Nepal–Sikh war

The Nepal–Sikh war was a small conflict in 1809 between the forces of the Kingdom of Nepal under Bahadur Shah of Nepal and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.^[1][2][3]

Nepal-Sikh war
Arki Fort in Himachal Pradesh, India
Date March 1809 – August 1809 Location Kangra Fort Result Sikh victory Nepalese retreat to the Arki Fort
Belligerents
Sikh Empire	Kingdom of Nepal
Commanders and leaders
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Mokham Chand	Bahadur Shah of Nepal Bhimsen Thapa Amar Singh Thapa Nain Singh Thapa

Background

The confrontation between Nepal and the Sikhs had its genesis in the expansionist policy of the Nepalese mukhtiyar (head of government) Bhimsen Thapa.^[4] The Kumaon Kingdom having been incorporated into Nepal in 1791, he endeavoured to add the hill country to its west as far as the river Sutlej. This expedition was entrusted to the Kaji Amar Singh Thapa, who was later reinforced by the Kaji Nain Singh Thapa. In 1807, Kangra Fort, on the west bank of the Sutlej, was put under siege. By early 1809, most of the land of Kangra jagir had been incorporated into Nepal, although the fort still held out. Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra took refuge among the Sikhs in the Punjab.^[5]

At first, the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh was reluctant to assist the ruler of Kangra,^[6] but a Nepalese push towards the Kashmir Valley changed his mind.^[7] Kashmir was effectively independent territory, riven by Afghan factions and coveted by both Sikhs and Gurkhas. The Sikh ruler dispatched a force which raised the siege of Kangra on 24 August 1809 and forced the Gurkha forces back across the Sutlej. Ranjit Singh then sent a proposal to Amar Singh Thapa to make the Sutlej the boundary between their states. Thapa forwarded the proposal to the Kathmandu Durbar, but Bhimsen Thapa rejected.

War

The Maharaja recalled Diwan Mohkam Chand from the Kangra expedition in March 1809 and directed him to reach Phillaur. After the settlement of affairs with the British government, Maharaja Ranjit Singh again turned his attention towards Kangra. The Gurkha general Amar Singh Thapa had been at war for quite some time with Raja Sansar Chand in the Kangra valley and had besieged the fort of Kangra. Sansar Chand lost hope for life. Therefore, he sent his brother, Krishan Chand to the Maharaja to seek help. The Maharaja demanded the possession of the fort of Kangra in return for help; to which Sansar Chand agreed. The Maharaja set-out with full preparations and reached Kangra accompanied by a large army by the end of May.^[8] All the feudal chiefs were present with their respective militias. According to Munshi Sohan Lal's estimate, there were about ten thousand irregular horse and foot with the Nepalese at that time.^[9] The hill Chiefs who were well- acquainted with the routes of the hilly terrain were ordered to block all passages so as to stop all means of procurement of provisions and equipment for the Gorkha army.

Amar Singh Thapa sent a letter to Maharaja Ranjit Singh asking him to surrender and let them keep the fort from his forces and let the Gurkhas capture Kashmir.^[10] Ranjit Singh did not accept.^[11] The next morning supply routes of the Gurkha army had been closed by the Sikhs.^[11] They waited for ammunition and food of the Gurkhas to run out and after a few weeks the Gurkhas started eating their horses and camels,^[12] most Gurkha soldiers died in battle.^[13]

The Gurkhas in their mad frenzies of their 'last fight' before death madly ran into the muzzles of the Sikh forces, unplanned.^[13] After a month of starvation and bad conditions the Gurkhas made a charge onto the Ganesh Valley,^[14] Sikhs conquered the Kangra Fort and fired their superior artillery onto the Gurkhas, massacring them in the thousands.^[15] Their bow and arrows could not match to the Sikh cannons, after the gunpowder had finished 1,000 Sikh cavalrymen attacked the Gurkhas killing almost all of them. ^[15]The remaining forces of Nain Singh Thapa arrived at Guler Fort. The violence ended after some time.^[16]

The Maharaja finding an opportune time to drive them out of Guler^[16] launched an attack and occupied their positions about a mile (1.06 km.) in front of the fort. A pitched battle ensued. The Gurkhas fought dauntlessly but they had to retreat. Thereafter, they gave a pitched battle near the Satluj where most Gurkhas froze in the river, surrendered or drowned.^[16]

Aftermath

After the Gurkhas^[16] suffered heavy losses, a monthly tribute was offered to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by the Kingdom of Nepal, in exchange for the Sikhs to end eastward expansion past Sangla, which had been where the Gurkhas had retreated past due to Sikh borders encompassing the town of Sangla.^[16]

References

1. Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs: Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. p. 139 & 140. ISBN 9788186505465.
2. K. L. Pradhan, Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 (New Delhi, 2012), pp. 42–43.
3. Northey, W. Brook (1998). The land of the Gurkhas, or, The Himalayan kingdom of Nepal. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1329-4.
4. Company, Indus Publishing (1994). Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883-84. Kangra. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-024-8.
5. Sijapati, Alisha (2 October 2021). "The Gorkhali defeat at Kangra". Nepali Times. from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
6. Abram, David; Guides (Firm), Rough (2003). The Rough Guide to India. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-089-3.
7. Ahluwalia, Manjit Singh (1998). Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-089-7.
8. Brentnall, Mark (2004). The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-163-4.
9. Ltd, Data and Expo India Pvt (1 April 2015). RBS Visitors Guide India - Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Travel Guide. Data and Expo India Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-93-80844-84-8.
10. Parry, Jonathan P. (13 September 2013). Caste and Kinship in Kangra. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-54592-4.
11. Broadcasting, India Ministry of Information and (1956). Himachal Pradesh. Bright Publications. ISBN 978-81-7199-465-6.
12. Baker, J. Mark (1 June 2011). The Kuhls of Kangra: Community-Managed Irrigation in the Western Himalaya. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80091-2.
13. Alka, Grover B. L. & Mehta (2018). A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to The Modern Times), 32e. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-93-5253-434-0.
14. Kumar, Niraj; Driem, George van; Stobdan, Phunchok (18 November 2020). Himalayan Bridge. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-21551-9.
15. Chaudhry, Minakshi (2006). Himachal, a Complete Guide to the Land of Gods. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-1000-8.
16. Johar, Surinder Singh (1985). The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Manas. ISBN 978-0-8364-1543-8.