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Neurogenic inflammation

December 15, 2023

Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as Substance P, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), neurokinin A (NKA), and endothelin-3 (ET-3).[1][2][3] In such neurons, release of these pro-inflammatory mediators is thought to be triggered by the activation of ion channels that are the principal detectors of noxious environmental stimuli. In particular, the heat/capsaicin receptor TRPV1[4] and the irritant/wasabi receptor TRPA1.[5][6][7] TRPA1 channels stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may also cause acute neurogenic inflammation.[8] Once released, these neuropeptides induce the release of histamine from adjacent mast cells. In turn, histamine evokes the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide; thus, a bidirectional link between histamine and neuropeptides in neurogenic inflammation is established.[9]

Neurogenic inflammation appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including migraine,[10][1][11][12] psoriasis,[2][13][14] asthma,[15] vasomotor rhinitis,[16] fibromyalgia, eczema, rosacea, dystonia, and multiple chemical sensitivity. [17][18][19]

In migraine, stimulation of the trigeminal nerve causes neurogenic inflammation via release of neuropeptides including Substance P, nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 5-HT, Neurokinin A and CGRP.[20][21] leading to a "sterile neurogenic inflammation."[22]

Prevention edit

Magnesium deficiency causes neurogenic inflammation in a rat model. Researchers have theorized that since substance P which appears at day five of induced magnesium deficiency, is known to stimulate in turn the production of other inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and TNF-alpha (TNFα), which begin a sharp rise at day 12, substance P is a key in the path from magnesium deficiency to the subsequent cascade of neuro-inflammation.[23] In a later study, researchers provided rats dietary levels of magnesium that were reduced but still within the range of dietary intake found in the human population, and observed an increase in substance P, TNF alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), followed by exacerbated bone loss. These and other data suggest that deficient dietary magnesium intake, even at levels not uncommon in humans, may trigger neurogenic inflammation and lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis.[24]

Treatment edit

In 2018, three CGRP blockers were approved by the FDA for the prevention of migraine: erenumab; fremanezumab; and galcanezumab.

The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a therapeutic target in migraine because of its hypothesized role in mediating trigeminovascular pain transmission and the vasodilatory component of neurogenic inflammation (see "Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of migraine in adults", section on 'Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide'). In 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the CGRP antagonists erenumab [36], fremanezumab [37], and galcanezumab [38] for migraine prevention.
Smith, "Preventive treatment of migraine in adults" UpToDate 2019[25]

Additional CGRP blockers are progressing through clinical trials.[26]

Anticipating later botox therapy for migraine, early work by Jancsó et al. found some success in treatment using denervation or pretreatment with capsaicin to prevent uncomfortable symptoms of neurogenic inflammation.[27]

A 2010 study of the treatment of migraine with CGRP blockers had shown promise for CGRP blockers.[28] In early trials, the first oral nonpeptide CGRP antagonist, MK-0974 (Telcagepant), was shown effective in the treatment of migraine attacks,[29] but elevated liver enzymes in two participants were found. Other therapies and other links in the neurogenic inflammatory pathway for interruption of disease are under study, including migraine therapies.[30]

Noting that botulinum toxin has been shown to have an effect on inhibiting neurogenic inflammation, and evidence suggesting the role of neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis,[14] the University of Minnesota has a pilot clinical trial underway to follow up on the observation that patients treated with botulinum toxin for dystonia had dramatic improvement in psoriasis.[31]

Astelin (Azelastine) "is indicated for symptomatic treatment of vasomotor rhinitis including rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and post nasal drip in adults and children 12 years of age and older."[32][33]

Statins appear to "decrease expression of the proinflammatory neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in sensory neurons,"[34] and so might be of use in treating diseases presenting with predominant neurogenic inflammation.

