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New generation (Malayalam film movement)

January 01, 1970

New generation films is a Malayalam film movement developed in the early 2010s, characterized by fresh and unusual themes and new narrative techniques.[1][2] Films of the new wave differ from conventional themes of the past two decades and introduced several new trends and techniques to the Malayalam film industry.[3] While the new generation formats and styles are deeply influenced by global trends, their thematics are firmly rooted in Malayalee life and mindscapes.[4]

The new generation also helped to revive the Malayalam film industry in the early 2020s when the industry was hit with the effects of COVID-19 pandemic.[5]

Beginning edit

Filmmaker Amal Neerad is widely credited with bringing a new era of filmmaking in Malayalam cinema.[6] His directorial debut, Big B (2007), introduced a fresh cinematic experience to Malayalam audiences and has since garnered a significant cult following.[7] This style inspired upcoming filmmakers, who went on to experiment further and produce films in the coming years such as Traffic (2011), City of God (2011), Salt N' Pepper (2011) and Chaappa Kurishu (2011), which helped define the movement. In the beginning, most of the new wave films were modestly budgeted, thus supporting experiments by new directors, between Rs. 2 - 3 Crores (compared to the average Malayalam commercial film budget of Rs. 6 - 8 Crores) and have more than recovered their investment.[2][8]

Unlike the general trend in the Malayalam films, most of the new directors were young.[1] Director Aashiq Abu, one of the most talked-about new generation film-makers in Malayalam, introduced several new wave films and technicians.[3] Actor-producer Jayasurya who had debuted into the industry in 2002, had begun creating his own signature in the new-wave of cinema through phenomenal acting performances in films such as Beautiful and Trivandrum Lodge. Jayasurya had also broke the image barrier of performing in lead roles for a mainstream actor or star, by essaying several character roles and antagonist roles all which were critically acclaimed.[9] Actor-writer Anoop Menon was another emerging personality in the beginning of New Generation Era.[3]

Characteristics of films edit

Erosion of the so-called "superstar" system in popular Malayalam films coincided with rise of the new wave where screenplay got rooted-to-reality, closer-to-life and lead characters became ordinary men and women. Influx of new actors, the absence of superstars, rise of metro-centric/urban and middle-class themes and different story-lines were also noted in the wave. While formats and styles of the new directors are deeply influenced by the global trends, their thematics were firmly rooted in Malayali life and mind-scape.[10] A recurrent trope in these new narratives is accidents, coincidences, casual encounters and chance meetings that set in motion an unexpected chain of events affecting the lives of the characters drifting in the urban flotsam.[10] The frequent use of Malayalam influenced by English is also noted in the films.[8] The use of latest technology has added speed to the process of change in the industry. More advanced technology and innovative techniques are being experimented and the industry has become more open to trying out new ideas.

Until the beginning of new wave, most Malayalam films had rural themes portraying the "essential goodness" and "unspoilt beauty" of villages.[11] The focus of the films also shifted from the conventional masculine, handsome, virtuous and invincible hero to more humane characters. Another notable feature is that stories shifted to depict more non-male characters as lead. Movies featuring gender minorities and homosexual leads is another definitive characteristic of this era of Malayalam cinema.[2] The depiction of women has also changed in the New Wave films beyond recognition. The leading ladies often flirt openly, drink in public, and make lewd comments.[2] A number of female-oriented films like 22 Female Kottayam, Rani Padmini, Uyare, The Great Indian Kitchen were also the part of the new wave.[1]

Impact on superstardom edit

 
 
A new macho hero image emerged through a number Malayalam films during the 1990s and 2000s, that added another dimension to the ascent of Mohanlal (Left) and Mammootty (Right) as superstars.

