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Neck pain

February 15, 2024

Neck pain, also known as cervicalgia, is a common problem, with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives.[1]

Neck pain
Other namesCervicalgia
Illustration of a person with neck pain
SpecialtyNeurosurgery

Neck pain, although felt in the neck, can be caused by numerous other spinal problems. Neck pain may arise due to muscular tightness in both the neck and upper back, or pinching of the nerves emanating from the cervical vertebrae. Joint disruption in the neck creates pain, as does joint disruption in the upper back.

The head is supported by the lower neck and upper back, and it is these areas that commonly cause neck pain. The top three joints in the neck allow for most movement of the neck and head. The lower joints in the neck and those of the upper back create a supportive structure for the head to sit on. If this support system is affected adversely, then the muscles in the area will tighten, leading to neck pain.

Neck pain affects about 5% of the global population as of 2010.[2]

Differential diagnosis edit

Neck pain may come from any of the structures in the neck including: vascular, nerve, airway, digestive, and musculature / skeletal, or be referred from other areas of the body.[3]

Major and severe causes of neck pain (roughly in order of severity) include:

More common and lesser neck pain causes include:

  • Stress – physical and emotional stresses
  • Prolonged postures – many people fall asleep on sofas and chairs and wake up with sore necks.
  • Minor injuries and falls – car accidents, sporting events, and day to day injuries that are really minor.
  • Referred pain – mostly from upper back problems
  • Over-use – muscular strain is one of the most common causes
  • Whiplash
  • Pinched nerve

Although the causes are numerous, most are easily rectified by either professional help or using self help advice and techniques.

More causes can include: poor sleeping posture, torticollis, head injury, rheumatoid arthritis, Carotidynia, congenital cervical rib, mononucleosis, rubella, certain cancers, ankylosing spondylitis, cervical spine fracture, esophageal trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, lymphadenitis, thyroid trauma, and tracheal trauma.

Treatment edit

Treatment of neck pain depends on the cause. For the vast majority of people, neck pain can be treated conservatively. Recommendations in which it helps alleviate symptoms include applying heat or cold. [4] Other common treatments could include medication, body mechanics training, ergonomic reform, and physical therapy. Treatments may also include patient education, but existing evidence shows a lack of effectiveness.[5]

Medication edit

Analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs are generally recommended for pain.[6] A 2017 review, however found that paracetamol was not efficacious and that NSAIDs are minimally effective.[7]

Muscle relaxants may also be recommended.[6] However, one study showed that one muscle relaxant called cyclobenzaprine was not effective for treatment of acute cervical strain (as opposed to neck pain from other etiologies or chronic neck pain).[8]

Surgery edit

Surgery is usually not indicated for mechanical causes of neck pain. If neck pain is the result of instability, cancer, or other disease process surgery may be necessary. Surgery is usually not indicated for "pinched nerves" or herniated discs unless there is spinal cord compression or pain and disability have been protracted for many months and refractory to conservative treatment such as physical therapy.

Alternative medicine edit

Exercise plus joint manipulation has been found to be beneficial in both acute and chronic mechanical neck disorders.[9] In particular, specific strengthening exercise may improve function and pain.[10] Motor control using cranio-cervical flexion exercises has been shown to be effective for non-specific chronic neck pain.[11] Both cervical manipulation and cervical mobilization produce similar immediate-, and short-term changes.[12] Multiple cervical manipulation sessions may provide better pain relief and functional improvement than certain medications at immediate to long-term follow-up.[12] Thoracic manipulation may also improve pain and function.[12][13]

Low-level laser therapy has been shown to reduce pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment in patients that experience chronic neck pain.[14] Low quality evidence suggests that cognitive-behavioural therapy may be effective at reducing pain in the short-term.[15] Massaging the area may provide immediate and short-lived benefits, but long term effects are unknown.[16] There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support the use of mechanical traction, and side effects include headaches, nausea and injury to tissue.[17] Radiofrequency denervation may provide temporary relief for specific affected areas in the neck.[18] Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), the noninvasive use of electrical stimulation on the skin, is of unclear benefit in chronic neck pain.[19]

Epidemiology edit

Neck pain affects about 330 million people globally as of 2010 (4.9% of the population).[20] It is more common in women (5.7%) than men (3.9%).[20] It is less common than low back pain.[21]

Prognosis edit

About one-half of episodes resolve within one year, and approximately 10% become chronic.[1]