Research edit

In a 2012 article[35] in Nature Neuroscience Chiu et al. discuss the development of science related to neurogenic inflammation and provide a graphic[36] illustrating key discoveries leading toward the current understanding of neurogenic inflammation, its mechanisms, and the conditions caused by its disorder.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Peroutka SJ (October 2005). "Neurogenic inflammation and migraine: implications for the therapeutics". Mol. Interv. 5 (5): 304–11. doi:10.1124/mi.5.5.10. PMID 16249526.
  2. ^ a b Chen Y, Lyga J (2014). "Brain-skin connection: stress, inflammation and skin aging". Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 13 (3): 177–90. doi:10.2174/1871528113666140522104422. PMC 4082169. PMID 24853682.
  3. ^ Geppetti P, Nassini R, Materazzi S, Benemei S (March 2008). "The concept of neurogenic inflammation". BJU Int. 101 (Suppl 3): 2–6. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07493.x. PMID 18307678. S2CID 1096295.
  4. ^ Caterina, M. J.; Leffler, A.; Malmberg, A. B.; Martin, W. J.; Trafton, J.; Petersen-Zeitz, K. R.; Koltzenburg, M.; Basbaum, A. I.; Julius, D. (2000-04-14). "Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor". Science. 288 (5464): 306–313. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..306C. doi:10.1126/science.288.5464.306. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10764638.
  5. ^ Lin King, John V.; Emrick, Joshua J.; Kelly, Mark J. S.; Herzig, Volker; King, Glenn F.; Medzihradszky, Katalin F.; Julius, David (2019-09-05). "A Cell-Penetrating Scorpion Toxin Enables Mode-Specific Modulation of TRPA1 and Pain". Cell. 178 (6): 1362–1374.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.014. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 6731142. PMID 31447178.
  6. ^ Zhao, Jianhua; King, John V. Lin; Cheng, Yifan; Julius, David (2019-12-27). "Mechanisms governing irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of TRPA1". bioRxiv: 2019.12.26.888982. doi:10.1101/2019.12.26.888982.
  7. ^ Zhao, Jianhua; Lin King, John V.; Paulsen, Candice E.; Cheng, Yifan; Julius, David (2020-07-08). "Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor". Nature. 585 (7823): 141–145. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..141Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7483980. PMID 32641835.
  8. ^ Meseguer V, Alpizar YA, Luis E, Tajada S, Denlinger B, Fajardo O, et al. (2014). "TRPA1 channels mediate acute neurogenic inflammation and pain produced by bacterial endotoxins". Nat Commun. 5: 3125. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3125M. doi:10.1038/ncomms4125. PMC 3905718. PMID 24445575.
  9. ^ Rosa AC, Fantozzi R (September 2013). "The role of histamine in neurogenic inflammation". Br. J. Pharmacol. 170 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1111/bph.12266. PMC 3764847. PMID 23734637.
  10. ^ Malhotra R (2016). "Understanding migraine: Potential role of neurogenic inflammation". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 19 (2): 175–82. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.182302. PMC 4888678. PMID 27293326.
  11. ^ Frediani F, Villani V, Casucci G (May 2008). "Peripheral mechanism of action of antimigraine prophylactic drugs". Neurol. Sci. 29 (Suppl 1): S127–30. doi:10.1007/s10072-008-0903-8. PMID 18545913. S2CID 24156261.
  12. ^ Geppetti P, Capone JG, Trevisani M, Nicoletti P, Zagli G, Tola MR (April 2005). "CGRP and migraine: neurogenic inflammation revisited". J Headache Pain. 6 (2): 61–70. doi:10.1007/s10194-005-0153-6. PMC 3452316. PMID 16362644.
  13. ^ Schön and Boehncke, Psoriasis: Neurogenic inflammation and other mechanisms NEJM 352:1899-1912, Number 18, 2005
  14. ^ a b Saraceno R, Kleyn CE, Terenghi G, Griffiths CE (November 2006). "The role of neuropeptides in psoriasis". Br. J. Dermatol. 155 (5): 876–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07518.x. PMID 17034513. S2CID 9257957.
  15. ^ Verones B, Oortgiesen M (December 2001). "Neurogenic inflammation and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants". Neurotoxicology. 22 (6): 795–810. doi:10.1016/S0161-813X(01)00062-6. PMID 11829413.
  16. ^ Knipping S, Holzhausen HJ, Riederer A, Schrom T (August 2008). "[Ultrastructural changes in allergic rhinitis vs. idiopathic rhinitis]". HNO (in German). 56 (8): 799–807. doi:10.1007/s00106-008-1764-4. PMID 18651116. S2CID 24135943.
