Nephridiophaga blattellae, 10–13 transmission electron microscopy, 14 Calcofluor white staining. 10 Meront with several nuclei (n) and mitochondria (mi) in the lumen of Malpighian tubule. Inset: Mitochondrium with tubular to sac-like cristae. 11 Sporogenic plasmodium containing mature spores (sp), mitochondria (mi), and vegetative nuclei (n) in the cytoplasm. The plasmodium is anchored to the microvilli (mv) of epithelial cells (ep) of the tubule. 12 Young spore within the cytoplasm of a sporogenic plasmodium, surrounded by a layer of vesicles. The spore cytoplasm contains one nucleus (n), mitochondria (mi), and endoplasmic reticulum (er). 13 An infectious sporoplasm hatches through the central spore opening, leaving behind the spore wall of the emptying spore (sp). The nucleus (n) is squeezed through the tiny spore opening. 14 Calcofluor white stains the spore wall indicating the presence of chitin (bluish color). Scale bars: 1 µm (10–13), inset 0.1 µm (10), 5 µm (14)
Nephridiophaga spores are small, flattened ovals that resemble a red blood cell. Each spore contains a single nucleus and may have an inconspicuous, central opening. Spores are ingested by insects. Once inside the host, spores germinate, though whether in the gut or elsewhere is not known. Plasmodia inhabit and feed on Malpighian tubule cells where they are in direct contact with the cytoplasm. Multi-nucleate plasmodia are eventually released into the lumen, some attach to the brush border of the tubule cells using pseudopodia that interdigitate with the microvilli of the cells. Other plasmodia form merozoite-like cells. Plasmodia released into the lumen form sporoblasts internally with a spore wall enclosing each nucleus. Sporoblasts can be asexual or sexual. Asexual sporoblasts are formed from a type of closed mitosis with chromosomes un-condensed and spindle poles remaining un-connected to the nuclear envelope, which is a common form of mitosis for fungi. Sexual sporoblasts are formed after the fusion of meiotic nuclei; however, the details of meiosis and fusion are not known, and the phenomenon is doubted by some authors.[1][3][4] Spores are excreted from the insect in its feces.[1]
Taxonomyedit
Nephridiophaga was originally placed in the protist order Haplosporidia, though not all researchers agreed, with some placing it in the Microsporidia, and others leaving it unclassified. Molecular phylogenetic studies of species infecting cockroaches have shown that the genus belongs in or close to the Chytrid division of the kingdom Fungi.[2][5]
^ abcWoolever, Patricia (1966). "Life history and electron microscopy of a haplosporidian, Nephridiophaga blattellae (Crawley) n. comb., in the Malphigian tubulues of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.)". Journal of Protozoology. 13 (4): 622–642. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1966.tb01973.x.
^ abcdRadek, Renate; Wurzbacher, Christian; Gisder, Sebastian; Nilsson, R. Henrick; Owerfeldt, Anja; Genersch, Elke; Kirk, Paul K.; Voigt, Kerstin (2017). "Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect-pathogenic nephridiophagids (Nephridiophagidae) among the early diverging fungal lineages, close to the Chytridiomycota" (PDF). MycoKeys. 25: 31–50. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.25.12446.
^Lange, Carlos E. (1993). "Unclassified protists of arthropods: The ultrastructure of Nephridiophaga perilanetae (Lutz & Splendore, 1903) N. Comb., and the affinities of the Nephridiophagidae to other protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (6): 689–700. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04461.x. S2CID 83887071.
^ abRadek, R.; Herth, W. (1999). "Ultrastructural investigation of the spore-forming protist Nephridiophaga blattellae in the Malpighian tubules of the German cockroah Blattella germanica". Parasitology Research. 85 (3): 216–231. doi:10.1007/s004360050538. PMID 9951966. S2CID 24356869.
^"the Nephridiophaga page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^Fabel, Paola; Radek, Renate; Storch, Volker (2000). "A new spore-forming protist, Nephridiophaga blaberi sp. nov., in the death's head cockroch Blaberus craniifer". European Journal of Protistology. 36 (4): 387–395. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(00)80044-9.
^Radek, Ranate; Wellmanns, Daniel; Wolf, Anja (2011). "Two new species of Nephridiphaga (Zygomycota) in the Malpighian tubules of cockroaches". Parasitology Research. 109 (2): 473–482. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2278-7. PMID 21347521. S2CID 6925763.
