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Nazca Ridge

December 15, 2023

The Nazca Ridge is a submarine ridge, located on the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America. This plate and ridge are currently subducting under the South American Plate at a convergent boundary known as the Peru-Chile Trench at approximately 7.7 cm (3.0 in) per year.[1] The Nazca Ridge began subducting obliquely to the collision margin at 11°S, approximately 11.2 Ma, and the current subduction location is 15°S.[2] The ridge is composed of abnormally thick basaltic ocean crust, averaging 18 ±3 km thick.[3] This crust is buoyant, resulting in flat slab subduction under Peru.[4] This flat slab subduction has been associated with the uplift of Pisco Basin[5] and the cessation of Andes volcanism and the uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch on the South American continent approximately 4 Ma.[6]

Map showing the location of Nazca Ridge off the west coast of Peru

Morphology edit

The Nazca Ridge is approximately 200 km (120 mi) wide, 1,100 km (680 mi) long, and has 1,500 m (4,900 ft) of bathymetric relief.[7] The gradient of the slopes is 1-2 degrees.[7] The ridge is located at a depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) below sea level, above the carbonate compensation depth.[7] It is blanketed in a thin covering of 300 to 400 m (980 to 1,310 ft) thick pelagic calcareous ooze.[7] Based on Rayleigh wave analysis, the ridge has an average crustal thickness of 18 ±3 km,[3] but could have a localized maximum thickness up to 35 km (22 mi).[8] This is abnormally thick for oceanic crust.[3] By comparison, the underlying Nazca Plate adjacent to the ridge ranges from 6 to 8 km (3.7 to 5.0 mi) thick, and is comparable to the worldwide average of around 7 km (4.3 mi) thick.[8]

Formation edit

Based on basalt ages, the portion of the Nazca Ridge that is currently exposed dates from 31 ± 1 Ma at the Peru-Chile trench, to 23 ± 1 Ma where the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain are adjacent.[9] Basalt composition has also been used to show that the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain formed from the same magma source, with the formation of the Easter Seamount Chain occurring after the Nazca Plate changed direction.[9] Formation began along the Pacific-Farallon/Nazca spreading center,[7] and has been attributed to hot spot volcanism. There is some debate as to where this hot spot was originally located however, with locations near Easter Island[10] and Salas y Gomez[9] both being proposed. The ridge is primarily composed of mid-ocean ridge basalt, which erupted on the Nazca Plate when the plate was already 5-13 Ma old.[9] Based on isotopic ratios and rare earth element composition, it is estimated that the magma was sourced at approximately 95 km depth from a 7% partial melt.[9] The Nazca Ridge has a conjugate feature on the Pacific Plate, the Tuamotu Plateau.[10][2] Magnetic anomalies have shown that there was symmetrical spreading at the Pacific-Farallon/Nazca center, so the Tuamotu Plateau can be used as a proxy for the pre-subducted Nazca Ridge geometry.[2]

Subduction and migration history edit

The Nazca Plate began subducting into the Peru-Chile trench 11.2 Ma at 11°S.[2] Due to the oblique orientation of the ridge to the Nazca-South American plate collision zone, the ridge has migrated south along the active margin to its current location at 15°S.[2] Based on Tuamotu Plateau mirror relationship, it is estimated that 900 km (560 mi) of the Nazca Ridge has already subducted. The speed of migration has slowed over time, with the ridge migrating at 7.5 cm (3.0 in) per year until 10.8 Ma, then slowing to 6.1 cm (2.4 in) per year from 10.8-4.9 Ma. The current ridge migration rate is 4.3 cm (1.7 in) per year.[2] The current plate subduction rate is 7.7 cm (3.0 in) per year.[1]

Continental margin interaction edit

The ridge is buoyant, resulting in flat slab subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath Peru.[4] Buoyancy is related to crustal age, and the buoyancy effect can be seen in oceanic crust aged from 30-40 Ma.[11] The Nazca Plate is dated to 45 Ma where it subducts into the Peru-Chile trench.[11] The extreme thickness of the buoyant ridge is responsible for the flat slab subduction of the older underlying plate. Modeling has shown that this type of subduction is only concurrent with submarine ridges,[11] and accounts for approximately 10% of convergent boundaries.[4] The most recent estimate of the subduction angle for the Nazca Plate is 20° to a depth of 24 km (15 mi) at 110 km (68 mi) inland. At 80 km (50 mi) depth, approximately 220 km (140 mi) inland, the plate shifts to a horizontal orientation,[12] and continues to travel horizontally for up to 700 km (430 mi) inland,[6] before resuming subduction into the asthenosphere.

