virus was in 1947 95 credible interval 1888 1988 8 There are two clades of this virus one with its origin in 1995 95 credible interval 1985 2002 and a second with its origin in 1985 95 credible interval 1971 1996 The mutation rate was estimated to be 6 5 10 4 substitution site year 95 credible interval 2 3 10 4 1 18 10 3 similar to other RNA viruses citation needed Geographic distribution edit nbsp Pteropus vampyrus large flying fox one of the natural reservoirs of Nipah virusNipah virus has been isolated from Lyle s flying fox Pteropus lylei in Cambodia 9 and viral RNA found in urine and saliva from P lylei and Horsfield s roundleaf bat Hipposideros larvatus in Thailand 10 Ineffective forms of the virus has also been isolated from environmental samples of bat urine and partially eaten fruit in Malaysia 11 Antibodies to henipaviruses have also been found in fruit bats in Madagascar Pteropus rufus Eidolon dupreanum 12 and Ghana Eidolon helvum 13 indicating a wide geographic distribution of the viruses No infection of humans or other species have been observed in Cambodia Thailand or Africa as of May 2018 In September 2023 India reported at least five infections and two deaths 14 Symptoms editFever Headache Muscle pain myalgia Vomiting Sore throatThese symptoms can be followed by more serious conditions including Dizziness Drowsiness Altered consciousness Acute encephalitis Atypical pneumonia Severe respiratory distress Seizures 15 History editEmergence edit The first cases of Nipah virus infection were identified in 1998 when an outbreak of neurological and respiratory disease on pig farms in peninsular Malaysia caused 265 human cases with 108 deaths 16 17 18 The virus was isolated the following year in 1999 1 This outbreak resulted in the culling of one million pigs In Singapore 11 cases including one death occurred in abattoir workers exposed to pigs imported from the affected Malaysian farms The Nipah virus has been classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category C agent 19 The name Nipah refers to the place Sungai Nipah literally nipah river in Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan the source of the human case from which Nipah virus was first isolated 20 21 Nipah virus is one of several viruses identified by WHO as a likely cause of a future epidemic in a new plan developed after the Ebola epidemic for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic toward new diagnostic tests vaccines and medicines 22 23 The outbreak was originally mistaken for Japanese encephalitis but physicians in the area noted that persons who had been vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis were not protected in the epidemic and the number of cases among adults was unusual 24 Although these observations were recorded in the first month of the outbreak the Ministry of Health failed to take them into account and launched a nationwide campaign to educate people on the dangers of Japanese encephalitis and its vector Culex mosquitoes citation needed Symptoms of infection from the Malaysian outbreak were primarily encephalitic in humans and respiratory in pigs Later outbreaks have caused respiratory illness in humans increasing the likelihood of human to human transmission and indicating the existence of more dangerous strains of the virus During the 1999 outbreak of Nipah virus which occurred among pig farmers the majority of human infections stemmed from direct contact with sick pigs and the unprotected handling of secretions from the pigs Based on seroprevalence data and virus isolations the primary reservoir for Nipah virus was identified as Pteropid fruit bats including Pteropus vampyrus large flying fox and Pteropus hypomelanus small flying fox both found in Malaysia 25 The transmission of Nipah virus from flying foxes to pigs is thought to be due to an increasing overlap between bat habitats and piggeries in peninsular Malaysia At the index farm fruit orchards were in close proximity to the piggery allowing the spillage of urine faeces and partially eaten fruit onto the pigs 26 Retrospective studies demonstrate that viral spillover into pigs may have been occurring undetected in Malaysia since 1996 16 During 1998 viral spread was