Prevention edit

Prevalence of neck pain in the population suggests it is a common condition.[1][20] For cervicalgia associated with bad posture the treatment is usually corrective in nature (i.e. ensure shoulders are in one line above the hips) and relating to interventions that provide ergonomic improvement.[22] There is also growing research in how neck pain caused by mobile devices (see iHunch) can be prevented using embedded warning systems.[23][24]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Binder AI (March 2007). "Cervical spondylosis and neck pain". BMJ. 334 (7592): 527–31. doi:10.1136/bmj.39127.608299.80. PMC 1819511. PMID 17347239.
  2. ^ March L, Smith EU, Hoy DG, Cross MJ, Sanchez-Riera L, Blyth F, et al. (June 2014). "Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 28 (3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2014.08.002. PMID 25481420.
  3. ^ a b Mattu A, Goyal D, Barrett JW, Broder J, DeAngelis M, Deblieux P, et al. (2007). Emergency medicine: avoiding the pitfalls and improving the outcomes. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub./BMJ Books. pp. 46–7. ISBN 978-1-4051-4166-6.
  4. ^ Garra G, Singer AJ, Leno R, Taira BR, Gupta N, Mathaikutty B, Thode HJ (May 2010). "Heat or cold packs for neck and back strain: a randomized controlled trial of efficacy". Academic Emergency Medicine. 17 (5): 484–9. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00735.x. PMID 20536800.
  5. ^ Gross A, Forget M, St George K, Fraser MM, Graham N, Perry L, et al. (March 2012). "Patient education for neck pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD005106. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005106.pub4. PMID 22419306.
  6. ^ a b Strudwick K, McPhee M, Bell A, Martin-Khan M, Russell T (December 2018). "Review article: Best practice management of neck pain in the emergency department (part 6 of the musculoskeletal injuries rapid review series)". Emergency Medicine Australasia. 30 (6): 754–772. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.13131. PMID 30168261. S2CID 52130773.
  7. ^ Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Day RO, Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 76 (7): 1269–1278. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210597. PMID 28153830. S2CID 22850331.
  8. ^ Khwaja SM, Minnerop M, Singer AJ (January 2010). "Comparison of ibuprofen, cyclobenzaprine or both in patients with acute cervical strain: a randomized controlled trial". Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 12 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1017/S1481803500012008. PMID 20078917.
  9. ^ Carley S (June 2005). "Manipulation and/or exercise for neck pain?". BestBets.
  10. ^ Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, Blanchette S, Lalonde P, Christie T, et al. (January 2015). "Exercises for mechanical neck disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD004250. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004250.pub5. PMC 9508492. PMID 25629215.
  11. ^ Martin-Gomez, Carmen; Sestelo-Diaz, Rebeca; Carrillo-Sanjuan, Victor; Navarro-Santana, Marcos Jose; Bardon-Romero, Judit; Plaza-Manzano, Gustavo (2019). "Motor control using cranio-cervical flexion exercises versus other treatments for non-specific chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 42: 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2019.04.010. PMID 31030111. S2CID 139105299.
  12. ^ a b c Gross A, Langevin P, Burnie SJ, Bédard-Brochu MS, Empey B, Dugas E, et al. (September 2015). "Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD004249. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004249.pub4. PMID 26397370.
  13. ^ Huisman PA, Speksnijder CM, de Wijer A (September 2013). "The effect of thoracic spine manipulation on pain and disability in patients with non-specific neck pain: a systematic review". Disability and Rehabilitation. 35 (20): 1677–85. doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.750689. PMID 23339721. S2CID 12159586.
  14. ^ Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM (December 2009). "Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials". Lancet. 374 (9705): 1897–908. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61522-1. PMID 19913903. S2CID 16336402.
  15. ^ Monticone M, Cedraschi C, Ambrosini E, Rocca B, Fiorentini R, Restelli M, et al. (May 2015). "Cognitive-behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (5): CD010664. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010664.pub2. hdl:2434/352344. PMC 8922276. PMID 26006174.
  16. ^ Patel KC, Gross A, Graham N, Goldsmith CH, Ezzo J, Morien A, Peloso PM (September 2012). "Massage for mechanical neck disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD004871. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004871.pub4. PMID 22972078.
  17. ^ Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, Klaber Moffett J, Haines T, Burnie SJ, Peloso PM (July 2008). "Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD006408. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006408.pub2. PMID 18646151.
  18. ^ Niemisto L, Kalso E, Malmivaara A, Seitsalo S, Hurri H (2003-01-20). "Radiofrequency denervation for neck and back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004058. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004058. PMID 12535508.
  19. ^ Martimbianco AL, Porfírio GJ, Pacheco RL, Torloni MR, Riera R (December 2019). "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD011927. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011927.pub2. PMC 6953309. PMID 31830313.
  20. ^ a b c Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, et al. (December 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  21. ^ Deen H, Bartleson JD (2009). Spine disorders medical and surgical management. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-88941-4.
  22. ^ Driessen, Maurice T.; Proper, Karin I.; Anema, Johannes R.; Bongers, Paulien M.; van der Beek, Allard J. (2010-08-24). "Process evaluation of a participatory ergonomics programme to prevent low back pain and neck pain among workers". Implementation Science. 5 (1): 65. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-65. ISSN 1748-5908. PMC 2936444. PMID 20735823.
  23. ^ Giansanti, D.; Colombaretti, L.; Simeoni, R.; Maccioni, G. (2019). "The Text Neck: Can Smartphone Apps with Biofeedback Aid in the Prevention of This Syndrome". In Masia, Lorenzo; Micera, Silvestro; Akay, Metin; Pons, José L. (eds.). Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation III. Biosystems & Biorobotics. Vol. 21. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 754–758. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01845-0_150. ISBN 978-3-030-01845-0. S2CID 81281600.
  24. ^ Toda, Takeshi; Nakai, Masato; Xinxin Liu (2015). "A close face-distance warning system for straightend neck prevention". IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. pp. 003347–003352. doi:10.1109/IECON.2015.7392616. ISBN 978-1-4799-1762-4. S2CID 25314942.