 
Image showing the lack of continental volcanism adjacent to subducting ridges

Large magnitude earthquakes occur in association with the area around the Nazca Ridge subduction zone, known at the Peru megathrust.[13] These include, but are not limited to, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in 1942, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake in 1970, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake in 1996, a magnitude 8.4 earthquake in 2001,[7][12][14] and a magnitude 8.0 earthquake in 2007.[12][13] Earthquake records for this area of subduction go back to 1586.[14] All of these ruptures were located either on the coast of Peru or within the Peru-Chile Trench between 9°S and 18°S, coincidental with the subducting Nazca Ridge,[12][14] and include both intraplate and interplate rupturing.[14] No large earthquakes have been located between 14°S and 15.5°S, where the bathymetric high of the ridge is subducting. Interplate earthquakes do not occur in direct conjunction with the Nazca Ridge.[14]

There has been little geomorphic affect to the Peru-Chile trench due to the ridge subduction beyond a shallowing from 6,500 to 5,000 m (21,300 to 16,400 ft) above the ridge location.[7] However, this is a tectonic erosion margin.[15][7] There is no accretionary wedge forming in the trench, and what sediment is found there is from continental sources, based on fossil assemblage.[7] The calcareous ooze blanketing Nazca Ridge is completely subducted.[7] Crustal erosion of the forearc basin has resulted in the loss of 110 km (68 mi) of the South American Plate since 11 Ma.[12]

The forearc basin of Pisco located above the subducting ridge has experienced uplift since the Late Pliocene or Pleistocene an uplift that is attributed to the subduction of the Nazca Ridge.[5]

Influence in Amazon tectonics edit

The flat slab subduction associated with the Nazca Ridge has been linked to the cessation of volcanism in the Andes Mountains at about 4 Ma.[6] The subduction has also been linked with the formation of the Fitzcarrald Arch, which is a 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi), 400 to 600 m (1,300 to 2,000 ft) high, domed topographic feature that defines the Amazon drainage Basin.[6] Studies indicate that the uplift of the arch also began 4 Ma.[6]

The uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch intersects with the Andes Mountains where there is a shift from high-gradient topography to the low-gradient Amazon Basin.[1] This topographic uplift effectively divides the Amazon drainage basin into three sub-basins, the Ucayali to the northwest, the Acre to the northeast, and the Madre De Dios to the southeast.[16] It's hypothesized that significant modifications to sedimentary, erosional, and hydrological processes have resulted from the uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch. Evolutionary paths for freshwater fish began to diverge in the Amazon sub-basins approximately 4 Ma as well.[17] The uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch could also be the catalyst that lead to these differing evolutionary paths, effectively isolating fish populations from each other.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Regard, V.; Lagnous, R.; Espurt, N.; Darrozes, J.; Baby, P.; Roddaz, M.; Calderon, Y.; Hermoza, W. (2009). "Geomorphic evidence for recent uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch (Peru): A response to the Nazca Ridge subduction" (PDF). Geomorphology. 107 (3–4): 107–117. Bibcode:2009Geomo.107..107R. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.12.003. S2CID 18260573.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hampel, Andrea (2002). "The migration history of the Nazca Ridge along the Peruvian active margin: a re-evaluation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 203 (2): 665–679. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.203..665H. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00859-2.
  3. ^ a b c Woods, T.M.; Okal, E.A. (1994). "The structure of the Nazca Ridge and the Sala y Gomez seamount chain from dispersion of Rayleigh waves". Geophysical Journal International. 117: 205–222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb03313.x.
  4. ^ a b c Gutscher, M.A.; Spakman, W.; Bijwaard, H.; Engdalh, E.R. (2000). "Geodynamics of flat subduction: Seismicity and tomographic constraints from the Andean margin". Tectonics. 19 (5): 814–833. Bibcode:2000Tecto..19..814G. doi:10.1029/1999TC001152.
  5. ^ a b Dunbar, Robert B.; Marty, Richard C.; Baker, Paul A. (1990). "Cenozoic marine sedimentation in the Sechura and Pisco basins, Peru". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 77 (3–4): 235–261. Bibcode:1990PPP....77..235D. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90179-B.
  6. ^ a b c d e Espurt, N.; Baby, P.; Brusset, S.; Roddaz, M.; Hermoza, W.; Regard, V.; Antoine, P.-O.; Salas-Gismondi, R.; Bolaños, R. (2007-06-01). "How does the Nazca Ridge subduction influence the modern Amazonian foreland basin?". Geology. 35 (6): 515. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..515E. doi:10.1130/g23237a.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hampel, Andrea; Kukowski, Nina; Bialas, Joerg; Huebscher, Christian; Heinbockel, Raffaela (2004-02-01). "Ridge subduction at an erosive margin: The collision zone of the Nazca Ridge in southern Peru" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109 (B2). Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.2101H. doi:10.1029/2003jb002593. ISSN 2156-2202.
  8. ^ a b Tassara, Andrés; Götze, Hans-Jürgen; Schmidt, Sabine; Hackney, Ron (2006). "Three-dimensional density model of the Nazca plate and the Andean continental margin". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (B9). Bibcode:2006JGRB..111.9404T. doi:10.1029/2005jb003976. ISSN 0148-0227.
  9. ^ a b c d e Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Mahoney, John J.; Duncan, Robert A.; Ray, Jyotisankar; Wessel, Paul; Naar, David F. (2012-07-01). "Chronology and Geochemistry of Lavas from the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain: an ~30 Myr Hotspot Record". Journal of Petrology. 53 (7): 1417–1448. doi:10.1093/petrology/egs021. ISSN 0022-3530.
  10. ^ a b Pilger, R.H.; Handschumacher, D.W. (1981). "The fixed hotspot hypothesis and origin of the Easter-Salas y Gomez-Nazca trace". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 92 (7): 437–446. Bibcode:1981GSAB...92..437P. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<437:TFHAOO>2.0.CO;2.
  11. ^ a b c van Hunen, Jeroen; Berg, Arie P. van den; Vlaar, Nico J. (2002-07-01). "The impact of the South-American plate motion and the Nazca Ridge subduction on the flat subduction below South Peru". Geophysical Research Letters. 29 (14): 35–1–35–4. Bibcode:2002GeoRL..29.1690V. doi:10.1029/2001gl014004. ISSN 1944-8007.
  12. ^ a b c d e Kim, YoungHee; Clayton, Robert W. (2015). "Seismic properties of the Nazca oceanic crust in the southern Peruvian subduction system". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 429: 110–121. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.429..110K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.055.
  13. ^ a b Sufri, Oner; Koper, Keith D.; Lay, Thorne (2012). "Along-dip seismic radiation segmentation during the 2007 Mw8.0 Pisco, Peru earthquake". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (8): n/a. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.8311S. doi:10.1029/2012gl051316. ISSN 0094-8276.
  14. ^ a b c d e Beck, Susan L.; Ruff, Larry J. (November 1989). "Great earthquakes and subduction along the Peru trench". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 57 (3–4): 199–224. Bibcode:1989PEPI...57..199B. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(89)90112-x. hdl:2027.42/27698. ISSN 0031-9201.
  15. ^ Clift, Peter D.; Pecher, Ingo; Kukowski, Nina; Hampel, Andrea (2003). "Tectonic erosion of the Peruvian forearc, Lima Basin, by subduction and Nazca Ridge collision". Tectonics. 22 (3): n/a. Bibcode:2003Tecto..22.1023C. doi:10.1029/2002tc001386. ISSN 0278-7407. S2CID 134571555.
  16. ^ a b Amazonia--landscape and species evolution : a look into the past. Hoorn, C. (Carina), Wesselingh, F. P. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010. ISBN 9781405181136. OCLC 398503454.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ^ HUBERT, NICOLAS; DUPONCHELLE, FABRICE; NUÑEZ, JESUS; GARCIA-DAVILA, CARMEN; PAUGY, DIDIER; RENNO, JEAN-FRANÇOIS (2007). "Phylogeography of the piranha genera Serrasalmus and Pygocentrus: implications for the diversification of the Neotropical ichthyofauna". Molecular Ecology. 16 (10): 2115–2136. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03267.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 17498236. S2CID 3852749.

External links edit

  • Jyotiranjan S. Ray; et al. (June 2012). "Chronology and Geochemistry of Lavas from the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain: an ~30 Myr Hotspot Record". Journal of Petrology. Oxford University Press. 53 (6): 1417–1448. doi:10.1093/petrology/egs021.