  17. ^ Meggs, William J. The Role of Neurogenic Inflammation in Chemical Sensitivity (2017) EcopsychologyVol. 9, No. 2 Published Online:1 Jun 2017 https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2016.0045
  18. ^ Orriols R, Costa R, Cuberas G, Jacas C, Castell J, Sunyer J (December 2009). "Brain dysfunction in multiple chemical sensitivity". J. Neurol. Sci. 287 (1–2): 72–8. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.003. PMID 19801154. S2CID 28255407.
  19. ^ Bascom R, Meggs WJ, Frampton M, Hudnell K, Killburn K, Kobal G, Medinsky M, Rea W (March 1997). "Neurogenic inflammation: with additional discussion of central and perceptual integration of nonneurogenic inflammation". Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (Suppl 2): 531–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s2531. PMC 1469802. PMID 9167992.
  20. ^ Kalra AA, Elliott D (June 2007). "Acute migraine: Current treatment and emerging therapies". Ther Clin Risk Manag. 3 (3): 449–59. PMC 2386351. PMID 18488069.
  21. ^ Link AS, Kuris A, Edvinsson L (February 2008). "Treatment of migraine attacks based on the interaction with the trigemino-cerebrovascular system". J Headache Pain. 9 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1007/s10194-008-0011-4. PMC 2245994. PMID 18217201.
  22. ^ Grossmann, MD, Werner; Schmidramsl, MD, Hanns (2001). "An Extract of Petasites hybridus Is Effective in the Prophylaxis of Migraine" (PDF). Alternative Medicine Review. 6 (3): 303–10. PMID 11410074. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  23. ^ Weglicki WB, Phillips TM (September 1992). "Pathobiology of magnesium deficiency: a cytokine/neurogenic inflammation hypothesis". Am. J. Physiol. 263 (3 Pt 2): R734–7. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.R734. PMID 1384353.
  24. ^ Rude RK, Singer FR, Gruber HE (April 2009). "Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency". J Am Coll Nutr. 28 (2): 131–41. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719764. PMID 19828898. S2CID 43556609.
  25. ^ "UpToDate".
  26. ^ The Race to Offer CGRP for Migraine Migraine.com Editorial Team July 21, 2017
  27. ^ Jancsó N, Jancsó-Gábor A, Szolcsányi J (September 1967). "Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin". Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 31 (1): 138–51. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01984.x. PMC 1557289. PMID 6055248.
  28. ^ Durham PL, Vause CV (July 2010). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine". CNS Drugs. 24 (7): 539–48. doi:10.2165/11534920-000000000-00000. PMC 3138175. PMID 20433208.
  29. ^ Farinelli I, Missori S, Martelletti P (September 2008). "Proinflammatory mediators and migraine pathogenesis: moving towards CGRP as a target for a novel therapeutic class". Expert Rev Neurother. 8 (9): 1347–54. doi:10.1586/14737175.8.9.1347. PMID 18759547. S2CID 207195138.
  30. ^ Farinelli I, De Filippis S, Coloprisco G, Missori S, Martelletti P (October 2009). "Future drugs for migraine". Intern Emerg Med. 4 (5): 367–73. doi:10.1007/s11739-009-0273-0. PMID 19551474. S2CID 26070466.
  31. ^ Clinical trial number NCT00816517 for "Use of Botulinum Toxin to Treat Psoriasis" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  32. ^ Product Information: Astelin, azelastine. Wallace Laboratories, Cranbury, NJ. (PI Revised 08/2000) PI Reviewed 01/2001
  33. ^ Gehanno P, Deschamps E, Garay E, Baehre M, Garay RP (2001). "Vasomotor rhinitis: clinical efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in comparison with placebo". ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. 63 (2): 76–81. doi:10.1159/000055714. PMID 11244365. S2CID 23292869.
  34. ^ Bucelli RC, Gonsiorek EA, Kim WY, Bruun D, Rabin RA, Higgins D, Lein PJ (March 2008). "Statins decrease expression of the proinflammatory neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in sensory neurons". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324 (3): 1172–80. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.132795. PMID 18079356. S2CID 1001915.
  35. ^ Chiu IM, von Hehn CA, Woolf CJ (July 2012). "Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology". Nat. Neurosci. 15 (8): 1063–7. doi:10.1038/nn.3144. PMC 3520068. PMID 22837035.
  36. ^ Chiu IM, von Hehn CA, Woolf CJ (2012). "Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology". Nat Neurosci. 15 (8). Figure 3. doi:10.1038/nn.3144. PMC 3520068. PMID 22837035.