The new wave soon ignited a debate about the era of superstars coming to an end with Malayalam cinema witnessing a radical change.[12] In the 1980s, stars mattered, though not as much as in the 1990s and 2000s, when Malayalam cinema was practically dictated by the then superstars of the industry.[13] The stranglehold of superstars that was stifling any new experimentation, complemented by the autocratic control of Malayalam film industry organisations over all areas of the industry was seen as pushing the industry to the wall.[10] Unlike Mohanlal, Mammootty has done more films with directors of new wave movement, mostly being the directors' debut movie.[14][15]

Notable personalities edit

  •  
    Amal Neerad
  •  
    Fahadh Faasil
  •  
    Nivin Pauly
  •  
    Dulquer Salmaan
  •  
    Tovino Thomas
  •  
    Aashiq Abu
  •  
    Vineeth Sreenivasan
  •  
    Parvathy Thiruvothu

Actors edit

Actors like Thilakan, Nedumudi Venu, Prithviraj Sukumaran, Jayasurya, Kunchacko Boban, Indrajith Sukumaran, Biju Menon, Indrans, Pratap Pothen, Suraj Venjarammood, Harisree Asokan, Kunchan, Lal, Saiju Kurup, Jaffar Idukki, Baburaj, Lena etc. who began their career before the new wave were also noted for their performances in the new generation films.

Directors edit

Screenwriters like Syam Pushkaran, Dileesh Nair, Bobby–Sanjay, Unni R., Santhosh Echikkanam, Anjali Menon, PS Rafeeque, P. F. Mathews, S. Hareesh, Murali Gopy, Gopan Chidambaram, P. Balachandran, Shahi Kabir, Muhsin Parari; Cinematographers such as Shyju Khalid, Sameer Thahir, Madhu Neelakandan, Abinandhan Ramanujam, Jomon T. John, Renadive, Little Swayamp, Anend C. Chandran, Pappu, Shehnad Jalal, Vinod illampally; Musical Artists Bijibal, Rex Vijayan, Jakes Bejoy, Prashant Pillai, Sushin Shyam, Gopi Sundar, Rahul Raj, Shaan Rahman, Rajesh Murugesan, Shahabaz Aman, Vishnu Vijay, Justin Varghese; Editors like Vivek Harshan, B. Ajithkumar, Saiju Sreedharan, Mahesh Narayanan, Praveen Prabhakar, Manoj, Noufal Abdullah, Deepu Joseph etc. were also made significant contributions to New Wave films.

Films widely regarded as new generation films edit

The following are some of the films widely considered as new generation Malayalam films:

General response and criticisms edit

As per critics, the new wave of activity in Malayalam cinema is reminiscent of the 1980s, regarded as the golden age of Malayalam cinema, when mainstream films bridged the gap between arthouse and commercial movies, led by a team of talented writers and directors.[13] In the 1980s, Malayalam films witnessed some positive changes through directors like Padmarajan and Bharathan, who made path-breaking films. These films too broke the norms which were considered the prerequisite for a commercial entertainer, and traversed a new path between popular and parallel cinema.[12]

There is a general consensus that the New-Gen movies draw a lot of inspiration from other film industries. They depict lives of people living in 21st century Kerala through a very realistic lens, it's often said that most of its success is due to the freshness these narratives possess in comparison to traditional Malayalam movies. [citation needed]. New-Gen Malayalam movies tend to feature more nucleus families and urban lifestyle, rather than the depiction of traditional joint families from villages. This and the adult themes present in a lot of movies has gained the New-Gen movies the criticism that they're primary targeted towards young people.

The new wave films are criticized for explicit language and provocative themes, often "under the guise of bold or modern".[3] Malayalam actor Jayaram has talked about his disinterest towards the new generation films publicly, he has heard to be saying the new wave films lacks its appeal towards a family environment as the inappropriateness of mannerisms in certain films, beyond a PG-13 is very awkward to someone who expects to watch a family film such as most of the conventional Malayalam movies were, which did not need a specific rating.[citation needed]