18°S 79°W / 18°S 79°W / -18; -79

December 15, 2023
nazca, ridge, submarine, ridge, located, nazca, plate, west, coast, south, america, this, plate, ridge, currently, subducting, under, south, american, plate, convergent, boundary, known, peru, chile, trench, approximately, year, began, subducting, obliquely, c. The Nazca Ridge is a submarine ridge located on the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America This plate and ridge are currently subducting under the South American Plate at a convergent boundary known as the Peru Chile Trench at approximately 7 7 cm 3 0 in per year 1 The Nazca Ridge began subducting obliquely to the collision margin at 11 S approximately 11 2 Ma and the current subduction location is 15 S 2 The ridge is composed of abnormally thick basaltic ocean crust averaging 18 3 km thick 3 This crust is buoyant resulting in flat slab subduction under Peru 4 This flat slab subduction has been associated with the uplift of Pisco Basin 5 and the cessation of Andes volcanism and the uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch on the South American continent approximately 4 Ma 6 Map showing the location of Nazca Ridge off the west coast of Peru Contents 1 Morphology 2 Formation 3 Subduction and migration history 4 Continental margin interaction 4 1 Influence in Amazon tectonics 5 References 6 External linksMorphology editThe Nazca Ridge is approximately 200 km 120 mi wide 1 100 km 680 mi long and has 1 500 m 4 900 ft of bathymetric relief 7 The gradient of the slopes is 1 2 degrees 7 The ridge is located at a depth of 4 000 m 13 000 ft below sea level above the carbonate compensation depth 7 It is blanketed in a thin covering of 300 to 400 m 980 to 1 310 ft thick pelagic calcareous ooze 7 Based on Rayleigh wave analysis the ridge has an average crustal thickness of 18 3 km 3 but could have a localized maximum thickness up to 35 km 22 mi 8 This is abnormally thick for oceanic crust 3 By comparison the underlying Nazca Plate adjacent to the ridge ranges from 6 to 8 km 3 7 to 5 0 mi thick and is comparable to the worldwide average of around 7 km 4 3 mi thick 8 Formation editBased on basalt ages the portion of the Nazca Ridge that is currently exposed dates from 31 1 Ma at the Peru Chile trench to 23 1 Ma where the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain are adjacent 9 Basalt composition has also been used to show that the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain formed from the same magma source with the formation of the Easter Seamount Chain occurring after the Nazca Plate changed direction 9 Formation began along the Pacific Farallon Nazca spreading center 7 and has been attributed to hot spot volcanism There is some debate as to where this hot spot was originally located however with locations near Easter Island 10 and Salas y Gomez 9 both being proposed The ridge is primarily composed of mid ocean ridge basalt which erupted on the Nazca Plate when the plate was already 5 13 Ma old 9 Based on isotopic ratios and rare earth element composition it is estimated that the magma was sourced at approximately 95 km depth from a 7 partial melt 9 The Nazca Ridge has a conjugate feature on the Pacific Plate the Tuamotu Plateau 10 2 Magnetic anomalies have shown that there was symmetrical spreading at the Pacific Farallon Nazca center so the Tuamotu Plateau can be used as a proxy for the pre subducted Nazca Ridge geometry 2 Subduction and migration history editThe Nazca Plate began subducting into the Peru Chile trench 11 2 Ma at 11 S 2 Due to the oblique orientation of the ridge to the Nazca South American plate collision zone the ridge has migrated south along the active margin to its current location at 15 S 2 Based on Tuamotu Plateau mirror relationship it is estimated that 900 km 560 mi of the Nazca Ridge has already subducted The speed of migration has slowed over time with the ridge migrating at 7 5 cm 3 0 in per year until 10 8 Ma then slowing to 6 1 cm 2 4 in per year from 10 8 4 9 Ma The current ridge migration rate is 4 3 cm 1 7 in per year 2 The current plate subduction rate is 7 7 cm 3 0 in per year 1 Continental margin interaction editThe ridge is buoyant resulting in flat slab subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath Peru 4 Buoyancy is related to crustal age and the buoyancy effect can be seen in oceanic crust aged from 30 40 Ma 11 The Nazca Plate is