External links edit

  • Schön and Boehncke, Psoriasis: Neurogenic inflammation and other mechanisms NEJM 352:1899–1912, Number 18, 2005

December 15, 2023
neurogenic, inflammation, inflammation, arising, from, local, release, afferent, neurons, inflammatory, mediators, such, substance, calcitonin, gene, related, peptide, cgrp, neurokinin, endothelin, such, neurons, release, these, inflammatory, mediators, though. Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as Substance P Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide CGRP neurokinin A NKA and endothelin 3 ET 3 1 2 3 In such neurons release of these pro inflammatory mediators is thought to be triggered by the activation of ion channels that are the principal detectors of noxious environmental stimuli In particular the heat capsaicin receptor TRPV1 4 and the irritant wasabi receptor TRPA1 5 6 7 TRPA1 channels stimulated by lipopolysaccharide LPS may also cause acute neurogenic inflammation 8 Once released these neuropeptides induce the release of histamine from adjacent mast cells In turn histamine evokes the release of substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide thus a bidirectional link between histamine and neuropeptides in neurogenic inflammation is established 9 Neurogenic inflammation appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including migraine 10 1 11 12 psoriasis 2 13 14 asthma 15 vasomotor rhinitis 16 fibromyalgia eczema rosacea dystonia and multiple chemical sensitivity 17 18 19 In migraine stimulation of the trigeminal nerve causes neurogenic inflammation via release of neuropeptides including Substance P nitric oxide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 5 HT Neurokinin A and CGRP 20 21 leading to a sterile neurogenic inflammation 22 Contents 1 Prevention 2 Treatment 3 Research 4 References 5 External linksPrevention editMagnesium deficiency causes neurogenic inflammation in a rat model Researchers have theorized that since substance P which appears at day five of induced magnesium deficiency is known to stimulate in turn the production of other inflammatory cytokines including IL 1 Interleukin 6 IL 6 and TNF alpha TNFa which begin a sharp rise at day 12 substance P is a key in the path from magnesium deficiency to the subsequent cascade of neuro inflammation 23 In a later study researchers provided rats dietary levels of magnesium that were reduced but still within the range of dietary intake found in the human population and observed an increase in substance P TNF alpha TNFa and Interleukin 1 beta IL 1b followed by exacerbated bone loss These and other data suggest that deficient dietary magnesium intake even at levels not uncommon in humans may trigger neurogenic inflammation and lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis 24 Treatment editIn 2018 three CGRP blockers were approved by the FDA for the prevention of migraine erenumab fremanezumab and galcanezumab The calcitonin gene related peptide CGRP is a therapeutic target in migraine because of its hypothesized role in mediating trigeminovascular pain transmission and the vasodilatory component of neurogenic inflammation see Pathophysiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of migraine in adults section on Role of calcitonin gene related peptide In 2018 the US Food and Drug Administration FDA approved the CGRP antagonists erenumab 36 fremanezumab 37 and galcanezumab 38 for migraine prevention Smith Preventive treatment of migraine in adults UpToDate 2019 25 Additional CGRP blockers are progressing through clinical trials 26 Anticipating later botox therapy for migraine early work by Jancso et al found some success in treatment using denervation or pretreatment with capsaicin to prevent uncomfortable symptoms of neurogenic inflammation 27 A 2010 study of the treatment of migraine with CGRP blockers had shown promise for CGRP blockers 28 In early trials the first oral nonpeptide CGRP antagonist MK 0974 Telcagepant was shown effective in the treatment of migraine attacks 29 but elevated liver enzymes in two participants were found Other therapies and other links in the neurogenic inflammatory pathway for interruption of disease are under study including migraine therapies 30 Noting that botulinum toxin has been shown to have an effect on