External links edit

February 15, 2024
neck, pain, also, known, cervicalgia, common, problem, with, thirds, population, having, neck, pain, some, point, their, lives, other, namescervicalgiaillustration, person, with, neck, painspecialtyneurosurgery, although, felt, neck, caused, numerous, other, s. Neck pain also known as cervicalgia is a common problem with two thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives 1 Neck painOther namesCervicalgiaIllustration of a person with neck painSpecialtyNeurosurgeryNeck pain although felt in the neck can be caused by numerous other spinal problems Neck pain may arise due to muscular tightness in both the neck and upper back or pinching of the nerves emanating from the cervical vertebrae Joint disruption in the neck creates pain as does joint disruption in the upper back The head is supported by the lower neck and upper back and it is these areas that commonly cause neck pain The top three joints in the neck allow for most movement of the neck and head The lower joints in the neck and those of the upper back create a supportive structure for the head to sit on If this support system is affected adversely then the muscles in the area will tighten leading to neck pain Neck pain affects about 5 of the global population as of 2010 2 Contents 1 Differential diagnosis 2 Treatment 2 1 Medication 2 2 Surgery 2 3 Alternative medicine 3 Epidemiology 4 Prognosis 5 Prevention 6 References 7 External linksDifferential diagnosis editNeck pain may come from any of the structures in the neck including vascular nerve airway digestive and musculature skeletal or be referred from other areas of the body 3 Major and severe causes of neck pain roughly in order of severity include Carotid artery dissection Referred pain from acute coronary syndrome Head and neck cancer Infections including Meningitis of several types including sudden onset of severe neck or back pain particularly in teens and young adults which may be fatal if not treated quickly Retropharyngeal abscess Epiglottitis 3 Spinal disc herniation protruding or bulging discs or if severe prolapse Spondylosis degenerative arthritis and osteophytes Spinal stenosis a narrowing of the spinal canalMore common and lesser neck pain causes include Stress physical and emotional stresses Prolonged postures many people fall asleep on sofas and chairs and wake up with sore necks Minor injuries and falls car accidents sporting events and day to day injuries that are really minor Referred pain mostly from upper back problems Over use muscular strain is one of the most common causes Whiplash Pinched nerveAlthough the causes are numerous most are easily rectified by either professional help or using self help advice and techniques More causes can include poor sleeping posture torticollis head injury rheumatoid arthritis Carotidynia congenital cervical rib mononucleosis rubella certain cancers ankylosing spondylitis cervical spine fracture esophageal trauma subarachnoid hemorrhage lymphadenitis thyroid trauma and tracheal trauma Treatment editTreatment of neck pain depends on the cause For the vast majority of people neck pain can be treated conservatively Recommendations in which it helps alleviate symptoms include applying heat or cold 4 Other common treatments could include medication body mechanics training ergonomic reform and physical therapy Treatments may also include patient education but existing evidence shows a lack of effectiveness 5 Medication edit Analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs are generally recommended for pain 6 A 2017 review however found that paracetamol was not efficacious and that NSAIDs are minimally effective 7 Muscle relaxants may also be recommended 6 However one study showed that one muscle relaxant called cyclobenzaprine was not effective for treatment of acute cervical strain as opposed to neck pain from other etiologies or chronic neck pain 8 Surgery edit Surgery is usually not indicated for mechanical causes of neck pain If neck pain is the result of instability cancer or other disease process surgery may be necessary Surgery is usually not indicated for pinched nerves or herniated discs unless there is spinal cord compression or pain and disability have been protracted for many months and refractory to conservative treatment such as physical therapy Alternative medicine edit Exercise plus joint manipulation has been found to be beneficial in both acute and