dated to 45 Ma where it subducts into the Peru Chile trench 11 The extreme thickness of the buoyant ridge is responsible for the flat slab subduction of the older underlying plate Modeling has shown that this type of subduction is only concurrent with submarine ridges 11 and accounts for approximately 10 of convergent boundaries 4 The most recent estimate of the subduction angle for the Nazca Plate is 20 to a depth of 24 km 15 mi at 110 km 68 mi inland At 80 km 50 mi depth approximately 220 km 140 mi inland the plate shifts to a horizontal orientation 12 and continues to travel horizontally for up to 700 km 430 mi inland 6 before resuming subduction into the asthenosphere nbsp Image showing the lack of continental volcanism adjacent to subducting ridgesLarge magnitude earthquakes occur in association with the area around the Nazca Ridge subduction zone known at the Peru megathrust 13 These include but are not limited to a magnitude 8 1 earthquake in 1942 a magnitude 8 0 earthquake in 1970 a magnitude 7 7 earthquake in 1996 a magnitude 8 4 earthquake in 2001 7 12 14 and a magnitude 8 0 earthquake in 2007 12 13 Earthquake records for this area of subduction go back to 1586 14 All of these ruptures were located either on the coast of Peru or within the Peru Chile Trench between 9 S and 18 S coincidental with the subducting Nazca Ridge 12 14 and include both intraplate and interplate rupturing 14 No large earthquakes have been located between 14 S and 15 5 S where the bathymetric high of the ridge is subducting Interplate earthquakes do not occur in direct conjunction with the Nazca Ridge 14 There has been little geomorphic affect to the Peru Chile trench due to the ridge subduction beyond a shallowing from 6 500 to 5 000 m 21 300 to 16 400 ft above the ridge location 7 However this is a tectonic erosion margin 15 7 There is no accretionary wedge forming in the trench and what sediment is found there is from continental sources based on fossil assemblage 7 The calcareous ooze blanketing Nazca Ridge is completely subducted 7 Crustal erosion of the forearc basin has resulted in the loss of 110 km 68 mi of the South American Plate since 11 Ma 12 The forearc basin of Pisco located above the subducting ridge has experienced uplift since the Late Pliocene or Pleistocene an uplift that is attributed to the subduction of the Nazca Ridge 5 Influence in Amazon tectonics edit The flat slab subduction associated with the Nazca Ridge has been linked to the cessation of volcanism in the Andes Mountains at about 4 Ma 6 The subduction has also been linked with the formation of the Fitzcarrald Arch which is a 400 000 km2 150 000 sq mi 400 to 600 m 1 300 to 2 000 ft high domed topographic feature that defines the Amazon drainage Basin 6 Studies indicate that the uplift of the arch also began 4 Ma 6 The uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch intersects with the Andes Mountains where there is a shift from high gradient topography to the low gradient Amazon Basin 1 This topographic uplift effectively divides the Amazon drainage basin into three sub basins the Ucayali to the northwest the Acre to the northeast and the Madre De Dios to the southeast 16 It s hypothesized that significant modifications to sedimentary erosional and hydrological processes have resulted from the uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch Evolutionary paths for freshwater fish began to diverge in the Amazon sub basins approximately 4 Ma as well 17 The uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch could also be the catalyst that lead to these differing evolutionary paths effectively isolating fish populations from each other 16 References edit a b c Regard V Lagnous R Espurt N Darrozes J Baby P Roddaz M Calderon Y Hermoza W 2009 Geomorphic evidence for recent uplift of the Fitzcarrald Arch Peru A response to the Nazca Ridge subduction PDF Geomorphology 107 3 4 107 117 Bibcode 2009Geomo 107 107R doi 10 1016 j geomorph 2008 12 003 S2CID 18260573 a b c d e f Hampel Andrea 2002 The migration history of the Nazca Ridge along the Peruvian active margin a re evaluation Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203 2 665 679 Bibcode 2002E amp PSL 203 665H doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 02 00859 2 a b c Woods T M Okal E A 1994 The structure of the Nazca Ridge and the Sala y Gomez seamount chain from dispersion of Rayleigh