The New generation received criticism from some conventional film-makers. They accused that plagiarized versions of foreign films are being presented under the guise of New Wave experiments.[3] While admirers of the New Wave of Malayalam films call it the "Jasmine revolution", critics refer it as the "multiplex revolution".[2] "Some films that are fresh in thought and execution have clicked at the box office," says veteran director Sibi Malayil. "But I am against referring to them as New Wave Cinema. Changes were always there in Malayalam films. But most of these so-called new-generation movies revolve around the themes that deal with life in a metro city. These films are getting a good response in tier-I cities only".[12]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Malayalam new generation films failing to click? – Indian Express
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Malayalam cinema pushes the envelope : NATION – India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 7 July 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viay George (27 December 2012). "Arts / Cinema : The show goes on…". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  4. ^ "Frontline.in".
  5. ^ City Times – Hit parade
  6. ^ Menon, Neelima (26 March 2022). "Revisiting Big B: Amal Neerad's stylish directorial debut headlined by Mammootty". The News Minute. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  7. ^ "10 Years Of Mammootty's Big B: Here Are The Film's Big Contributions To The Industry!". www.filmibeat.com. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f www.outlookindia.com | Chemmeen Pickle
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 10 April 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e Venkiteswaran, C. S. (13 April 2013). "Goodbye to the superstar era". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  11. ^ "Malayalam movies turn urban-centric | NDTV Movies.com". Movies.ndtv.com. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  12. ^ a b c . Ibnlive.in.com. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  13. ^ a b "CityTimes – Glorious 100". Khaleejtimes.com. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  14. ^ "I've introduced over 70 directors in my career: Mammootty". 2 February 2019.
  15. ^ "When Mammootty Gave a Great Start to These Directors' Careers". 16 March 2014.
  16. ^ a b c Vijay George (12 April 2012). "Arts / Cinema : Battle of the genres". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  17. ^ Nair, Manoj. "Malayalam movies: Non-linear narratives are making the box-office ring louder – The Economic Times". The Times of India.
  18. ^ Review: Neelakasham Pachakkadal Chuvanna Bhoomi is impressive – Rediff.com Movies
  19. ^ Meena T. Pillai (7 March 2013). "The daughters of P.K. Rosy". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 24 March 2013.