inhibiting neurogenic inflammation and evidence suggesting the role of neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis 14 the University of Minnesota has a pilot clinical trial underway to follow up on the observation that patients treated with botulinum toxin for dystonia had dramatic improvement in psoriasis 31 Astelin Azelastine is indicated for symptomatic treatment of vasomotor rhinitis including rhinorrhea nasal congestion and post nasal drip in adults and children 12 years of age and older 32 33 Statins appear to decrease expression of the proinflammatory neuropeptides calcitonin gene related peptide and substance P in sensory neurons 34 and so might be of use in treating diseases presenting with predominant neurogenic inflammation Research editIn a 2012 article 35 in Nature Neuroscience Chiu et al discuss the development of science related to neurogenic inflammation and provide a graphic 36 illustrating key discoveries leading toward the current understanding of neurogenic inflammation its mechanisms and the conditions caused by its disorder References edit a b Peroutka SJ October 2005 Neurogenic inflammation and migraine implications for the therapeutics Mol Interv 5 5 304 11 doi 10 1124 mi 5 5 10 PMID 16249526 a b Chen Y Lyga J 2014 Brain skin connection stress inflammation and skin aging Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 13 3 177 90 doi 10 2174 1871528113666140522104422 PMC 4082169 PMID 24853682 Geppetti P Nassini R Materazzi S Benemei S March 2008 The concept of neurogenic inflammation BJU Int 101 Suppl 3 2 6 doi 10 1111 j 1464 410X 2008 07493 x PMID 18307678 S2CID 1096295 Caterina M J Leffler A Malmberg A B Martin W J Trafton J Petersen Zeitz K R Koltzenburg M Basbaum A I Julius D 2000 04 14 Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor Science 288 5464 306 313 Bibcode 2000Sci 288 306C doi 10 1126 science 288 5464 306 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 10764638 Lin King John V Emrick Joshua J Kelly Mark J S Herzig Volker King Glenn F Medzihradszky Katalin F Julius David 2019 09 05 A Cell Penetrating Scorpion Toxin Enables Mode Specific Modulation of TRPA1 and Pain Cell 178 6 1362 1374 e16 doi 10 1016 j cell 2019 07 014 ISSN 1097 4172 PMC 6731142 PMID 31447178 Zhao Jianhua King John V Lin Cheng Yifan Julius David 2019 12 27 Mechanisms governing irritant evoked activation and calcium modulation of TRPA1 bioRxiv 2019 12 26 888982 doi 10 1101 2019 12 26 888982 Zhao Jianhua Lin King John V Paulsen Candice E Cheng Yifan Julius David 2020 07 08 Irritant evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor Nature 585 7823 141 145 Bibcode 2020Natur 585 141Z doi 10 1038 s41586 020 2480 9 ISSN 0028 0836 PMC 7483980 PMID 32641835 Meseguer V Alpizar YA Luis E Tajada S Denlinger B Fajardo O et al 2014 TRPA1 channels mediate acute neurogenic inflammation and pain produced by bacterial endotoxins Nat Commun 5 3125 Bibcode 2014NatCo 5 3125M doi 10 1038 ncomms4125 PMC 3905718 PMID 24445575 Rosa AC Fantozzi R September 2013 The role of histamine in neurogenic inflammation Br J Pharmacol 170 1 38 45 doi 10 1111 bph 12266 PMC 3764847 PMID 23734637 Malhotra R 2016 Understanding migraine Potential role of neurogenic inflammation Ann Indian Acad Neurol 19 2 175 82 doi 10 4103 0972 2327 182302 PMC 4888678 PMID 27293326 Frediani F Villani V Casucci G May 2008 Peripheral mechanism of action of antimigraine prophylactic drugs Neurol Sci 29 Suppl 1 S127 30 doi 10 1007 s10072 008 0903 8 PMID 18545913 S2CID 24156261 Geppetti P Capone JG Trevisani M Nicoletti P Zagli G Tola MR April 2005 CGRP and migraine neurogenic inflammation revisited J Headache Pain 6 2 61 70 doi 10 1007 s10194 005 0153 6 PMC 3452316 PMID 16362644 Schon and Boehncke Psoriasis Neurogenic inflammation and other mechanisms NEJM 352 1899 1912 Number 18 2005 a b Saraceno R Kleyn CE Terenghi G Griffiths CE November 2006 The role of neuropeptides in psoriasis Br J Dermatol 155 5 876 82 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2133 2006 07518 x PMID 17034513 S2CID 9257957 Verones B Oortgiesen M December 2001 Neurogenic inflammation and particulate matter PM air pollutants Neurotoxicology 22 6 795 810 doi 10 1016 S0161 813X 01 00062 6 PMID 11829413 Knipping S Holzhausen HJ Riederer A Schrom T August 2008 Ultrastructural