chronic mechanical neck disorders 9 In particular specific strengthening exercise may improve function and pain 10 Motor control using cranio cervical flexion exercises has been shown to be effective for non specific chronic neck pain 11 Both cervical manipulation and cervical mobilization produce similar immediate and short term changes 12 Multiple cervical manipulation sessions may provide better pain relief and functional improvement than certain medications at immediate to long term follow up 12 Thoracic manipulation may also improve pain and function 12 13 Low level laser therapy has been shown to reduce pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment in patients that experience chronic neck pain 14 Low quality evidence suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy may be effective at reducing pain in the short term 15 Massaging the area may provide immediate and short lived benefits but long term effects are unknown 16 There is a lack of high quality evidence to support the use of mechanical traction and side effects include headaches nausea and injury to tissue 17 Radiofrequency denervation may provide temporary relief for specific affected areas in the neck 18 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TENS the noninvasive use of electrical stimulation on the skin is of unclear benefit in chronic neck pain 19 Epidemiology editNeck pain affects about 330 million people globally as of 2010 4 9 of the population 20 It is more common in women 5 7 than men 3 9 20 It is less common than low back pain 21 Prognosis editAbout one half of episodes resolve within one year and approximately 10 become chronic 1 Prevention editPrevalence of neck pain in the population suggests it is a common condition 1 20 For cervicalgia associated with bad posture the treatment is usually corrective in nature i e ensure shoulders are in one line above the hips and relating to interventions that provide ergonomic improvement 22 There is also growing research in how neck pain caused by mobile devices see iHunch can be prevented using embedded warning systems 23 24 References edit a b c Binder AI March 2007 Cervical spondylosis and neck pain BMJ 334 7592 527 31 doi 10 1136 bmj 39127 608299 80 PMC 1819511 PMID 17347239 March L Smith EU Hoy DG Cross MJ Sanchez Riera L Blyth F et al June 2014 Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal MSK disorders Best Practice amp Research Clinical Rheumatology 28 3 353 66 doi 10 1016 j berh 2014 08 002 PMID 25481420 a b Mattu A Goyal D Barrett JW Broder J DeAngelis M Deblieux P et al 2007 Emergency medicine avoiding the pitfalls and improving the outcomes Malden Mass Blackwell Pub BMJ Books pp 46 7 ISBN 978 1 4051 4166 6 Garra G Singer AJ Leno R Taira BR Gupta N Mathaikutty B Thode HJ May 2010 Heat or cold packs for neck and back strain a randomized controlled trial of efficacy Academic Emergency Medicine 17 5 484 9 doi 10 1111 j 1553 2712 2010 00735 x PMID 20536800 Gross A Forget M St George K Fraser MM Graham N Perry L et al March 2012 Patient education for neck pain The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 CD005106 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd005106 pub4 PMID 22419306 a b Strudwick K McPhee M Bell A Martin Khan M Russell T December 2018 Review article Best practice management of neck pain in the emergency department part 6 of the musculoskeletal injuries rapid review series Emergency Medicine Australasia 30 6 754 772 doi 10 1111 1742 6723 13131 PMID 30168261 S2CID 52130773 Machado GC Maher CG Ferreira PH Day RO Pinheiro MB Ferreira ML July 2017 Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs for spinal pain a systematic review and meta analysis Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 76 7 1269 1278 doi 10 1136 annrheumdis 2016 210597 PMID 28153830 S2CID 22850331 Khwaja SM Minnerop M Singer AJ January 2010 Comparison of ibuprofen cyclobenzaprine or both in patients with acute cervical strain a randomized controlled trial Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 12 1 39 44 doi 10 1017 S1481803500012008 PMID 20078917 Carley S June 2005 Manipulation and or exercise for neck pain BestBets Gross A Kay TM Paquin JP Blanchette S Lalonde P Christie T et al January 2015 Exercises for mechanical neck disorders The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 1 CD004250 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd004250 pub5 PMC 9508492 PMID 25629215 