January 01, 1970
generation, malayalam, film, movement, generation, films, malayalam, film, movement, developed, early, 2010s, characterized, fresh, unusual, themes, narrative, techniques, films, wave, differ, from, conventional, themes, past, decades, introduced, several, tre. New generation films is a Malayalam film movement developed in the early 2010s characterized by fresh and unusual themes and new narrative techniques 1 2 Films of the new wave differ from conventional themes of the past two decades and introduced several new trends and techniques to the Malayalam film industry 3 While the new generation formats and styles are deeply influenced by global trends their thematics are firmly rooted in Malayalee life and mindscapes 4 The new generation also helped to revive the Malayalam film industry in the early 2020s when the industry was hit with the effects of COVID 19 pandemic 5 Contents 1 Beginning 2 Characteristics of films 2 1 Impact on superstardom 3 Notable personalities 3 1 Actors 3 2 Directors 4 Films widely regarded as new generation films 5 General response and criticisms 6 ReferencesBeginning editFilmmaker Amal Neerad is widely credited with bringing a new era of filmmaking in Malayalam cinema 6 His directorial debut Big B 2007 introduced a fresh cinematic experience to Malayalam audiences and has since garnered a significant cult following 7 This style inspired upcoming filmmakers who went on to experiment further and produce films in the coming years such as Traffic 2011 City of God 2011 Salt N Pepper 2011 and Chaappa Kurishu 2011 which helped define the movement In the beginning most of the new wave films were modestly budgeted thus supporting experiments by new directors between Rs 2 3 Crores compared to the average Malayalam commercial film budget of Rs 6 8 Crores and have more than recovered their investment 2 8 Unlike the general trend in the Malayalam films most of the new directors were young 1 Director Aashiq Abu one of the most talked about new generation film makers in Malayalam introduced several new wave films and technicians 3 Actor producer Jayasurya who had debuted into the industry in 2002 had begun creating his own signature in the new wave of cinema through phenomenal acting performances in films such as Beautiful and Trivandrum Lodge Jayasurya had also broke the image barrier of performing in lead roles for a mainstream actor or star by essaying several character roles and antagonist roles all which were critically acclaimed 9 Actor writer Anoop Menon was another emerging personality in the beginning of New Generation Era 3 Characteristics of films editErosion of the so called superstar system in popular Malayalam films coincided with rise of the new wave where screenplay got rooted to reality closer to life and lead characters became ordinary men and women Influx of new actors the absence of superstars rise of metro centric urban and middle class themes and different story lines were also noted in the wave While formats and styles of the new directors are deeply influenced by the global trends their thematics were firmly rooted in Malayali life and mind scape 10 A recurrent trope in these new narratives is accidents coincidences casual encounters and chance meetings that set in motion an unexpected chain of events affecting the lives of the characters drifting in the urban flotsam 10 The frequent use of Malayalam influenced by English is also noted in the films 8 The use of latest technology has added speed to the process of change in the industry More advanced technology and innovative techniques are being experimented and the industry has become more open to trying out new ideas Until the beginning of new wave most Malayalam films had rural themes portraying the essential goodness and unspoilt beauty of villages 11 The focus of the films also shifted from the conventional masculine handsome virtuous and invincible hero to more humane characters Another notable feature is that stories shifted to depict more non male characters as lead Movies featuring gender minorities and homosexual leads is another definitive characteristic of this era of Malayalam cinema 2 The depiction of women has also changed in the New Wave films beyond recognition The leading ladies often flirt openly drink in public and make lewd comments 2 A number of female oriented films like 22 Female Kottayam Rani Padmini Uyare The Great Indian Kitchen were also the part of the new wave 1 Impact on superstardom edit nbsp nbsp A new macho hero image emerged through a number Malayalam films during the 1990s and 2000s that added another dimension to the ascent of Mohanlal Left and Mammootty Right as superstars The new wave soon ignited a debate about the era of superstars coming to an end with Malayalam cinema witnessing a radical change 12 In the 1980s stars mattered though not as much as in the 1990s and 2000s when Malayalam cinema was practically dictated by the then superstars of the