aided by the transfer of infected pigs to other farms where new outbreaks occurred 15 Treatment edit Presently there are no dedicated drugs or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of Nipah virus infection The World Health Organization WHO has designated Nipah virus as a priority disease within the WHO Research and Development Blueprint In cases of severe respiratory and neurological complications resulting from Nipah virus infection healthcare professionals advise intensive supportive care as the primary treatment approach 15 Outbreaks of disease edit Main article Nipah virus infection Outbreaks Nipah virus infection outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia Singapore Bangladesh and India The highest mortality due to Nipah virus infection has occurred in Bangladesh where outbreaks are typically seen in winter 27 Nipah virus first appeared in 1998 in peninsular Malaysia in pigs and pig farmers By mid 1999 more than 265 human cases of encephalitis including 105 deaths had been reported in Malaysia and 11 cases of either encephalitis or respiratory illness with one fatality were reported in Singapore 28 In 2001 Nipah virus was reported from Meherpur District Bangladesh 29 30 and Siliguri India 29 The outbreak again appeared in 2003 2004 and 2005 in Naogaon District Manikganj District Rajbari District Faridpur District and Tangail District 30 In Bangladesh there were also outbreaks in subsequent years 31 In September 2021 Nipah virus resurfaced in Kerala India claiming the life of a 12 year old boy 32 The most recent outbreak of Nipah virus occurred during January and February 2023 in Bangladesh with a total of 11 cases ten confirmed one probable resulting in 8 deaths a case fatality rate of 73 33 This outbreak resulted in the highest number of cases reported since 2015 in Bangladesh and ten of the 11 cases during the 2023 outbreak had a confirmed history of consuming date palm sap 33 nbsp Locations of henipavirus outbreaks red stars Hendra virus blue stars Nipah virus and distribution of henipavirus flying fox reservoirs red shading Hendra virus blue shading Nipah virus See also edit nbsp Viruses portal1998 1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak Nipah virus outbreaks in KeralaReferences edit a b Nipah Virus NiV CDC www cdc gov CDC Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 Retrieved 21 May 2018 a b c d Aditi M Shariff 2019 Nipah virus infection A review Epidemiology and Infection 147 E95 doi 10 1017 S0950268819000086 PMC 6518547 PMID 30869046 a b c Moushimi Amaya Christopher C Broder 2020 Vaccines to emerging viruses Nipah and Hendra Annual Review of Virology 7 1 447 473 doi 10 1146 annurev virology 021920 113833 PMC 8782152 PMID 32991264 S2CID 222158412 a b Wang Zhaoqian Amaya Moushimi Addetia Amin Dang Ha V Reggiano Gabriella Yan Lianying Hickey Andrew C DiMaio Frank Broder Christopher C Veesler David 2022 03 25 Architecture and antigenicity of the Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein Science 375 6587 1373 1378 Bibcode 2022Sci 375 1373W doi 10 1126 science abm5561 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 35239409 S2CID 246751048 Johnson Kendra Vu Michelle Freiberg Alexander N 2021 09 29 Recent advances in combating Nipah virus Faculty Reviews 10 74 doi 10 12703 r 10 74 ISSN 2732 432X PMC 8483238 PMID 34632460 Lee B Ataman ZA Ataman 2011 Modes of paramyxovirus fusion a Henipavirus perspective Trends in Microbiology 19 8 389 399 doi 10 1016 j tim 2011 03 005 PMC 3264399 PMID 21511478 Hruska Martin Dalva Matthew B May 2012 Ephrin regulation of synapse formation function and plasticity Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences 50 1 35 44 doi 10 1016 j mcn 2012 03 004 ISSN 1044 7431 PMC 3631567 PMID 22449939 Lo Presti A Cella E Giovanetti M Lai A Angeletti S Zehender G Ciccozzi M 2015 Origin and evolution of Nipah virus J Med Virol 88 3 380 388 doi 10 1002 jmv 24345 PMID 26252523 S2CID 24428068 Reynes JM Counor D Ong S 2005 Nipah virus in Lyle s flying foxes Cambodia Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 7 1042 7 doi 10 3201 eid1107 041350 PMC 3371782 PMID 16022778 Wacharapluesadee S Lumlertdacha B Boongird K 2005 Bat Nipah virus