changes in allergic rhinitis vs idiopathic rhinitis HNO in German 56 8 799 807 doi 10 1007 s00106 008 1764 4 PMID 18651116 S2CID 24135943 Meggs William J The Role of Neurogenic Inflammation in Chemical Sensitivity 2017 EcopsychologyVol 9 No 2 Published Online 1 Jun 2017 https doi org 10 1089 eco 2016 0045 Orriols R Costa R Cuberas G Jacas C Castell J Sunyer J December 2009 Brain dysfunction in multiple chemical sensitivity J Neurol Sci 287 1 2 72 8 doi 10 1016 j jns 2009 09 003 PMID 19801154 S2CID 28255407 Bascom R Meggs WJ Frampton M Hudnell K Killburn K Kobal G Medinsky M Rea W March 1997 Neurogenic inflammation with additional discussion of central and perceptual integration of nonneurogenic inflammation Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 2 531 7 doi 10 1289 ehp 97105s2531 PMC 1469802 PMID 9167992 Kalra AA Elliott D June 2007 Acute migraine Current treatment and emerging therapies Ther Clin Risk Manag 3 3 449 59 PMC 2386351 PMID 18488069 Link AS Kuris A Edvinsson L February 2008 Treatment of migraine attacks based on the interaction with the trigemino cerebrovascular system J Headache Pain 9 1 5 12 doi 10 1007 s10194 008 0011 4 PMC 2245994 PMID 18217201 Grossmann MD Werner Schmidramsl MD Hanns 2001 An Extract of Petasites hybridus Is Effective in the Prophylaxis of Migraine PDF Alternative Medicine Review 6 3 303 10 PMID 11410074 Retrieved 14 June 2015 Weglicki WB Phillips TM September 1992 Pathobiology of magnesium deficiency a cytokine neurogenic inflammation hypothesis Am J Physiol 263 3 Pt 2 R734 7 doi 10 1152 ajpregu 1992 263 3 R734 PMID 1384353 Rude RK Singer FR Gruber HE April 2009 Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency J Am Coll Nutr 28 2 131 41 doi 10 1080 07315724 2009 10719764 PMID 19828898 S2CID 43556609 UpToDate The Race to Offer CGRP for Migraine Migraine com Editorial Team July 21 2017 Jancso N Jancso Gabor A Szolcsanyi J September 1967 Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin Br J Pharmacol Chemother 31 1 138 51 doi 10 1111 j 1476 5381 1967 tb01984 x PMC 1557289 PMID 6055248 Durham PL Vause CV July 2010 Calcitonin gene related peptide CGRP receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine CNS Drugs 24 7 539 48 doi 10 2165 11534920 000000000 00000 PMC 3138175 PMID 20433208 Farinelli I Missori S Martelletti P September 2008 Proinflammatory mediators and migraine pathogenesis moving towards CGRP as a target for a novel therapeutic class Expert Rev Neurother 8 9 1347 54 doi 10 1586 14737175 8 9 1347 PMID 18759547 S2CID 207195138 Farinelli I De Filippis S Coloprisco G Missori S Martelletti P October 2009 Future drugs for migraine Intern Emerg Med 4 5 367 73 doi 10 1007 s11739 009 0273 0 PMID 19551474 S2CID 26070466 Clinical trial number NCT00816517 for Use of Botulinum Toxin to Treat Psoriasis at ClinicalTrials gov Product Information Astelin azelastine Wallace Laboratories Cranbury NJ PI Revised 08 2000 PI Reviewed 01 2001 Gehanno P Deschamps E Garay E Baehre M Garay RP 2001 Vasomotor rhinitis clinical efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in comparison with placebo ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 63 2 76 81 doi 10 1159 000055714 PMID 11244365 S2CID 23292869 Bucelli RC Gonsiorek EA Kim WY Bruun D Rabin RA Higgins D Lein PJ March 2008 Statins decrease expression of the proinflammatory neuropeptides calcitonin gene related peptide and substance P in sensory neurons J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324 3 1172 80 doi 10 1124 jpet 107 132795 PMID 18079356 S2CID 1001915 Chiu IM von Hehn CA Woolf CJ July 2012 Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology Nat Neurosci 15 8 1063 7 doi 10 1038 nn 3144 PMC 3520068 PMID 22837035 Chiu IM von Hehn CA Woolf CJ 2012 Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology Nat Neurosci 15 8 Figure 3 doi 10 1038 nn 3144 PMC 3520068 PMID 22837035 External links editBronchial asthma and other neurogenic diseases migraine trigeminal neuralgia and epilepsy Schon and Boehncke Psoriasis Neurogenic inflammation and other mechanisms NEJM 352 1899 1912 Number 18 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neurogenic inflammation amp oldid 1176911157, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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