industry 13 The stranglehold of superstars that was stifling any new experimentation complemented by the autocratic control of Malayalam film industry organisations over all areas of the industry was seen as pushing the industry to the wall 10 Unlike Mohanlal Mammootty has done more films with directors of new wave movement mostly being the directors debut movie 14 15 Notable personalities edit nbsp Amal Neerad nbsp Fahadh Faasil nbsp Nivin Pauly nbsp Dulquer Salmaan nbsp Tovino Thomas nbsp Aashiq Abu nbsp Vineeth Sreenivasan nbsp Parvathy Thiruvothu Actors edit Aishwarya Lekshmi Aju Varghese Alencier Ley Lopez Anil Nedumangad Anna Ben Ann Augustine Anoop Menon Antony Varghese Anumol Anusree Aparna Balamurali Aparna Gopinath Arjun Ashokan Asif Ali Balu Varghese Basil Joseph Binu Pappu Chemban Vinod Jose Darshana Rajendran Dhyan Sreenivasan Dileesh Pothan Dulquer Salmaan Fahadh Faasil Farhaan Faasil Grace Antony Honey Rose Jacob Gregory Jinu Joseph Johny Antony Joju George Kalidas Jayaram Kalyani Priyadarshan Madonna Sebastian Mathew Thomas Murali Gopy Muthumani Mythili Naslen K Gafoor Nazriya Nazim Neeraj Madhav Nikhila Vimal Nimisha Sajayan Nithya Menen Nivin Pauly Nyla Usha Parvathy Thiruvothu Pranav Mohanlal Rajisha Vijayan Remya Nambeesan Renji Panicker Rima Kallingal Roshan Mathew Sai Pallavi Sajitha Madathil Samyuktha Menon Sasi Kalinga Shane Nigam Sharaf U Dheen Shine Tom Chacko Soubin Shahir Sreenath Bhasi Srindaa Sudev Nair Sunil Sukhada Sunny Wayne Swathi Reddy Tovino Thomas Unnimaya Prasad Unni Mukundan Vijay Babu Vinayakan Vinay Forrt Vineeth Sreenivasan Actors like Thilakan Nedumudi Venu Prithviraj Sukumaran Jayasurya Kunchacko Boban Indrajith Sukumaran Biju Menon Indrans Pratap Pothen Suraj Venjarammood Harisree Asokan Kunchan Lal Saiju Kurup Jaffar Idukki Baburaj Lena etc who began their career before the new wave were also noted for their performances in the new generation films Directors edit Aashiq Abu Abrid Shine Alphonse Puthren Amal Neerad Anjali Menon Anwar Rasheed Arun Kumar Aravind Ashraf Hamza Basil Joseph Dijo Jose Antony Dileesh Pothan Don Palathara Geetu Mohandas Gireesh A D Jeo Baby Johnpaul George Joy Mathew Khalid Rahman Lal Jr Lijin Jose Lijo Jose Pellissery Madhav Ramdas Madhu C Narayanan Madhupal Mahesh Narayanan Manu Ashokan Midhun Manuel Thomas Muhammad Musthafa Muhsin Parari Rajeev Ravi Rajesh Pillai Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval Rohith V S Rojin thomas Roopesh Peethambaran Sameer Thahir Sidharth Bharathan Shyju Khalid Soubin Shahir Tinu Pappachan V K Prakash Vinay Govind Vineeth Sreenivasan Vipin Vijay Salim Ahmed Zakariya Mohammed Screenwriters like Syam Pushkaran Dileesh Nair Bobby Sanjay Unni R Santhosh Echikkanam Anjali Menon PS Rafeeque P F Mathews S Hareesh Murali Gopy Gopan Chidambaram P Balachandran Shahi Kabir Muhsin Parari Cinematographers such as Shyju Khalid Sameer Thahir Madhu Neelakandan Abinandhan Ramanujam Jomon T John Renadive Little Swayamp Anend C Chandran Pappu Shehnad Jalal Vinod illampally Musical Artists Bijibal Rex Vijayan Jakes Bejoy Prashant Pillai Sushin Shyam Gopi Sundar Rahul Raj Shaan Rahman Rajesh Murugesan Shahabaz Aman Vishnu Vijay Justin Varghese Editors like Vivek Harshan B Ajithkumar Saiju Sreedharan Mahesh Narayanan Praveen Prabhakar Manoj Noufal Abdullah Deepu Joseph etc were also made significant contributions to New Wave films Films widely regarded as new generation films editThe following are some of the films widely considered as new generation Malayalam films 100 Days of Love 1 by Two 1956 Central Travancore 1983 22 Female Kottayam 5 Sundarikal 1 7th Day Aanum Pennum Aarkkariyam Action Hero Biju Ajagajantharam Akam 2 Amen 8 Anarkali Android Kunjappan Version 5 25 Annayum Rasoolum 10 Anugraheethan Antony Anuraga Karikkin Vellam Apothecary Ayalum Njanum Thammil 3 Ayyappanum Koshiyum Bachelor Party Bangalore Days Beautiful 16 Bheemante Vazhi Bheeshma Parvam Bhoothakaalam Big B C U Soon Chappa Kurishu 16 Charlie Chirakodinja Kinavukal Churuli City of God 17 Da Thadiya 2 Dear Friend Double Barrel Drishyam 2013 Ee Adutha Kaalathu 2 Ee Ma Yau Ezra Friday 3 Godha Guppy Helen Honey Bee Hotel California 8 Hridayam Iblis Idukki Gold Iyobinte Pusthakam Jallikattu Jan E Man Jana Gana Mana Jo and Jo John Luther Joji Joseph Kala Kammatti Paadam Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham Kappela Kili Poyi 8 Kumbalangi Nights Kunjiramayanam Kuttavum Shikshayum Lukka Chuppi Mahaveeryar Maheshinte Prathikaaram Malayankunju Mayanadi Mili Minnal Murali Moothon Mumbai Police Munnariyippu Naaradan Nayattu Nee Ko Njaa Cha 8 Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi 18 Neram Nidra 2 Njan Steve Lopez Nna Thaan Case Kodu North 24 Kaatham Ohm Shanthi Oshaana Operation Java Oru Vadakkan Selfie Pada Parava Philips and the Monkey Pen Premam Puzhu Rani Padmini Salt N Pepper 16 Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam Savam Second Show 3 Sudani From Nigeria Super