Martin Gomez Carmen Sestelo Diaz Rebeca Carrillo Sanjuan Victor Navarro Santana Marcos Jose Bardon Romero Judit Plaza Manzano Gustavo 2019 Motor control using cranio cervical flexion exercises versus other treatments for non specific chronic neck pain A systematic review and meta analysis Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 42 52 59 doi 10 1016 j msksp 2019 04 010 PMID 31030111 S2CID 139105299 a b c Gross A Langevin P Burnie SJ Bedard Brochu MS Empey B Dugas E et al September 2015 Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 CD004249 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD004249 pub4 PMID 26397370 Huisman PA Speksnijder CM de Wijer A September 2013 The effect of thoracic spine manipulation on pain and disability in patients with non specific neck pain a systematic review Disability and Rehabilitation 35 20 1677 85 doi 10 3109 09638288 2012 750689 PMID 23339721 S2CID 12159586 Chow RT Johnson MI Lopes Martins RA Bjordal JM December 2009 Efficacy of low level laser therapy in the management of neck pain a systematic review and meta analysis of randomised placebo or active treatment controlled trials Lancet 374 9705 1897 908 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 09 61522 1 PMID 19913903 S2CID 16336402 Monticone M Cedraschi C Ambrosini E Rocca B Fiorentini R Restelli M et al May 2015 Cognitive behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016 5 CD010664 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd010664 pub2 hdl 2434 352344 PMC 8922276 PMID 26006174 Patel KC Gross A Graham N Goldsmith CH Ezzo J Morien A Peloso PM September 2012 Massage for mechanical neck disorders The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 CD004871 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd004871 pub4 PMID 22972078 Graham N Gross A Goldsmith CH Klaber Moffett J Haines T Burnie SJ Peloso PM July 2008 Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 CD006408 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd006408 pub2 PMID 18646151 Niemisto L Kalso E Malmivaara A Seitsalo S Hurri H 2003 01 20 Radiofrequency denervation for neck and back pain A systematic review of randomized controlled trials The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 CD004058 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd004058 PMID 12535508 Martimbianco AL Porfirio GJ Pacheco RL Torloni MR Riera R December 2019 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TENS for chronic neck pain The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019 12 CD011927 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd011927 pub2 PMC 6953309 PMID 31830313 a b c Vos T Flaxman AD Naghavi M Lozano R Michaud C et al December 2012 Years lived with disability YLDs for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990 2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 380 9859 2163 96 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 12 61729 2 PMC 6350784 PMID 23245607 Deen H Bartleson JD 2009 Spine disorders medical and surgical management Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 521 88941 4 Driessen Maurice T Proper Karin I Anema Johannes R Bongers Paulien M van der Beek Allard J 2010 08 24 Process evaluation of a participatory ergonomics programme to prevent low back pain and neck pain among workers Implementation Science 5 1 65 doi 10 1186 1748 5908 5 65 ISSN 1748 5908 PMC 2936444 PMID 20735823 Giansanti D Colombaretti L Simeoni R Maccioni G 2019 The Text Neck Can Smartphone Apps with Biofeedback Aid in the Prevention of This Syndrome In Masia Lorenzo Micera Silvestro Akay Metin Pons Jose L eds Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation III Biosystems amp Biorobotics Vol 21 Cham Springer International Publishing pp 754 758 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 01845 0 150 ISBN 978 3 030 01845 0 S2CID 81281600 Toda Takeshi Nakai Masato Xinxin Liu 2015 A close face distance warning system for straightend neck prevention IECON 2015 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society pp 003347 003352 doi 10 1109 IECON 2015 7392616 ISBN 978 1 4799 1762 4 S2CID 25314942 External links edit 6 Ways to Ease Neck Pain at Harvard Medical School Neck pain Symptoms and causes at Mayo Clinic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neck pain amp oldid 1192031554, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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