Thailand Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 12 1949 51 doi 10 3201 eid1112 050613 PMC 3367639 PMID 16485487 Chua KB Koh CL Hooi PS 2002 Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying foxes Microbes and Infection 4 2 145 51 doi 10 1016 S1286 4579 01 01522 2 PMID 11880045 Lehle C Razafitrimo G Razainirina J 2007 Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats Madagascar Emerging Infectious Diseases 13 1 159 61 doi 10 3201 eid1301 060791 PMC 2725826 PMID 17370536 Hayman DT Suu Ire R Breed AC McEachern JA Wang L Wood JL Cunningham AA et al 2008 Montgomery JM ed Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats PLOS ONE 3 7 2739 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2739H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002739 PMC 2453319 PMID 18648649 What is Nipah virus India rushes to contain outbreak Washington Post 2023 09 15 Retrieved 2023 09 15 a b c Nipah virus www who int Retrieved 2021 09 07 a b Field H Young P Yob JM Mills J Hall L MacKenzie J 2001 The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses Microbes and Infection 3 4 307 14 doi 10 1016 S1286 4579 01 01384 3 PMID 11334748 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 30 April 1999 Update outbreak of Nipah virus Malaysia and Singapore 1999 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48 16 335 7 PMID 10366143 Lai Meng Looi Kaw Bing Chua 2007 Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia PDF The Malaysian Journal of Pathology 29 2 63 67 PMID 19108397 Archived PDF from the original on 30 August 2019 Bioterrorism Agents Diseases bt cdc gov Siva SR Chong HT Tan CT 2009 Ten year clinical and serological outcomes of Nipah virus infection PDF Neurology Asia 14 53 58 Spillover Zika Ebola amp Beyond pbs org PBS 3 August 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2016 Kieny Marie Paule After Ebola a Blueprint Emerges to Jump Start R amp D Scientific American Blog Network Retrieved 13 December 2016 LIST OF PATHOGENS World Health Organization Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved 13 December 2016 Dobbs and the viral encephalitis outbreak Archived thread from the Malaysian Doctors Only BBS Archived 18 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine Constable Harriet 2021 01 12 The other virus that worries Asia www bbc com Retrieved 2022 01 02 Chua KB Chua BH Wang CW 2002 Anthropogenic deforestation El Nino and the emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia The Malaysian Journal of Pathology 24 1 15 21 PMID 16329551 Chadha MS Comer JA Lowe L Rota PA Rollin PE Bellini WJ et al February 2006 Nipah virus associated encephalitis outbreak Siliguri India Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 2 235 40 doi 10 3201 eid1202 051247 PMC 3373078 PMID 16494748 Eaton BT Broder CC Middleton D Wang LF January 2006 Hendra and Nipah viruses different and dangerous Nature Reviews Microbiology 4 1 23 35 doi 10 1038 nrmicro1323 PMC 7097447 PMID 16357858 S2CID 24764543 a b Chadha MS Comer JA Lowe L Rota PA Rollin PE Bellini WJ et al February 2006 Nipah virus associated encephalitis outbreak Siliguri India Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 2 235 40 doi 10 3201 eid1202 051247 PMC 3373078 PMID 16494748 a b Hsu VP Hossain MJ Parashar UD Ali MM Ksiazek TG Kuzmin I et al December 2004 Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence Bangladesh Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 12 2082 7 doi 10 3201 eid1012 040701 PMC 3323384 PMID 15663842 Nipah virus outbreaks in the WHO South East Asia Region South East Asia Regional Office WHO Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 Retrieved 23 May 2018 India s COVID battered Kerala state now on alert for Nipah virus aljazeera com Retrieved 9 September 2021 a b Nipah virus infection Bangladesh who int Retrieved 2023 07 19 External links edit Analytics OIE World Animal Health Information Database Fighting Nipah virus Research Animals Livestock CSIRO Enserink M February 2009 Virus s Achilles Heel Revealed Science Now AAAS Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nipah virus amp oldid 1189509618, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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