April 16, 2024
nephridiophaga, genus, single, cell, eukaryotes, considered, fungi, that, pathogenically, inhabit, malpighian, tubules, insects, ivanic, described, type, species, from, honey, bees, blattellae, transmission, electron, microscopy, calcofluor, white, staining, m. Nephridiophaga is a genus of single cell eukaryotes now considered to be fungi that pathogenically inhabit the Malpighian tubules of insects 1 2 Ivanic described the type species from honey bees 2 Nephridiophaga Nephridiophaga blattellae 10 13 transmission electron microscopy 14 Calcofluor white staining 10 Meront with several nuclei n and mitochondria mi in the lumen of Malpighian tubule Inset Mitochondrium with tubular to sac like cristae 11 Sporogenic plasmodium containing mature spores sp mitochondria mi and vegetative nuclei n in the cytoplasm The plasmodium is anchored to the microvilli mv of epithelial cells ep of the tubule 12 Young spore within the cytoplasm of a sporogenic plasmodium surrounded by a layer of vesicles The spore cytoplasm contains one nucleus n mitochondria mi and endoplasmic reticulum er 13 An infectious sporoplasm hatches through the central spore opening leaving behind the spore wall of the emptying spore sp The nucleus n is squeezed through the tiny spore opening 14 Calcofluor white stains the spore wall indicating the presence of chitin bluish color Scale bars 1 µm 10 13 inset 0 1 µm 10 5 µm 14 Scientific classification Kingdom Fungi Division Chytridiomycota Class incertae sedis Order Nephridiophagales Family incertae sedis Genus NephridiophagaIvanic 1937 Type species Nepharidiophaga apisIvanic 1937 Synonyms Coelosporidium Mesnil amp Marchoux 1897 Contents 1 Morphology and life cycle 2 Taxonomy 3 Species 4 ReferencesMorphology and life cycle editNephridiophaga spores are small flattened ovals that resemble a red blood cell Each spore contains a single nucleus and may have an inconspicuous central opening Spores are ingested by insects Once inside the host spores germinate though whether in the gut or elsewhere is not known Plasmodia inhabit and feed on Malpighian tubule cells where they are in direct contact with the cytoplasm Multi nucleate plasmodia are eventually released into the lumen some attach to the brush border of the tubule cells using pseudopodia that interdigitate with the microvilli of the cells Other plasmodia form merozoite like cells Plasmodia released into the lumen form sporoblasts internally with a spore wall enclosing each nucleus Sporoblasts can be asexual or sexual Asexual sporoblasts are formed from a type of closed mitosis with chromosomes un condensed and spindle poles remaining un connected to the nuclear envelope which is a common form of mitosis for fungi Sexual sporoblasts are formed after the fusion of meiotic nuclei however the details of meiosis and fusion are not known and the phenomenon is doubted by some authors 1 3 4 Spores are excreted from the insect in its feces 1 Taxonomy editNephridiophaga was originally placed in the protist order Haplosporidia though not all researchers agreed with some placing it in the Microsporidia and others leaving it unclassified Molecular phylogenetic studies of species infecting cockroaches have shown that the genus belongs in or close to the Chytrid division of the kingdom Fungi 2 5 Species editBased on 4 6 7 2 Nephridiophaga apis Ivanic 1937 Nephridiophaga archimandrita Radek Wellmanns amp Wolf 2011 Nephridiophaga blaberi Radek amp Storch 2000 Nephridiophaga blatellae Crawley 1905 Woolever 1966 Nephridiophaga forficulae Leger 1909 Ormieres amp Manier 1973 Nephridiophaga lucihormetica Radek Wellmanns amp Wolf 2011 Nephridiophaga maderae Radek et al 2017 Nephridiophaga meloidorum Purrini amp Rohde 1988 Lange 1993 Nephridiophaga ormieresi Toguebaye et al 1986 Nephridiophaga periplanetae Lutz amp Splendore 1903 Lange 1933 Nephridiophaga schalleri Pumni amp Rohde 1988 Lange 1993 Nephridiophaga tangae Purrini Weiser amp Kohring 1988 Lange 1993 Nephridiophaga xenoboli Ganapati amp Narasimhamurti 1960References edit a b c Woolever Patricia 1966 Life history and electron microscopy of a haplosporidian Nephridiophaga blattellae Crawley n comb in the Malphigian tubulues of the German cockroach Blattella germanica L Journal of Protozoology 13 4 622 642 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1966 tb01973 x a b c d Radek Renate Wurzbacher Christian Gisder Sebastian Nilsson R Henrick Owerfeldt Anja Genersch Elke Kirk Paul K Voigt Kerstin 2017 Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect pathogenic nephridiophagids Nephridiophagidae among the early diverging fungal lineages close to the Chytridiomycota PDF MycoKeys 25 31 50 doi 10 3897 mycokeys 25 12446 Lange Carlos E 1993 Unclassified protists of arthropods The ultrastructure of Nephridiophaga perilanetae Lutz amp Splendore 1903 N Comb and the affinities of the Nephridiophagidae to other protists Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 6 689 700 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1993 tb04461 x S2CID 83887071 a b Radek R Herth W 1999 Ultrastructural investigation of the spore forming protist Nephridiophaga blattellae in the Malpighian tubules of the German cockroah Blattella germanica Parasitology Research 85 3 216 231 doi 10 1007 s004360050538 PMID 9951966 S2CID 24356869 the Nephridiophaga page Species Fungorum Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 25 May 2021 Fabel Paola Radek Renate Storch Volker 2000 A new spore forming protist Nephridiophaga blaberi sp nov in the death s head cockroch Blaberus craniifer European Journal of Protistology 36 4 387 395 doi 10 1016 S0932 4739 00 80044 9 Radek Ranate Wellmanns Daniel Wolf Anja 2011 Two new species of Nephridiphaga Zygomycota in the Malpighian tubules of cockroaches Parasitology Research 109 2 473 482 doi 10 1007 s00436 011 2278 7 PMID 21347521 S2CID 6925763 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nephridiophaga amp oldid 1180583214, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