Sharanya Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil Take Off Tamaar Padaar Thallumaala Thamaasha Thanneer Mathan Dinangal Thattathin Marayathu 10 Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam The Great Indian Kitchen Theevram 3 Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum Trance Traffic Trivandrum Lodge 19 Unda Ustad Hotel 3 Uyare Valiyaperunnal Varathan Vedivazhipadu Vettah VirusGeneral response and criticisms editAs per critics the new wave of activity in Malayalam cinema is reminiscent of the 1980s regarded as the golden age of Malayalam cinema when mainstream films bridged the gap between arthouse and commercial movies led by a team of talented writers and directors 13 In the 1980s Malayalam films witnessed some positive changes through directors like Padmarajan and Bharathan who made path breaking films These films too broke the norms which were considered the prerequisite for a commercial entertainer and traversed a new path between popular and parallel cinema 12 There is a general consensus that the New Gen movies draw a lot of inspiration from other film industries They depict lives of people living in 21st century Kerala through a very realistic lens it s often said that most of its success is due to the freshness these narratives possess in comparison to traditional Malayalam movies citation needed New Gen Malayalam movies tend to feature more nucleus families and urban lifestyle rather than the depiction of traditional joint families from villages This and the adult themes present in a lot of movies has gained the New Gen movies the criticism that they re primary targeted towards young people The new wave films are criticized for explicit language and provocative themes often under the guise of bold or modern 3 Malayalam actor Jayaram has talked about his disinterest towards the new generation films publicly he has heard to be saying the new wave films lacks its appeal towards a family environment as the inappropriateness of mannerisms in certain films beyond a PG 13 is very awkward to someone who expects to watch a family film such as most of the conventional Malayalam movies were which did not need a specific rating citation needed The New generation received criticism from some conventional film makers They accused that plagiarized versions of foreign films are being presented under the guise of New Wave experiments 3 While admirers of the New Wave of Malayalam films call it the Jasmine revolution critics refer it as the multiplex revolution 2 Some films that are fresh in thought and execution have clicked at the box office says veteran director Sibi Malayil But I am against referring to them as New Wave Cinema Changes were always there in Malayalam films But most of these so called new generation movies revolve around the themes that deal with life in a metro city These films are getting a good response in tier I cities only 12 References edit a b c d Malayalam new generation films failing to click Indian Express a b c d e f g h i Malayalam cinema pushes the envelope NATION India Today Indiatoday intoday in 7 July 2012 Retrieved 25 January 2013 a b c d e f g h i j Viay George 27 December 2012 Arts Cinema The show goes on The Hindu Chennai India Retrieved 25 January 2013 Frontline in City Times Hit parade Menon Neelima 26 March 2022 Revisiting Big B Amal Neerad s stylish directorial debut headlined by Mammootty The News Minute Retrieved 12 April 2024 10 Years Of Mammootty s Big B Here Are The Film s Big Contributions To The Industry www filmibeat com 13 April 2017 Retrieved 12 April 2024 a b c d e f www outlookindia com Chemmeen Pickle Malayalam News Archived from the original on 10 April 2015 a b c d e Venkiteswaran C S 13 April 2013 Goodbye to the superstar era The Hindu Chennai India Malayalam movies turn urban centric NDTV Movies com Movies ndtv com 6 June 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2013 a b c Malayalam cinema still considers old as gold Ibnlive in com 23 September 2012 Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 Retrieved 24 March 2013 a b CityTimes Glorious 100 Khaleejtimes com 4 November 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2013 I ve introduced over 70 directors in my career Mammootty 2 February 2019 When Mammootty Gave a Great Start to These Directors Careers 16 March 2014 a b c Vijay George 12 April 2012 Arts Cinema Battle of the genres The Hindu Chennai India Retrieved 25 January 2013 Nair Manoj Malayalam movies Non linear narratives are making the box office ring louder The Economic Times The Times of India Review Neelakasham Pachakkadal Chuvanna Bhoomi is impressive Rediff com Movies Meena T Pillai 7 March 2013 The daughters of P K Rosy The Hindu Chennai India Retrieved 24 March 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New generation Malayalam film movement amp oldid 1220050291, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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