waves Geophysical Journal International 117 205 222 doi 10 1111 j 1365 246X 1994 tb03313 x a b c Gutscher M A Spakman W Bijwaard H Engdalh E R 2000 Geodynamics of flat subduction Seismicity and tomographic constraints from the Andean margin Tectonics 19 5 814 833 Bibcode 2000Tecto 19 814G doi 10 1029 1999TC001152 a b Dunbar Robert B Marty Richard C Baker Paul A 1990 Cenozoic marine sedimentation in the Sechura and Pisco basins Peru Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 77 3 4 235 261 Bibcode 1990PPP 77 235D doi 10 1016 0031 0182 90 90179 B a b c d e Espurt N Baby P Brusset S Roddaz M Hermoza W Regard V Antoine P O Salas Gismondi R Bolanos R 2007 06 01 How does the Nazca Ridge subduction influence the modern Amazonian foreland basin Geology 35 6 515 Bibcode 2007Geo 35 515E doi 10 1130 g23237a 1 ISSN 0091 7613 a b c d e f g h i j Hampel Andrea Kukowski Nina Bialas Joerg Huebscher Christian Heinbockel Raffaela 2004 02 01 Ridge subduction at an erosive margin The collision zone of the Nazca Ridge in southern Peru PDF Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 109 B2 Bibcode 2004JGRB 109 2101H doi 10 1029 2003jb002593 ISSN 2156 2202 a b Tassara Andres Gotze Hans Jurgen Schmidt Sabine Hackney Ron 2006 Three dimensional density model of the Nazca plate and the Andean continental margin Journal of Geophysical Research 111 B9 Bibcode 2006JGRB 111 9404T doi 10 1029 2005jb003976 ISSN 0148 0227 a b c d e Ray Jyotiranjan S Mahoney John J Duncan Robert A Ray Jyotisankar Wessel Paul Naar David F 2012 07 01 Chronology and Geochemistry of Lavas from the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain an 30 Myr Hotspot Record Journal of Petrology 53 7 1417 1448 doi 10 1093 petrology egs021 ISSN 0022 3530 a b Pilger R H Handschumacher D W 1981 The fixed hotspot hypothesis and origin of the Easter Salas y Gomez Nazca trace Geological Society of America Bulletin 92 7 437 446 Bibcode 1981GSAB 92 437P doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1981 92 lt 437 TFHAOO gt 2 0 CO 2 a b c van Hunen Jeroen Berg Arie P van den Vlaar Nico J 2002 07 01 The impact of the South American plate motion and the Nazca Ridge subduction on the flat subduction below South Peru Geophysical Research Letters 29 14 35 1 35 4 Bibcode 2002GeoRL 29 1690V doi 10 1029 2001gl014004 ISSN 1944 8007 a b c d e Kim YoungHee Clayton Robert W 2015 Seismic properties of the Nazca oceanic crust in the southern Peruvian subduction system Earth and Planetary Science Letters 429 110 121 Bibcode 2015E amp PSL 429 110K doi 10 1016 j epsl 2015 07 055 a b Sufri Oner Koper Keith D Lay Thorne 2012 Along dip seismic radiation segmentation during the 2007 Mw8 0 Pisco Peru earthquake Geophysical Research Letters 39 8 n a Bibcode 2012GeoRL 39 8311S doi 10 1029 2012gl051316 ISSN 0094 8276 a b c d e Beck Susan L Ruff Larry J November 1989 Great earthquakes and subduction along the Peru trench Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 57 3 4 199 224 Bibcode 1989PEPI 57 199B doi 10 1016 0031 9201 89 90112 x hdl 2027 42 27698 ISSN 0031 9201 Clift Peter D Pecher Ingo Kukowski Nina Hampel Andrea 2003 Tectonic erosion of the Peruvian forearc Lima Basin by subduction and Nazca Ridge collision Tectonics 22 3 n a Bibcode 2003Tecto 22 1023C doi 10 1029 2002tc001386 ISSN 0278 7407 S2CID 134571555 a b Amazonia landscape and species evolution a look into the past Hoorn C Carina Wesselingh F P Chichester UK Wiley Blackwell 2010 ISBN 9781405181136 OCLC 398503454 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link HUBERT NICOLAS DUPONCHELLE FABRICE NUNEZ JESUS GARCIA DAVILA CARMEN PAUGY DIDIER RENNO JEAN FRANCOIS 2007 Phylogeography of the piranha genera Serrasalmus and Pygocentrus implications for the diversification of the Neotropical ichthyofauna Molecular Ecology 16 10 2115 2136 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294x 2007 03267 x ISSN 0962 1083 PMID 17498236 S2CID 3852749 External links editJyotiranjan S Ray et al June 2012 Chronology and Geochemistry of Lavas from the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain an 30 Myr Hotspot Record Journal of Petrology Oxford University Press 53 6 1417 1448 doi 10 1093 petrology egs021 18 S 79 W 18 S 79 W 18 79 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nazca Ridge amp oldid 1188050699, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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